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Oudejans L, Richter W, Sunderman M, Calfee MW, Mickelsen RL, Hofacre K, Keyes P, Lee SD. Passenger vehicle interior decontamination by low concentration hydrogen peroxide vapor following a wide area biological contamination incident. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad039. [PMID: 36822624 PMCID: PMC10257935 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess low concentration hydrogen peroxide (LCHP) (H2O2) vapor dispersed with a home humidifier for its ability to decontaminate vehicle interiors contaminated with Bacillus anthracis surrogate Bacillus atrophaeus spores. METHODS AND RESULTS Efficacy of a vaporized 3% H2O2 solution was evaluated for liquid volumes, on/off vehicle heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operations, and temperatures that ranged from 5 to 27°C. Survival of the spores was assessed by quantification of remaining viable spores with efficacy quantified in terms of mean log10 reduction. Decontamination efficacy after the 6-day dwell time increased when the 3% H2O2 liquid volume was doubled, increasing from 4-of-10 to 10-of-10 nondetects (zero colonies counted using standard dilution and filter plating) inside the vehicle cabin. Recirculating cabin air through the HVAC system during decontamination decreased efficacy to 6-of-10 non-detects. While no 6-log10 reduction in viable spores was observed on the cabin filter with the cabin filter kept in place, a 6-log10 reduction was achieved after its removal and placement in the cabin during treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study allow for informed decisions on the use of LCHP vapor as an effective decontamination approach for vehicle interiors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Oudejans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | | | - M. Worth Calfee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - R. Leroy Mickelsen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management Advisory Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kent Hofacre
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Patrick Keyes
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Sang Don Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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March JK, Pratt MD, Lowe CW, Cohen MN, Satterfield BA, Schaalje B, O'Neill KL, Robison RA. The differential effects of heat-shocking on the viability of spores from Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium sporogenes after treatment with peracetic acid- and glutaraldehyde-based disinfectants. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:764-73. [PMID: 26185111 PMCID: PMC4618609 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated (1) the susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis (Ames strain), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 19659), and Clostridium sporogenes (ATCC 3584) spores to commercially available peracetic acid (PAA)- and glutaraldehyde (GA)-based disinfectants, (2) the effects that heat-shocking spores after treatment with these disinfectants has on spore recovery, and (3) the timing of heat-shocking after disinfectant treatment that promotes the optimal recovery of spores deposited on carriers. Suspension tests were used to obtain inactivation kinetics for the disinfectants against three spore types. The effects of heat-shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were also determined. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate 6-log reduction times for each spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combination. Reduction times were compared statistically using the delta method. Carrier tests were performed according to AOAC Official Method 966.04 and a modified version that employed immediate heat-shocking after disinfectant treatment. Carrier test results were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. PAA-based disinfectants had significantly shorter 6-log reduction times than the GA-based disinfectant. Heat-shocking B. anthracis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly shorter 6-log reduction times. Conversely, heat-shocking B. subtilis spores after PAA treatment resulted in significantly longer 6-log reduction times. Significant interactions were also observed between spore type, disinfectant, and heat treatment combinations. Immediately heat-shocking spore carriers after disinfectant treatment produced greater spore recovery. Sporicidal activities of disinfectants were not consistent across spore species. The effects of heat-shocking spores after disinfectant treatment were dependent on both disinfectant and spore species. Caution must be used when extrapolating sporicidal data of disinfectants from one spore species to another. Heat-shocking provides a more accurate picture of spore survival for only some disinfectant/spore combinations. Collaborative studies should be conducted to further examine a revision of AOAC Official Method 966.04 relative to heat-shocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon K March
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Michael D Pratt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Chinn-Woan Lowe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Marissa N Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Benjamin A Satterfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Bruce Schaalje
- Department of Statistics, 230 TMCB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 4007-B LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
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Optimization and evaluation of heat-shock condition for spore enumeration being used in thermal-process verification: Differential responses of spores and vegetative cells of Clostridium sporogenes to heat shock. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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