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Chintalacharuvu KR, Matolek ZA, Pacheco B, Carriera EM, Beenhouwer DO. Complexing amphotericin B with gold nanoparticles improves fungal clearance from the brains of mice infected with Cryptococcal neoformans. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1085-1091. [PMID: 34332505 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is used to treat cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. However, the mortality rate remains high. Higher doses of AmB in deoxycholate buffer (AmBd) are toxic to human red blood cells (hRBC) and have no effect on brain organism load in mice. Here we show that while AmBd lysed 96% of hRBC, AmB complexed with gold nanoparticles (AuNP-SA-AmB) lysed only 27% of hRBC. In vitro growth of C. neoformans was inhibited by 0.25 μg/ml AmBd and 0.04 μg/ml of AuNP-SA-AmB. In mice infected with C. neoformans, five daily treatments with AuNP-SA-AmB containing 0.25 mg/kg AmB significantly lowered the fungal burden in the brain tissue compared to either untreated or treatment with 0.25 mg/kg of AmBd. When a single dose of AmBd was injected intravenously into BALB/c mice, 81.61% of AmB cleared in the α-phase and 18.39% cleared in the β-phase at a rate of 0.34% per hour. In contrast, when AuNP-SA-AmB was injected, 49.19% of AmB cleared in the α-phase and 50.81% of AmB cleared in the β-phase at a rate of 0.27% per hour. These results suggest that AmB complexed with gold nanoparticles is less toxic to hRBC, is more effective against C. neoformans and persists longer in blood when injected into mice resulting in more effective clearing of C. neoformans from the brain tissue. LAY SUMMARY Amphotericin B (AmB) was complexed with gold nanoparticles (AuNP-SA-AmB) to improve brain delivery. AuNP-SA-AmB was more effective than AmB alone in clearing of Cryptococcus neoformans from the brain tissue of infected mice. This may be due to longer plasma half-life of AmB as AuNP-SA-AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zlatko A Matolek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Benny Pacheco
- Cytodiagnostics Inc., 919 Fraser Dr. Unit 11, Burlington, ON L7L 4×8, Canada
| | - Erick M Carriera
- ETH-Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, HCI H335, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - David O Beenhouwer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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In-vitro and in-vivo antileishmanial activity of inexpensive Amphotericin B formulations: Heated Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B-loaded microemulsion. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Natfji AA, Osborn HM, Greco F. Feasibility of polymer-drug conjugates for non-cancer applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Turner SJ, Chen SCA, Slavin MA, Kong DCM. Pharmacoeconomics of empirical antifungal use in febrile neutropenic hematological malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 13:227-35. [DOI: 10.1586/erp.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang TS, Ou KL, Peng PW, Liou BC, Wang WT, Huang YC, Tsai CM, Su CH. Quantifying membrane permeability of amphotericin B ion channels in single living cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1794-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Junghanns JU, Buttle I, Müller RH, Araújo IB, Silva AKA, Egito EST, Damasceno BPGL. SolEmuls technology: a way to overcome the drawback of parenteral administration of insoluble drugs. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:437-45. [PMID: 17963143 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701555885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a nanosuspension of AmB was prepared and mixed with the preformed parenteral emulsion Lipofundin and subjected to high-pressure homogenization (SolEmuls technology). Characterization was performed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), laser diffractometry (LD), and zeta potential measurements. Drug incorporation was studied by using light microscopy. The produced emulsions were further investigated by comparing them with the commercially available Fungizone in regard to antifungal efficiency and toxicity. Results suggest that through the SolEmuls process the AmB forms a reservoir, out of which it is released in such a manner that it is more efficient and less toxic than Fungizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-U Junghanns
- Free University of Berlin, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biotechnology and Quality Management, Berlin, Germany
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Egito LCM, de Medeiros SRB, Medeiros MG, Price JC, Egito EST. Evaluation of the relationship of the molecular aggregation state of amphotericin B in medium to its genotoxic potential. J Pharm Sci 2005; 93:1557-65. [PMID: 15124213 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the genotoxicity potential, in the G2 phase of the cellular cycle, of an amphotericin B (AmB) commercially available form (Fungizone), and correlates it with the physicochemical properties of this product in aqueous media. The genotoxic studies were performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes from human donors. The chromosome aberrations and mitotic index were determined. Absorption spectra of Fungizone were obtained by dispersion of the stock solution in water for injection at various AmB concentrations, and using different cuvette path lengths for spectrophotometric determination. The absorption spectra of Fungizone in water are concentration dependent. High concentrations of Fungizone present a spectrum with an intense band at 340 nm, characteristic of AmB self-association. Conversely, at low concentrations, the spectra are similar to those obtained with AmB in methanol, with a positive band at 409 nm, assigned to AmB monomeric form. Similarly, the cytogenetic analysis shows an important decrease on the mitotic index, which is also concentration dependent when compared with control. Furthermore, the chromosome aberrations present a small, not statistically significant, increase only at the highest concentration. The results suggest that the Fungizone presents a cytotoxicity similar to membrane pore formation in mammalian cells that depends on the existence of self-associated AmB. In the presence of only monomeric forms, this phenomenon disappears. However, no genotoxicity was observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila C M Egito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, P.O. Box 1575, 59072-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
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Araújo IB, Brito CRN, Urbano IA, Dominici VA, Silva Filho MA, Silveira WLL, Damasceno BPGL, Medeiros AC, Egito EST. Similarity between the in vitro activity and toxicity of two different fungizone™ / lipofundin™ admixtures. Acta Cir Bras 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502005000700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Amphotericin B (AmB), an antifungal agent that presents a broad spectrum of activity, remains the gold standard in the antifungal therapy. However, sometimes the high level of toxicity forbids its clinical use. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and toxicity in vitro of Fungizon™ (AmB-D) and two new different AmB formulations. METHODS: three products were studied: Fungizon™, and two Fungizon™ /Lipofundin™ admixtures, which were diluted through two methods: in the first one, Fungizon™ was previously diluted with water for injection and then, in Lipofundin™ (AmB-DAL); the second method consisted of a primary dilution of AmB-D as a powder in the referred emulsion (AmB-DL). For the in vitro assay, two cell models were used: Red Blood Cells (RBC) from human donors and Candida tropicallis (Ct). The in vitro evaluation (K+ leakage, hemoglobin leakage and cell survival rate-CSR) was performed at four AmB concentrations (from 50 to 0.05mg.L-1). RESULTS: The results showed that the action of AmB was not only concentration dependent, but also cellular type and vehicle kind dependent. At AmB concentrations of 50 mg.L-1, although the hemoglobin leakage for AmB-D was almost complete (99.51), for AmB-DAL and AmB-DL this value tended to zero. The p = 0.000 showed that AmB-D was significantly more hemolytic. CONCLUSION: The Fungizon™-Lipofundin™ admixtures seem to be the more valuable AmB carrier systems due to their best therapeutic index presented.
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Egito EST, Araújo IB, Damasceno BPGL, Price JC. Amphotericin B/emulsion admixture interactions: an approach concerning the reduction of amphotericin B toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:2354-66. [PMID: 12379920 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mixing Fungizone with a fat emulsion used for nutritional purpose (Intralipid or Lipofundin ) was reported to decrease Amphotericin B (AmB) toxicity in clinical use. In an effort to understand the reason for this phenomenon, spectral and morphological analyses were done for the Fungizone and Fungizone /Lipofundin admixture (FLmix). The absorption spectra analyses showed that not only Fungizone but also FLmix presented spectra that were concentration dependent. Moreover, the spectra of FLmix remained stable until the concentration of 5 x 10(-7) M, and only at 5 x 10(-8) M did they become similar in shape to the Fungizone spectra. Morphological studies revealed that even though emulsion droplets with or without Fungizone presented the same particle size, the former was less electron dense compared with Lipofundin alone. These results suggest a kind of association between Fungizoneand Lipofundin that remains over the whole range of concentrations. This hypothesis was confirmed by in vitro studies in which FLmix presented an important selectivity against human and fungal cells compared with Fungizone. These findings suggest that parenteral emulsions should be able to reduce the AmB toxicity probably by changing the AmB self-association state by binding it with emulsion droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sócrates T Egito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua Praia de Areia Branca, 8948-Natal-RN, 59094-450, Brazil.
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Mahaguna V, Williams RO, Hardin TC. Trends in antifungal research. EXS 2001; 89:55-68. [PMID: 10997282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8393-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of aggressive immunosuppressive therapies in the management of a variety of patient populations, the continuing presence of the AIDS pandemic and the therapeutic advances employed in critical care settings, an increasing number of serious fungal infections are being encountered by today's practicing clinicians. Traditionally, antifungal drug therapy has been delivered by means of intravenous infusion, oral administration, or topical application. Recently, a number of alternative routes of antifungal drug delivery have been developed and investigated, and the traditional means of antifungal administration have been improved to facilitate the therapeutic use of new and reformulated antifungal agents. Organized based on the route of administration, this chapter reviews these advances in antifungal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mahaguna
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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Souza LC, Campa A. Pharmacological parameters of intravenously administered amphotericin B in rats: comparison of the conventional formulation with amphotericin B associated with a triglyceride-rich emulsion. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44:77-84. [PMID: 10459813 DOI: 10.1093/jac/44.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The LD50 determined in rats for the potent antifungal amphotericin B (AB) increased from 4.2 to 12.0 when the conventional AB-deoxycholate (DOC) was compared with AB associated with a triglyceride-rich emulsion (AB-emulsion). The reduction in amphotericin B toxicity is not due to a modification in plasma clearance, as both formulations seem to be removed from plasma at the same rate. Major differences in amphotericin B tissue distribution were not seen for kidney and liver but were seen for the lung. After 24 h administration of a single amphotericin B dose (2.0 mg/kg body weight) 23.78 +/- 11.71 mg/kg tissue was recovered from the lung of animals treated with AB-DOC whereas for AB-emulsion only 5.19 +/- 2.50 mg/kg tissue was recovered. The higher lethality of AB-DOC may be related to the higher concentration of amphotericin B in the lung. The therapeutic efficacy of AB-emulsion was similar to that of AB-DOC as attested by survival curves obtained after treatment of mice infected by Candida albicans. This is highly relevant, as the same is not necessarily found for other less toxic proposed vehicles. The equivalent efficacy and the increment in the LD50 will result in an important improvement in the therapeutic activity of amphotericin B. Furthermore, some data related to storage and stability indicate the clinical utility of this type of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Espuelas M, Legrand P, Irache J, Gamazo C, Orecchioni A, Devissaguet JP, Ygartua P. Poly(ε-caprolacton) nanospheres as an alternative way to reduce amphotericin B toxicity. Int J Pharm 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(97)00194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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