Residual Analysis of Aflatoxins in Spice by HPLC Coupled with Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction and Solid-Phase Fluorescence Derivatization Method

Development of a Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction Method for Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and LC-MS/MS for Analysis of Clenbuterol Residues in Swine Livers and Kidneys

BACKGROUND

Clenbuterol (CLB) is approved as a veterinary drug because of its tracheal smooth muscle and uterine relaxant effects. However, if improperly administered for the purpose of fattening livestock, CLB can remain in the organs, which may pose a health hazard to humans.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to examine the combination of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) as a pretreatment method for swine liver and kidney, which contain more coexisting impurities than muscle tissue, and attempted to construct an analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

METHODS

Swine livers and kidneys were homogenized and extracted using liquid-liquid partitioning with an ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1 + 1) mixture, followed by SPDE using an MIP gel, and measured using LC-MS/MS. For LC-MS/MS, either an absolute calibration method or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was used. For method validation, a recovery test (additive concentrations: 0.05 and 0.5 ng/g) was conducted, and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS

The recoveries (trueness), repeatability, and intermediate precision obtained using absolute calibration were similar to those obtained using IDMS.

CONCLUSION

Using MIP-SPDE as a pretreatment method for CLB in swine liver and kidney samples yielded comparable results for absolute calibration and IDMS in LC-MS/MS analysis.

HIGHLIGHTS

MIP-SPDE can be used as a pretreatment method to analyze CLB in swine organs with high accuracy.

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2020-2021

This review summarises developments published in the period from mid-2020 to mid-2021 on the analysis of a number of diverse matrices for mycotoxins. Notable developments in all aspects of mycotoxin analysis, from sampling and quality assurance/quality control of analytical results, to the various detection and quantitation technologies ranging from single mycotoxin biosensors to comprehensive instrumental methods are presented and discussed. The summary and discussion of this past year’s developments in detection and quantitation technology covers chromatography with targeted or non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, detection other than mass spectrometry, biosensors, as well as assays using alternatives to antibodies. This critical review aims to briefly present the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination, as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.