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UHPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS characterization of St. John’s wort infusions from Serbia origin. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Phenolics and mineral content in St. John’s wort infusions from Serbia origin: An HPLC and ICP-OES study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koturevic B, Adnadjevic B, Jovanovic J. Comparative kinetic analysis of total hypericin extraction from Hypericum perforatum flowers carried out under simultaneous external physical field and cooling reaction system operational conditions. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lyles JT, Kim A, Nelson K, Bullard-Roberts AL, Hajdari A, Mustafa B, Quave CL. The Chemical and Antibacterial Evaluation of St. John's Wort Oil Macerates Used in Kosovar Traditional Medicine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1639. [PMID: 28943862 PMCID: PMC5596533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae), or St. John's Wort, is a well-known medicinal herb often associated with the treatment of anxiety and depression. Additionally, an oil macerate (Oleum Hyperici) of its flowering aerial parts is widely used in traditional medicine across the Balkans as a topical wound and ulcer salve. Other studies have shown that Oleum Hyperici reduces both wound size and healing time. Of its active constituents, the naphthodianthrone hypericin and phloroglucinol hyperforin are effective antibacterial compounds against various Gram-positive bacteria. However, hyperforin is unstable with light and heat, and thus should not be present in the light-aged oil macerate. Additionally, hypericin can cause phototoxic skin reactions if ingested or absorbed into the skin. Therefore, the established chemistry presents a paradox for this H. perforatum oil macerate: the hyperforin responsible for the antibacterial bioactivity should degrade in the sunlight as the traditional oil is prepared; alternately, if hypericin is present in established bioactive levels, then the oil macerate should cause photosensitivity, yet none is reported. In this research, various extracts of H. perforatum were compared to traditional oil macerates with regards to chemical composition and antibacterial activity (inhibition of growth, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing) vs. several strains of Staphylococcus aureus in order to better understand this traditional medicine. It was found that four Kosovar-crafted oil macerates were effective at inhibiting biofilm formation (MBIC50 active range of 0.004-0.016% v/v), exhibited moderate inhibition of quorum sensing (QSIC50 active range of 0.064-0.512% v/v), and contained detectable amounts of hyperforin, but not hypericin. Overall, levels of hypericin were much higher in the organic extracts, and these also exhibited more potent growth inhibitory activity. In conclusion, these data confirm that oil macerates employed in traditional treatments of skin infection lack the compound credited with phototoxic reactions in H. perforatum use and exhibit anti-biofilm and modest quorum quenching effects, rather than growth inhibitory properties against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
| | - Austin Kim
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kate Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Avni Hajdari
- Department of Biology, University of PristinaPrishtinë, Kosovo
| | - Behxhet Mustafa
- Department of Biology, University of PristinaPrishtinë, Kosovo
| | - Cassandra L Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, United States.,Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
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Agapouda A, Booker A, Kiss T, Hohmann J, Heinrich M, Csupor D. Quality control of Hypericum perforatum L. analytical challenges and recent progress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 71:15-37. [PMID: 28266019 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The most widely applied qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in the quality control of Hypericum perforatum extracts will be reviewed, including routine analytical tools and most modern approaches.
Key findings
Biologically active components of H. perforatum are chemically diverse; therefore, different chromatographic and detection methods are required for the comprehensive analysis of St. John's wort extracts. Naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and flavonoids are the most widely analysed metabolites of this plant. For routine quality control, detection of major compounds belonging to these groups seems to be sufficient; however, closer characterization requires the detection of minor compounds as well.
Conclusions
TLC and HPTLC are basic methods in the routine analysis, whereas HPLC-DAD is the most widely applied method for quantitative analysis due to its versatility. LC-MS is gaining importance in pharmacokinetic studies due to its sensitivity. Modern approaches, such as DNA barcoding, NIRS and NMR metabolomics, may offer new possibilities for the more detailed characterization of secondary metabolite profile of H. perforatum extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Agapouda
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Tivadar Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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1H-NMR and HPLC–MS/MS-based global/targeted metabolomic evaluation of Hypericum perforatum L. intervention for menopause. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Olivero-David R, Triki M, Salcedo L, González-Muñoz MJ, Cofrades S, Ruiz-Capillas C, Jiménez-Colmenero F, Benedi J. Antioxidant activity of Hypericum perforatum L. extract in enriched n-3 PUFA pork meat systems during chilled storage. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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McCue PP, Phang JM. Identification of human intracellular targets of the medicinal Herb St. John's Wort by chemical-genetic profiling in yeast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11011-11017. [PMID: 18975972 PMCID: PMC2645918 DOI: 10.1021/jf801593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW; Hypericum perforatum L.) is commonly known for its antidepressant properties and was traditionally used to promote wound healing, but its molecular mechanism of action is not known. Here, chemical-genetic profiling in yeast was used to predict the human intracellular targets of an aqueous extract of SJW. SJW source material was authenticated by TLC, digital microscopy, and HPLC and further characterized by colorimetric methods for antioxidant activity, protein content, and total soluble phenolic content. SJW extract contained 1.76 microg/mL hyperforin, 10.14 microg/mL hypericin, and 46.05 microg/mL pseudohypericin. The effect of SJW extract on approximately 5900 barcoded heterozygous diploid deletion strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. Seventy-eight yeast genes were identified as sensitive to SJW and were primarily associated with vesicle-mediated transport and signal transduction pathways. Potential human intracellular targets were identified using sequence-based comparisons and included proteins associated with neurological disease and angiogenesis-related pathways. Selected human targets were confirmed by cell-based immunocytochemical assays. The comprehensive and systematic nature of chemical-genetic profiling in yeast makes this technique attractive for elucidating the potential molecular mechanisms of action of botanical medicines and other bioactive dietary plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P McCue
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Mulinacci N, Giaccherini C, Santamaria AR, Caniato R, Ferrari F, Valletta A, Vincieri FF, Pasqua G. Anthocyanins and xanthones in the calli and regenerated shoots of Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium (sin. Fröhlich) Borkh. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:414-420. [PMID: 18243002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports on the production of anthocyanins and xanthones in different in vitro systems of Hypericum perforatum var. angustifolium (sin. Fröhlich) Borkh. Undifferentiated calli and regenerated shoots at different developmental stages were analyzed by applying an extractive and an analytical procedure capable of detecting and quantifying anthocyanins. The findings revealed, for the first time, the co-presence of hypericins and anthocyanins in shoots at initial and more developed stages of H. perforatum var. angustifolium L. Moreover, a high production of xanthones was found in the undifferentiated calli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mulinacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Williams FB, Sander LC, Wise SA, Girard J. Development and evaluation of methods for determination of naphthodianthrones and flavonoids in St. John's wort. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1115:93-102. [PMID: 16554056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several major constituents in St. John's wort were determined for a homogenized plant sample. Three extraction techniques were evaluated: Soxhlet extraction, pressurized-fluid extraction (PFE), and sonication extraction. Levels of nine constituents (chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin, amentoflavone, pseudohypericin, and hypericin) were measured using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible absorbance, mass spectrometric, and fluorescence detection. Levels of total naphthodianthrones determined by liquid chromatography (LC) with absorbance detection at 590 nm were compared with levels determined by direct spectrophotometry at the same wavelength. Additionally, the methods described in this paper were applied to several brands of St. John's wort finished products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia B Williams
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Gioti EM, Skalkos DC, Fiamegos YC, Stalikas CD. Single-drop liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of hypericin, pseudohypericin and hyperforin in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:1-10. [PMID: 16233865 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of hypericin, pseudohypericin (collectively called in this study hypericins) and hyperforin in biological fluids is reported using single-drop liquid-phase microextraction in conjunction with HPLC-UV-fluorescence detection. A new option for analysis of the active principle constituents in biological samples is proposed, reducing the steps required prior to analysis. There are several parameters which determine the mass transfer such as the extraction solvent, drop and sample volumes, extraction time and temperature, pH and ionic strength, stirring rate and depth of needle tip in the bulk solution. These parameters were chosen to optimize the performance in the current study. The method was validated with respect to precision, accuracy and specificity. The intra-day precision values were below 2.3% for the high concentration level of control samples and 6.2% for the low level. The respective inter-day precision values were calculated to be below 4.4 and 7.1%, respectively, for the two concentration levels. Accuracy of the method, calculated as relative error, ranged from -2.6 to 7.0%. It was demonstrated that as long as the extraction procedure is consistently applied, quantitative analysis is performed accurately and reproducibly in human urine and plasma samples. Limits of quantitation (LOQs) in urine were calculated to be 3, 6 and 12 ng/ml for pseudohypericin, hypericin and hyperforin, respectively. Slightly higher limits were measured in plasma, i.e. 5, 12 and 20 ng/ml, for the respective analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M Gioti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Dourouti, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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Springfield EP, Eagles PKF, Scott G. Quality assessment of South African herbal medicines by means of HPLC fingerprinting. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 101:75-83. [PMID: 15919166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 70% of South Africans regularly use traditional plant medicines. Incorporation of these medicines within the formal health care system, which is the stated intention of the Health Ministry, requires the establishment of standards for quality control. Except in the case of a handful of South African plant species, such standards are lacking. Of central importance with respect to quality control is correct identification of the species concerned, whether in the fresh, dried or powdered state. In cases where botanical identification is impossible, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD), offers an alternative qualitative profile and is being increasingly used for the authentication of crude drugs or their extracts. As a contribution to establishing quality standards for South African plant species used as traditional medicines, HPLC-DAD "fingerprints" of 60 commonly-used species have been generated in our laboratory. One of these species is presented here, together with UV spectra of individual components represented by major peaks in the HPLC profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Springfield
- South African Traditional Medicines Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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Martin-Facklam M, Rieger K, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE. Undeclared exposure to St. John's Wort in hospitalized patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58:437-41. [PMID: 15373938 PMCID: PMC1884598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The herbal medicine St. John's Wort (SJW) causes substantial decreases in the plasma concentrations of a range of co-administered drugs. Therefore, we evaluated the extent of systemic exposure to hyperforin and hypericin, two of the main constituents of SJW, in patients on admission and during hospital stay, and compared the results with known use of SJW as documented in the drug chart and detected in additional interviews. METHODS One hundred and fifty patients aged > or = 18 years and admitted, between August 2000 and February 2002, to an internal medicine ward of a large German university hospital were included. Hyperforin and hypericin was determined in plasma by a sensitive liquid chromotography/mass spectometry (LC/MS/MS) method. To assess undeclared use of SJW the data were compared to information obtained from drug charts and from up to three interviews that had a particular focus on intake of herbal medicines and self-medication during hospitalization. RESULTS Hyperforin was detected in 12 patients (plasma concentration on the first day of hospitalization = 12-100 ng ml(-1) in five patients and < 3 ng ml(-1) in seven), and hypericin in five patients (0.5-4.3 ng ml(-1)). Nine patients (6%) were taking/had taken SJW without the knowledge of the medical team and the pharmacist, who conducted the additional interviews, and 11 (7.3%) were taking/had taken SJW without the knowledge of the medical team alone. Seven of these patients were treated concurrently with drugs that can interact with SJW. CONCLUSIONS Unrecognized use of SJW is frequent and may have an important influence on the effectiveness and safety of drug therapy during hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Martin-Facklam
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cui Y, Ang CYW, Beger RD, Heinze TM, Hu L, Leakey J. In vitro metabolism of hyperforin in rat liver microsomal systems. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:28-34. [PMID: 14709617 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperforin is an important active component of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) that has been suggested to be responsible for the St. John's wort antidepressive effects and herbal-drug interactions. In this study, the in vitro metabolism profile of hyperforin was investigated using liver microsomes from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, with or without induction by phenobarbital or dexamethasone. Four major Phase I metabolites, named 19-hydroxyhyperforin, 24-hydroxyhyperforin, 29-hydroxyhyperforin, and 34-hydroxyhyperforin, were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry and NMR. Results suggest that hydroxylation is a major biotransformation of the hyperforin pathway in rat liver and that inducible cytochrome P450 3A (CYP450 3A) and/or CYP2B may be the major cytochrome P450 isoforms catalyzing these hydroxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cui
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Rückert U, Eggenreich K, Wintersteiger R, Wurglics M, Likussar W, Michelitsch A. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection for the determination of hyperforin. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:181-5. [PMID: 15281267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method with electrochemical detection for the determination of hyperforin extracts without using additional sample precleaning has been developed and validated. The hyperforin solutions were separated isocratically using a mobile phase consisting of 10% ammonium acetate buffer (0.5 M, pH 3.7)-MeOH-acetonitrile (10:40:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Hyperforin was detected amperometrically with a glassy carbon electrode at a potential of +1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl/3 M potassium chloride reference electrode. Under these conditions, a plot of integrated peak area versus concentration of hyperforin was found to be linear over the range of 0.054-5.4 microg/mL, with a relative standard deviation of 2.2-8.6%. The limit of detection was 0.050 ng on column. The determination of the hyperforin content in a commercially available St. John's Wort preparation exhibited a mean content of 1.56 mg. Recovery experiments led to a mean recovery rate of 97 +/- 5.8%. The proposed method is not time-consuming, sensitive and reproducible and is therefore suitable for routine analysis of hyperforin in herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Rückert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Yeboah FK, Konishi Y. Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules: Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Natural Health Products. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120026571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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