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Khan HA, Neyaz LA, Malak HA, Alshehri WA, Elbanna K, Organji SR, Asiri FH, Aldosari MS, Abulreesh HH. Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01172-1. [PMID: 38767834 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The diverse environmental distribution of Salmonella makes it a global source of human gastrointestinal infections. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. and explore their diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical and environmental samples. Pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating techniques were adopted for the Salmonella detection whereas the API 20E test and Vitek Compact 2 system were used to confirm the identity of isolates. Salmonella serovars were subjected to molecular confirmation by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 Compact system determined the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serovars. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to explore whether Salmonella serovars originate from areas with heavy antibiotic usage. Results depicted low Salmonella prevalence in clinical and environmental samples (3.5%). The main detected serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Newlands, S. Heidelberg, S. Indian, S. Reading, and S. paratyphi C. All the detected Salmonella serovars (27) exhibited multidrug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The study concludes that the overall Salmonella serovars prevalence was found to be low in environmental and clinical samples of Western Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Jeddah). However, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of human and environmental Salmonella serovars revealed that all isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance (MDR) patterns to frequently used antibiotics, which might reflect antibiotic overuse in clinical and veterinary medicine. It would be suitable to apply and enforce rules and regulations from the One Health approach, which aim to prevent antibiotic resistance infections, enhance food safety, and improve human and animal health, given that all Salmonella spp. detected in this investigation were exhibiting MDR patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajrah A Khan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A Malak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa A Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sameer R Organji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah H Asiri
- King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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Debbagh F, Idam F, Lamrani Hanchi A, Soraa N. OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Producing Salmonella typhimurium Nosocomial Bacteremia in the Intensive Care Unit: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e35811. [PMID: 37033565 PMCID: PMC10074499 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterium mainly involved in foodborne diseases. Several pathways of antimicrobial resistance have been recently identified in this strain. This article reports a case of a patient hospitalized in intensive care who underwent emergency trauma surgery. During his hospitalization, he developed a nosocomial bacteremia from a surgical wound infection. The cytobacteriological examination of the surgical site and the blood culture isolated Salmonella spp. susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, resistant to ertapenem, and with decreased sensitivity to imipenem. The carbapenemase test was positive for blaOXA-48. The serotyping identified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The patient's response to antibiotics was favorable.
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Hays JP, Safain KS, Almogbel MS, Habib I, Khan MA. Extended Spectrum- and Carbapenemase-Based β-Lactam Resistance in the Arabian Peninsula—A Descriptive Review of Recent Years. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101354. [PMID: 36290012 PMCID: PMC9598294 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem that also includes countries of the Arabian Peninsula. Of particular concern, is the continuing development of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the countries of this region. Additionally, antibiotic treatment options for ESBL-producing bacteria are becoming limited, primarily due to the continuing development of carbapenem resistance (CR), carbapenems being frequently used to treat such infections. An overview of recent publications (2018–2021) indicates the presence of ESBL and/or CR in patients and hospitals in most countries of the Arabian Peninsula, although the delay between microbial isolation and publication inevitably makes an accurate analysis of the current situation rather difficult. However, there appears to be greater emphasis on CR (including combined ESBL and CR) in recent publications. Furthermore, although publications from Saudi Arabia are the most prevalent, this may simply reflect the increased interest in ESBL and CR within the country. Enhanced ESBL/CR surveillance is recommended for all countries in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Philip Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Kazi Sarjana Safain
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | | | - Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: E-mail: ; Office phone: +971-3 7137480
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