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Hein ST, Prathan R, Srisanga S, Muenhor D, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Tummaruk P, Chuanchuen R. Metagenomic insights into isolable bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance in airborne dust from pig farms. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1362011. [PMID: 38872793 PMCID: PMC11169874 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1362011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in airborne dust from pig farms. Airborne dust, pig feces and feed were collected from nine pig farms in Thailand. Airborne dust samples were collected from upwind and downwind (25 meters from pig house), and inside (in the middle of the pig house) of the selected pig house. Pig feces and feed samples were individually collected from the pen floor and feed trough from the same pig house where airborne dust was collected. A direct total bacteria count on each sampling plate was conducted and averaged. The ESKAPE pathogens together with Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Streptococcus were examined. A total of 163 bacterial isolates were collected and tested for MICs. Pooled bacteria from the inside airborne dust samples were analyzed using Metagenomic Sequencing. The highest bacterial concentration (1.9-11.2 × 103 CFU/m3) was found inside pig houses. Staphylococcus (n = 37) and Enterococcus (n = 36) were most frequent bacterial species. Salmonella (n = 3) were exclusively isolated from feed and feces. Target bacteria showed a variety of resistance phenotypes, and the same bacterial species with the same resistance phenotype were found in airborne dust, feed and fecal from each farm. Metagenomic Sequencing analysis revealed 1,652 bacterial species across all pig farms, of which the predominant bacterial phylum was Bacillota. One hundred fifty-nine AMR genes of 12 different antibiotic classes were identified, with aminoglycoside resistance genes (24%) being the most prevalent. A total of 251 different plasmids were discovered, and the same plasmid was detected in multiple farms. In conclusion, the phenotypic and metagenomic results demonstrated that airborne dust from pig farms contained a diverse array of bacterial species and genes encoding resistance to a range of clinically important antimicrobial agents, indicating the significant role in the spread of AMR bacterial pathogens with potential hazards to human health. Policy measurements to address AMR in airborne dust from livestock farms are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Thu Hein
- International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rangsiya Prathan
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songsak Srisanga
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dudsadee Muenhor
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Long-Read Lab (Si-LoL), Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Siriraj Long-Read Lab (Si-LoL), Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Centre of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Thabet AM, Alzuheir IM, Laham NAA, Helal BYA, Fayyad AF, Jalboush NH, Gharaibeh MH. First report of mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Vet World 2023; 16:1260-1265. [PMID: 37577205 PMCID: PMC10421552 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1260-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Colistin is used to treat avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a microorganism that affects turkey meat production in the Gaza Strip and worldwide. However, the recent emergence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in pathogenic E. coli strains is a serious antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenge for both human and animal health. In December 2018, colistin was banned as a veterinary antimicrobial in the Gaza Strip. This study aimed to detect and track the prevalence of colistin-resistant APEC isolated from turkey flocks in the Gaza Strip. Materials and Methods This study investigated 239 APEC isolates from turkey flocks in the Gaza Strip between October 2018 and December 2021 (at 6-month intervals). The colistin-resistant APEC strains were detected using the broth microdilution method. The mcr-1 gene was identified using a polymerase chain reaction. Results The overall colistin resistance among the isolated APECs was 32.2% during the study period. The average resistance in the first interval was 37.5%, which significantly decreased to 9.3% in the last interval. Among the 77 phenotypically resistant isolates, 32.4% were positive for mcr-1. The average abundance of mcr-1 in the first interval was 66.6%, which decreased to 25% in the last interval. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of the mcr-1 gene among the APEC isolates from turkeys in the Gaza Strip. Banned veterinary use of colistin significantly decreased the percentage of resistant APEC isolates from turkeys in Gaza Strip. Further studies are needed to investigate other colistin resistance genes and track the emergence of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Thabet
- Thabet Center for Veterinary Services diagnostic laboratory, Gaza Strip, Palestine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Ibrahim M. Alzuheir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nahed A. Al Laham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Belal Y. Abu Helal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Adnan F. Fayyad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nasr H. Jalboush
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7 Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad H. Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030 Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Mmatli M, Mbelle NM, Osei Sekyere J. Global epidemiology, genetic environment, risk factors and therapeutic prospects of mcr genes: A current and emerging update. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941358. [PMID: 36093193 PMCID: PMC9462459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes modify Lipid A molecules of the lipopolysaccharide, changing the overall charge of the outer membrane. Results and discussion Ten mcr genes have been described to date within eleven Enterobacteriaceae species, with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella species being the most predominant. They are present worldwide in 72 countries, with animal specimens currently having the highest incidence, due to the use of colistin in poultry for promoting growth and treating intestinal infections. The wide dissemination of mcr from food animals to meat, manure, the environment, and wastewater samples has increased the risk of transmission to humans via foodborne and vector-borne routes. The stability and spread of mcr genes were mediated by mobile genetic elements such as the IncHI2 conjugative plasmid, which is associated with multiple mcr genes and other antibiotic resistance genes. The cost of acquiring mcr is reduced by compensatory adaptation mechanisms. MCR proteins are well conserved structurally and via enzymatic action. Thus, therapeutics found effective against MCR-1 should be tested against the remaining MCR proteins. Conclusion The dissemination of mcr genes into the clinical setting, is threatening public health by limiting therapeutics options available. Combination therapies are a promising option for managing and treating colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections whilst reducing the toxic effects of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masego Mmatli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nontombi Marylucy Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Northwest, Gary, IN, United States
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: John Osei Sekyere, ;
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Co-occurrence of mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes on chromosome of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from healthy individuals in Thailand. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 60:106662. [PMID: 36007781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize three strains of colistin-resistant E. coli isolated from feces samples of healthy individuals in Thailand. The three strains, namely, SY_EC03, SY_EC07, and SY_EC10 were identified as ST165, ST1602, and ST34. All isolates exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotype, which is mediated by accumulation of various antimicrobial resistance genes. SY_EC03 contained mcr-1.1 while SY_EC07 co-harbored mcr-2.3 and mcr-3.4, and SY_EC10 co-harbored mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.5. Genomic analysis revealed that mcr-1.1 of the two strains were located on IncI2 plasmid with genetic environment of ISApl1-mcr-1.1-PAP2, which is a composite transposon Tn6330 with single-ended. Regarding mcr-2.3, the gene was identified within the composite transposon of ISKpn71-mcr-2.3-ISSpu2-ISKpn71, which was located on a novel mobile genetic element (MGE) that was integrated into the chromosome by phage integrase. For mcr-3.4 and mcr-3.5, the genes were confirmed to locate on the chromosome by S1-PFGE/DNA hybridization. Hence, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on co-occurrence of mcr-2 and mcr-3 on chromosome of E. coli. More interestingly, mcr-2 was found to locate on a novel MGE, which had never been described. In addition, we also report the co-occurrence of plasmidic mcr-1.1 and chromosomal mcr-3.5 which is extremely rare. Since all these bacteria were isolated from healthy individuals and the identified STs have been found in a variety of origins, all these clones may serve as reservoir for horizontal and vertical transmission of mcr genes. Strategic action plans to control and prevent the spread of mcr genes are urgently needed.
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Abstract
Kingella kingae infections generally respond well to most beta-lactam antibiotics. We investigated an antibiotic treatment failure in a 3-year-old with K. kingae L3-4 spondylodiscitis. Her disease progressed even after 19 days of high-dose intravenous flucloxacillin. The clinical isolate did not produce a beta-lactamase and despite phenotypic testing and whole-genome sequencing, the mechanism of flucloxacillin resistance remains unknown.
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Hamame A, Davoust B, Rolain JM, Diene SM. Genomic characterisation of an mcr-1 and mcr-3-producing Escherichia coli strain isolated from pigs in France. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 28:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dadashi M, Sameni F, Bostanshirin N, Yaslianifard S, Khosravi-Dehaghi N, Nasiri MJ, Goudarzi M, Hashemi A, Hajikhani B. Global Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of mcr-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates: A Systematic Review. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 29:444-461. [PMID: 34788692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The continuing rise in infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is one of the most serious public health issues in today's societies. Colistin is a last-resort antimicrobial medication used to treat infections caused by MDR gram-negative bacteria; therefore resistance to this antibiotic is extremely hazardous. The current study aimed to evaluate the global prevalence and distribution of colistin resistance genes among human clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a systematic review. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. For further evaluation, all original English-language articles that demonstrated colistin resistance in E. coli clinical isolates published between 2000 and 2020 were examined. RESULTS Out of 4857 initial articles, after various stages of review and evaluation, 190 related articles were selected. More than 79 % of the publications selected in this research were published from 2014 to 2020. In Asia, Europe, America, Africa, and Oceania, the prevalence of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) producing colistin-resistant E. coli was 66.72%, 25.48%, 5.19%, 2.27%, and 0.32 %, respectively. CONCLUSION The recent widespread spreading of E. coli strains harboring mcr conferring colistin resistance, especially in Asia and Europe, is concerning and needs more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sameni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Bostanshirin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Somayeh Yaslianifard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Khosravi-Dehaghi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Sun RY, Ke BX, Fang LX, Guo WY, Li XP, Yu Y, Zheng SL, Jiang YW, He DM, Sun J, Ke CW, Liu YH, Liao XP. Global clonal spread of mcr-3-carrying MDR ST34 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and monophasic 1,4,[5],12:i:- variants from clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1756-1765. [PMID: 32274508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence and transmission of mcr-3 among Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and 1,4,[5],12:i:-. METHODS A total of 4724 clinical Salmonella isolates were screened for the presence of mcr-3 in China during 2014-19. The clonal relationship of the mcr-3-positive isolates and their plasmid contents and complete sequence were also characterized based on WGS data from the Illumina and MinION platforms. RESULTS We identified 10 mcr-3-positive isolates, and all were MDR, mostly resistant to colistin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and florfenicol. mcr-3 was co-present with blaCTX-M-55-qnrS1 on hybrid ST3-IncC-FII conjugatable plasmids (n = 6) and an ST3-IncC non-conjugatable plasmid (n = 1) and embedded into a pCHL5009T-like IncFII plasmid on the Salmonella chromosome (n = 3). Four distinctive genetic contexts surrounded mcr-3 and all but one were closely related to each other and to the corresponding region of IncFII plasmid pCHL5009T. IS15DI was most likely the vehicle for integration of mcr-3-carrying IncFII plasmids into ST3-IncC plasmids and the chromosome and for shaping the MDR regions. In addition, a phylogenetic tree based on the core genome revealed a unique Salmonella lineage (≤665 SNPs) that contained these 10 mcr-3-positive isolates and another 38 (33 from patients) mcr-3-positive Salmonella from five countries. In particular, most of the 51 mcr-3-positive isolates belonged to ST34 and harboured diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including mcr-3-blaCTX-M-55-qnrS1, and possessed similar ARG profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed global clonal spread of MDR ST34 Salmonella from clinical isolates co-harbouring mcr-3 with blaCTX-M-55 and qnrS1 and a flexibility of mcr-3 co-transmittance with other ARGs mediated by mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan-Yang Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Xia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Guo
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Ping Li
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Si-Lin Zheng
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Wei Jiang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Wen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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Yu Y, Andrey DO, Yang RS, Sands K, Tansawai U, Li M, Portal E, Gales AC, Niumsup PR, Sun J, Liao X, Liu YH, Walsh TR. A Klebsiella pneumoniae strain co-harbouring mcr-1 and mcr-3 from a human in Thailand. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2372-2374. [PMID: 32294160 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Diego O Andrey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Run-Shi Yang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kirsty Sands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Uttapoln Tansawai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Edward Portal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ana C Gales
- Federal University of Sao Paulo - UNIFESP, Infectious Diseases Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pannika R Niumsup
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Teng CH, Wu PC, Tang SL, Chen YC, Cheng MF, Huang PC, Ko WC, Wang JL. A Large Spatial Survey of Colistin-Resistant Gene mcr-1-Carrying E. coli in Rivers across Taiwan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:722. [PMID: 33807253 PMCID: PMC8066897 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colistin is one of the last-line antimicrobial agents against life-threatening infections. The distribution of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 has been reported worldwide. However, most studies have focused on the distribution of mcr-1-positive bacteria in humans, animals, food, and sewage; few have focused on their distribution in natural environments. METHOD We conducted a large spatial survey of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli at 119 sites in 48 rivers, covering the entire island of Taiwan. We investigated the relationship between the livestock or poultry density in the surveyed riverine area and the number of mcr-1-positive E. coli in the river water. We then sequenced and characterized the isolated mcr-1-positive plasmids. RESULTS Seven mcr-1 positive E. coli were isolated from 5.9% of the sampling sites. The mcr-1-positive sites correlated with high chicken and pig stocking densities but not human population density or other river parameters. Four of the mcr-1-positive E. coli strains harbored epidemic IncX4 plasmids, and three of them exhibited identical sequences with a size of 33,309 bp. One of the plasmids contained identical 33,309 bp sequences but carried an additional 5711-bp transposon (Tn3 family). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that mcr-1-carrying IncX4 plasmids can contain an insertion of such transposons. All mcr-1-positive isolates belonged to phylogenetic group A and harbored few known virulence genes. CONCLUSION This study showed a positive relationship between the number of mcr-1-positive sites and high livestock and poultry density. The sequencing analyses indicated that the epidemic plasmid in the mcr-1 isolates circulates not only in humans, animals, and food but also in the associated environments or natural habitats in Taiwan, suggesting that the surveillance of antibiotics-resistance genes for livestock or poultry farm quality control should include their associated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hao Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chieh Wu
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Sen-Lin Tang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Ming-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Huang
- Department of Cosmetics and Fashion Styling, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Li R, Du P, Zhang P, Li Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Bai L. Comprehensive Genomic Investigation of Coevolution of mcr genes in Escherichia coli Strains via Nanopore Sequencing. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000014. [PMID: 33728052 PMCID: PMC7933819 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, which constitutes a global challenge. However, the evolutionary trajectory of the mobile colistin resistome in bacteria is largely unknown. To investigate the coevolution and fitness cost of the colistin resistance genes in wild strains, different assays to uncover the genomic dynamics of mcr-1 and mcr-3 in bacterial populations are utilized. Escherichia coli strains harboring both mcr-1 and mcr-3.1/3.5 are isolated and mcr genes are associated with diverse mobile elements. Under exposure to colistin, the mcr-1-bearing resistome is stably inherited during bacterial replication, but mcr-3 is prone to be eliminated in populations of certain strains. In the absence of colistin, the persistence rates of the mcr-1 and mcr-3-bearing subclones varies depending on the genomic background. The decay of the mcr-bearing bacterial populations can be mediated by the elimination of mcr-containing segments, large genomic deletions, and plasmid loss. Mobile elements, including plasmids and transposons, are double-edged swords in the evolution of the resistome. The findings support the idea that antibiotic overuse accounts for global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefore, stringent regulation of antibiotic prescription for humans and animals should be performed systematically to alleviate the threat of MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
- Institute of Comparative MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Institute of Infectious DiseasesBeijing Ditan HospitalCapital Medical University, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious DiseasesBeijing100015P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk AssessmentNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of ChinaChina National Center for Food Safety Risk AssessmentBeijing100022P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu610041P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesCollege of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100P. R. China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk AssessmentNational Health Commission of the People's Republic of ChinaChina National Center for Food Safety Risk AssessmentBeijing100022P. R. China
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Tansawai U, Yu Y, Kiddee A, Assawatheptawee K, Sands K, Hassan B, Walsh TR, Niumsup PR. Emergence of mcr-3-mediated IncP and IncFII plasmids in Thailand. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 24:446-447. [PMID: 33618040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uttapoln Tansawai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anong Kiddee
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kanit Assawatheptawee
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kirsty Sands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Brekhna Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pannika R Niumsup
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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13
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The colonisation of Czech travellers and expatriates living in the Czech Republic by colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and whole genome characterisation of E. coli isolates harbouring the mcr-1 genes on a plasmid or chromosome: A cross-sectional study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 39:101914. [PMID: 33197647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travellers were recognized as a risk cohort that can be colonized by mcr-1-mediated colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. We aimed to investigate the carriage of mcr-mediated colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Czech travellers or expatriates residing temporarily in the Czech Republic. METHODS Between August 2018 and September 2019, the stool samples were cultured in enrichment broth. The enriched cultures were tested for the presence of the mcr-1-8 genes and inoculated onto selective agar with colistin. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were tested for the presence of the mcr-1-8 genes; the mcr-positive isolates were characterised by whole genome sequencing. RESULTS From the 177 stool samples, 15 colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates were cultured (7.9%); two of the E. coli isolates carried the mcr-1 gene (1.1%). In the E. coli multilocus sequence type (ST) 156, the mcr-1 gene was located in an ISApl1-mcr-1-orf-ISApl1 (Tn6330) and incorporated into the chromosome; in the E. coli ST23 isolate, the mcr-1 gene was harboured by the plasmid IncX4. Both of the mcr-1 positive E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant and one isolate was an extended-spectrum β-lactamase producer (blaCTX-M-27). CONCLUSION Patients with an international travel history should be monitored for the carriage of the mcr-1 gene in order to prevent its dissemination into healthcare settings.
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Du C, Feng Y, Wang G, Zhang Z, Hu H, Yu Y, Liu J, Qiu L, Liu H, Guo Z, Huang J, Qiu J. Co-Occurrence of the mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.7 Genes in a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolate from China. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3649-3655. [PMID: 33116684 PMCID: PMC7585518 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s268787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strain isolated from dog feces was characterized in this study. Methods and Results A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect the presence of colistin-resistant mcr genes; it was found that E. coli QDFD216 co-harbored the mcr-1 and mcr-3 genes. Whole-genome sequencing and further bioinformatics analysis revealed that E. coli QDFD216 belonged to serotype O176:H11, fimH1311 type and ST132. The resistance genes blaCTX-M-14, mdfA, dfrA3, acrA, acrB, tolc, and sul3 were present in the chromosome. The mcr-1.1 and mcr-3.7 genes were located in two plasmids of different incompatibility groups. mcr-1.1 was carried by a IncX4-type plasmid within an typical IS26-parA-mcr-1.1-pap2 cassette, while mcr-3.7 was encoded by an IncP1-type plasmid with a genetic structure of TnAs2-mcr-3.7-dgkA-IS26. No additional antibiotic resistance genes were carried by either plasmid. Conclusion This is the first report of an E. coli isolate co-harboring a mcr-1.1-carrying IncX4 plasmid and a mcr-3.7-carrying IncP1 plasmid. The evolution and mechanism of mcr gene co-existence need further study to assess its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongtao Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Feng Y, Hu H, Yu Y, Qiu L, Liu H, Guo Z, Huang J, Du C, Qiu J. Molecular Detection of the mcr Genes by Multiplex PCR. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3463-3468. [PMID: 33116666 PMCID: PMC7567568 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s256320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant bacterial strains in recent years have raised great concerns in clinical medicine. It is urgently needed to develop a cheaper, faster, simpler, sensitive, and specific molecular detection method to identify and monitor the dissemination of the transferable resistant determinants. Methods and Results Herein, eight pairs of primers were designed to set up a multiplex PCR method for the rapid and efficient determination of reported mcr genes. This assay can give results within 85 min (35 min for amplification and 50 min for electrophoresis). We validated the feasibility of this assay by testing the presence of mcr genes in 60 colistin-resistant isolates. Conclusion Our multiplex PCR technique exhibits remarkable advantages in the light of clear identification, efficiency of amplification, as well as the time consuming for detection, and thus could be useful for the surveillance and epidemiological research of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance, particularly for the under-resourced laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongtao Du
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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Song Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Wang P, Feng C, Liu M, Sun S, Xie Z, Wang F. Prevalence and characteristics of multidrug-resistant mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Tai'an, China. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1117-1123. [PMID: 32029147 PMCID: PMC7587627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis, caused by Escherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial diseases of chickens. The high incidence and considerable economic losses associated with colibacillosis make it a significant concern worldwide. In recent years, the efficacy of colistin has been severely impacted by the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes, especially mcr-1. Therefore, monitoring of antibiotic resistance, particularly colistin resistance, amongst E. coli strains is vitally important to the future growth and sustainability of the poultry industry. In this study, a total of 130 E. coli strains were isolated from the livers of chickens displaying symptoms of colibacillosis in Tai'an, China. Isolates were screened for their susceptibility to various antibiotics and for the presence of mobile colistin resistance genes and other antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 75 (57.7%) isolates showed resistance to colistin and were positive for mcr-1. The mobile colistin resistance genes, mcr-2, -3, and -4, were not detected in this study. Of the 75 mcr-1-positive isolates, all (100%) also carried tetracycline resistance genes, 71 (94.7%) also contained genes associated with β-lactam resistance, 59 (78.7%) contained aminoglycoside resistance genes, and 57 (76%) contained sulfonamide resistance genes. This high prevalence of multidrug resistance among mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates, including the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, is highly concerning. The surveillance findings presented here will be conducive to our understanding of the prevalence and characteristics of multidrug-resistance in E. coli in the Tai'an area and will provide a better scientific basis for the clinical treatment of colibacillosis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Lanping Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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