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LC–MS determination of triazolam and its hydroxy metabolites in mouse dried blood spots: application to transgenic mouse pharmacokinetic studies. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:987-1000. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of triazolam (TRZ) and its two hydroxy metabolites in transgenic mouse dried blood spots (DBS) using BALB/c mouse blood as a surrogate biomatrix. Methodology/Results: The DBS method involved spotting volume of 10 μl using Ahlstrom 226 sample collection cards. A ‘whole spot’ analysis (6-mm punch) involved extraction of analytes using water and acetonitrile containing an internal standard. DBS samples were analyzed by a validated LC–MS/MS method with a run time of 4 min. Conclusion: This validated LC–MS/MS method using DBS extraction was applied to quantitation of TRZ, α-hydroxytriazolam and 4-hydroxytriazolam in a CYP3A4 transgenic mouse oral pharmacokinetic study of TRZ.
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Toyo’oka T. Diagnostic Approach to Disease Using Non-invasive Samples Based on Derivatization and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1397-411. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo’oka
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Min JZ, Tomiyasu Y, Morotomi T, Jiang YZ, Li G, Shi Q, Yu HF, Inoue K, Todoroki K, Toyo'oka T. First observation of N-acetyl leucine and N-acetyl isoleucine in diabetic patient hair and quantitative analysis by UPLC–ESI–MS/MS. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 444:143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Imprinted functionalized silica sol–gel for solid-phase extraction of triazolamin. Talanta 2011; 84:644-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Benzodiazepines: sample preparation and HPLC methods for their determination in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:755-84. [PMID: 21083137 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) belong to a group of substances known for their sedative, antidepressive, muscle relaxant, tranquilizer, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. Their determination in biological fluids is essential in clinical assays as well as in forensics and toxicological studies. Researchers focus on the development of rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive methods for the determination of BDZs and their metabolites. A large number of analytical methods using different techniques have been reported, but none can be considered as the method of choice. BDZs are usually present at trace levels (microgram or nanogram per milliliter) in a complex biological matrix and the potentially interfering compounds must be isolated by various extraction techniques before analysis. An extended and comprehensive review is presented herein, focusing on sample preparation (pretreatment and extraction) and HPLC conditions applied by different authors. These methods enable bioanalysts to achieve detection limits down to 1-2 ng/ml using UV/diode array detection, readily available in most laboratories, and better than 1 ng/ml using electron capture detection, which is lower than that obtained using a nitrogen phosphorus detector. MS interfaced with electrospray ionization offered a similar sensitivity, while negative chemical ionization MS or sonic spray ionization MS provided sensitivity down to 0.1 ng/ml.
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Pan RN, Lin CC, Huang PW, Hsiong CH, Pao LH. Simultaneous determination of triazolam and its metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 872:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sugiura K, Min JZ, Toyo'oka T, Inagaki S. Rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of fluorescence-labeled polyamines in human hair by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:94-102. [PMID: 18755466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid, sensitive and simultaneous determination of six polyamines, i.e., ornithine (ORN), 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM), in human hairs was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection and electrospray-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). The primary (-NH(2)) and secondary (-NH) amines in the polyamine structures were first labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) at 60 degrees C for 30 min in the mixture of 0.1M borax (pH 9.3) and acetonitrile (CH(3)CN). The resulting derivatives were perfectly separated using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C(18) column (1.7 microm, 100 mm x 2.1mm i.d.) by a gradient elution with a mixture of water-acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (HCOOH). The separated polyamine derivatives were sensitively detected with both FL and TOF-MS. The detection limits in FL and TOF-MS were 11-86 and 2-5 fmol, respectively. However, the determination of several polyamines by FL detection was interfered with by endogenous substances in the hair. Therefore, the simultaneous determination in hair was carried out by the combination of UPLC separation and the ESI-TOF-MS detection. The structures of the polyamines were identified from the protonated-molecular ions [M+H](+) obtained from the TOF-MS measurement. A good linearity was achieved from the calibration curves, that was obtained by plotting the peak area ratios of the analytes relative to the internal standard (IS), i.e., 1,6-diaminohexane (DAH), against the injected amounts of each polyamine (0.05-50 pmol, r(2)>0.999). The proposed method was applied to the determination in the hairs of healthy volunteers. The mean concentrations of ORN, DAP, PUT, CAD, SPD and SPM in 1mg of human hairs (n=20) were 1.46, 0.18, 1.18, 0.11, 1.97 and 0.98 pmol, respectively. Because the proposed method provides a good mass accuracy and the trace detection of the polyamines in hair, this analytical technique seems to be applicable for the determination of various biological compounds in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sugiura
- Laboratory of Analytical and Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Kawanishi H, Toyo'oka T, Ito K, Maeda M, Hamada T, Fukushima T, Kato M, Inagaki S. Hair analysis of histamine and several metabolites in C3H/HeNCrj mice by ultra performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS): Influence of hair cycle and age. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378:122-7. [PMID: 17196576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to a previous study, the concentration of HA in the hair of SD rats was similar in each rat and the variation in HA concentration was not so great. However, the concentration in human hair was fairly different in each person. As possible reasons for the higher variation in human hair, the differences in hair cycles and age in each person may be considerable. Based on this idea, the studies using C3H/HeNCrj mice who can synchronize their hair cycle were performed for resolution of the influence of hair cycle and age. METHODS The effects of hair cycle and age on the concentration of histamine (HA) and several metabolites, i.e., 1-methylhistamine (MHA), imidazole-4-acetic acid (IAA), and 1-methyl-4-imidazole-acetic acid (MIAA), in C3H/HeNCrj mice hair were investigated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). HA and the metabolites were labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) and 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PZ). The resulting derivatives were separated by UPLC and determined with ESI-TOF-MS. RESULTS A good linearity was achieved from the calibration curves, obtained by plotting the peak area ratios of the analytes relative to the internal standard (IS), i.e., histamine-alpha,alpha,beta,beta-d4 (HA-d4) or 4-imidazolecarboxylic acid (ICA), against the injected amounts of each compound. The detection limits of HA, MHA, IAA, and MIAA on mass chromatograms were 0.21, 1.0, 0.17, and 0.11 pmol, respectively. The concentrations of HA and the metabolites in the hair shafts and hair root of C3H/HeNCrj mice were determined by this method. The concentration of HA in the hair shaft was relatively higher in the telogen phase. In contrast, the HA content in the anagen phase was increased only in the hair root of old mice. CONCLUSION HA appears to possess some effect on hair growth, although the exact reason was not obvious. The HA metabolites, i.e., MHA, MIAA and IAA, were also determined the same as HA; however, the difference in the metabolite concentrations between the hair cycle and age was not clear in both hair shaft and hair root. Such studies of the effect of hair cycle and age on these concentrations are the first report. This analytical technique may be applicable to the determination of various biological compounds in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawanishi
- Division of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and COE Program in the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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9
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Kawanishi H, Toyo'oka T, Ito K, Maeda M, Hamada T, Fukushima T, Kato M, Inagaki S. Rapid determination of histamine and its metabolites in mice hair by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:148-56. [PMID: 16945382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid determination of histamine (HA) and several metabolites, i.e., 1-methylhistamine (MHA), imidazole-4-acetic acid (IAA), and 1-methyl-4-imidazole-acetic acid (MIAA), in mice hairs was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS). HA and MHA, having a primary amino group (NH(2)) in their structures, were first labeled with 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) at 60 degrees C for 45 min in the mixture of 0.1M borax (pH 9.3) and acetonitrile (CH(3)CN). On the other hand, 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-PZ) was used for the labeling of a carboxylic acid group (COOH) in IAA and MIAA in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) and triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reaction with DBD-PZ was completed at 50 degrees C after 2h. The resulting derivatives of HA and the metabolites were perfectly separated using an ACQUITY UPLCtrade mark BEH C(18) column (1.7 microm, 100 x 2.1mm, i.d.) with the mixture of 20 mM HCOONH(4) and CH(3)CN (8:2). The structures of HA and the metabolites were identified from the protonated-molecular ions [M+H](+) and the de-protonated-molecular ions [M-H](-) of authentic compounds, obtained from TOF-MS measurement. A good linearity was achieved from the calibration curves, obtained by plotting the peak area ratios of the analytes relative to the internal standard (IS), i.e., histamine-alpha,alpha,beta,beta-d(4) (HA-d(4)) or 4-imidazolecarboxylic acid (ICA), against the injected amounts of each compound (1.0-25 pmol, r(2)=0.998). The detection limits of HA and the metabolites were less than 1 pmol. The proposed method was applied to the determination in the hair shafts of C3H mice. The average concentrations of HA, MHA, IAA and MIAA in 1mg of the hair shafts were 16.3 pmol (n=7), 21.6 pmol (n=3), 6.6 pmol (n=3) and 7.1 pmol (n=3), respectively. Because the proposed method provides good mass accuracy and the trace detection of HA and several metabolites in hair, this analytical technique seems to be applicable for the determination of various biological compounds in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kawanishi
- Division of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and COE Program in the 21st Century, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Lee XP, Kumazawa T, Fujishiro M, Hasegawa C, Marumo A, Shoji Y, Arinobu T, Seno H, Sato K. Simple method for determination of triazolam in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:64-9. [PMID: 16378708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Triazolam was analyzed from human plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with an MSpak GF polymer column (50 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 6 microm), which enabled direct injection of crude biological samples. Separation of triazolam, and lorazepam as the internal standard (IS) was carried out using 10mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.56)-0.1% formic acid and an acetonitrile gradient elution. Both compounds formed base peaks due to [M + H]+ ions by HPLC/ESI-MS, and product ions were produced from each [M + H]+ ion as seen by HPLC-MS/MS. Quantification of triazolam and the IS in plasma samples was made by selective reaction monitoring using each base peak of product ions of HPLC-MS/MS. The recovery range of triazolam spiked into plasma was 86.4-92.7%. The regression equation for triazolam showed excellent linearity in the range of 0.25-20 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.1 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day precisions for triazolam in plasma samples were not greater than 12.4%. Accuracy for the drug was in the range of 88.0-101.4%. Data obtained after oral administration of triazolam in male and female subjects are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Pen Lee
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Toyo'oka T, Suzuki A, Fukushima T, Kato M. Hair analysis of histamine after fluorescence labeling by column-switching reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and application to human hair. Anal Biochem 2004; 333:236-45. [PMID: 15450798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive determination of histamine (HA) in hair was carried out by column-switching reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). HA was labeled with excess amounts of 4-(N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-F) at 60 degrees C for 30 min in a mixture of 0.1 M borax (pH 9.3) and acetonitrile (CH(3)CN). The resulting DBD-HA derivative was roughly separated by a Mightysil RP-18 GP (100 x 2mm i.d., 3 microm) with an acidic mobile phase containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. DBD-HA in the fraction flowing due to a position change in the six-port column-switching valve was then completely separated by a Wakopak Navi C30 (150 x 2mm i.d., 5 microm) with 20 mM AcONH(4)-CH(3)CN (8:2). The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode for the product ion (m/z 292) obtained from MS-MS measurement using the protonated molecular ion [M+H](+) (m/z 337) as the precursor ion. Good linearity was achieved from the calibration curve obtained by plotting peak area ratios of the internal standard (HA-d(4)) against the injected amounts of HA (1.66-16.6 pmol, r(2)=0.999). The coefficients of variation, at 1.66- and 16.6-pmol injections, were 5.6 and 3.7%, respectively (n=6). Furthermore, the detection limit was 0.167 pmol. The efficiency of the recommended procedure was identified from the determination in the rat hair root after intraperitoneal administration of HA. The proposed method was applied to HA determination in the hair shaft of Dark Agouti rats and healthy volunteers. The variations in the concentrations in 1mg of hair shaft were 0.80-1.84 pmol (mean+/-SD=1.33+/-0.33, n=12) in rats and 0.94-72.3 pmol (17.2+/-21.5, n=16) in humans. The determination of HA in the plasma of rats and humans was also performed successfully by this method. Because the proposed method provides good precision and trace detection of HA in hair, the analytical technique seems to be applicable for the determination of various biogenic amines in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- COE Program in the 21st Century, Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Thieme D, Sachs H. Improved screening capabilities in forensic toxicology by application of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Saito T, Kusakabe T, Takeichi S. Hippuric acid and methyl hippuric acid in rat hair: possible monitoring of xylene and toluene exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 133:146-51. [PMID: 12742703 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thinner is mainly composed of toluene and xylenes, and we studied the incorporation of the main metabolites of toluene and xylenes, hippuric acid (HA) and o-, m-, and p-methyl hippuric acids (o-, m-, p-MHA), in dark agouti rats' hair. Rat black hair was shaved before any exposure with an electric shaver designed for animals. Studies were performed in vivo with exposures of 30 min per day at three different concentrations (100, 300, and 1000 ppm) of toluene and o-, m-, and p-xylene for a total of 10 times over 2 weeks. Newly grown hair was tweezed out from the root with tweezers at seventh of the last exposure. Hair samples were then washed, extracted, derivatized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). HA and o-, m-, and p-MHA were not detected (ND) in the unexposed rat hair. After exposure, the metabolite concentration in the hair changed depending on the exposure concentration. Mean concentrations ranged from ND to 7.6 ng/mg, from ND to 13.8 ng/mg, from ND to 10.1 ng/mg, and from ND to 9.2 ng/ml hair for HA, o-, m-, and p-MHA, respectively. These results indicate that the metabolites concentrations in hair are effective indices of thinner exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Nakashima K, Yamamoto K, Al-Dirbashi OY, Kaddoumi A, Nakashima MN. Semi-micro column HPLC of triazolam in rat plasma and brain microdialysate and its application to drug interaction study with itraconazole. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1809-16. [PMID: 12485722 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection for the determination of triazolam (TZ) in rat plasma and brain microdialysate is described. The separation was achieved on a 250 x 1.5 mm, i.d. C(18) column and the column effluent was monitored at 222 nm. The detection limits at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 obtained using spiked plasma and artificial cerebrospinal fluid were 2.1 and 0.7 ng/ml, respectively. The method was applied to drug-drug interaction study of TZ with itraconazole (ITZ). The peak concentration (C(max)) and the area under the curve (AUC) of TZ in brain microdialysate after simultaneous administration of TZ (2.5 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)) and ITZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) to rats increased 3.4-folds (P<0.001) and 2.9-folds (P<0.001), respectively, compared to those of TZ alone. Also, the AUC of TZ in plasma increased 2.6-folds and remarkable delay in its elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was observed. The concentrations of TZ in brain microdialysate and plasma were also measured after single administration of TZ (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) to rats pretreated with daily administration of ITZ (25 mg/kg, p.o.) once a day for a week. There was no significant difference in TZ's C(max) in both ITZ treatments (P>0.2) however its t(1/2) after the daily pretreatment with ITZ was significantly increased (P<0.05). In plasma, the AUC of TZ after daily pretreatment of ITZ was lower than the single combined treatment, but significantly different from TZ's AUC in the absence of ITZ (P<0.05). As a result, single simultaneous administration of TZ with ITZ and single administration of TZ after daily pretreatment with ITZ to rats, ITZ seriously interfered with the pharmacokinetic parameters of TZ in plasma and brain micodialysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Division of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Toyo'oka T, Kumaki Y, Kanbori M, Kato M, Nakahara Y. Determination of hypnotic benzodiazepines (alprazolam, estazolam, and midazolam) and their metabolites in rat hair and plasma by reversed-phase liquid-chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 30:1773-87. [PMID: 12485719 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive determination of benzodiazepines i.e., alprazolam (ALP), estazolam (EST), and midazolam (MDZ), and their metabolites, was carried out by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). The chromatography separations were achieved using a semi-micro HPLC column (3 microm particle size; 100 x 2.0 mm, i.d.) with acetonitrile-water containing 1% acetic acid as eluent. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected-ion monitoring mode at protonated-molecular ions [M+H](+) of parent drugs and the metabolites. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination in hair shaft of Dark Agouti rats after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of benzodiazepines twice a day for 5 days. Various metabolites together with parent drugs were identified in the hair shaft, 1-hydroxyalprazolam (1-HA) and 4-hydroxyalprazolam (4-HA) from ALP administration; 8-chloro-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-4-one (K-EST) from EST administration; 1-hydroxymidazolam (1-HM) and 4-hydroxymidazolam (4-HM) from MDZ administration. A few unknown metabolites were also detected in the hair samples. These structures were elucidated with acetylation using acetic anhydride and pyridine. The time course studies of parent drugs and the metabolites in both hair root and plasma were also carried out after single i.p. administration of benzodiazepines. The results suggested that the concentrations of parent drugs and the metabolites in the hair samples were mainly dependent upon those in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Nakashima K, Yamamoto K, Al-Dirbashi OY, Nakashima MN. Disposition of triazolam in the rat by brain microdialysis and semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:219-23. [PMID: 11920948 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of triazolam is described. The method was applied to determine plasma and brain microdialysate concentrations of triazolam after single intravenous bolus of 2.5 mg/kg to rat. The separation was achieved on a 250 x 1.5 mm i.d. C(18) column and the column effluent was monitored at 222 nm. The detection limits at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 obtained using spiked plasma and artificial cerebrospinal fluid were 2.1 and 0.7 ng/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-day reproducibility of the present method were satisfactory with the highest relative standard deviation of 9.1 (n > or = 5). The present method was successfully applied to study the disposition of triazolam in rat (n = 5) by analyzing plasma and brain microdialysate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Department of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan.
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Toyo'oka T, Kanbori M, Kumaki Y, Nakahara Y. Determination of triazolam involving its hydroxy metabolites in hair shaft and hair root by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and application to human hair analysis. Anal Biochem 2001; 295:172-9. [PMID: 11488619 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been developed for simultaneous determination of triazolam and its hydroxy metabolites in hair. After the addition of deuterium-labeled 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam as an internal standard, the analytes in hair shaft and hair root samples were extracted with a basic medium, CH(2)Cl(2):MeOH:28% NH(4)OH (20:80:2) at room temperature overnight. The chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved using a semimicro HPLC column (3-microm particle size; 100 x 2.0-mm i.d.) by gradient elution with acetonitrile in water containing 1% acetic acid as eluent. The mass spectrometer was operated in selected-ion monitoring mode at quasi-molecular ions [M+H](+) of triazolam and its metabolites. The method has been applied to determine the incorporation of triazolam and its metabolites into the hair shafts and hair roots of Dark Agouti rats administered 3 or 6 mg/kg triazolam intraperitoneally twice a day for 5 days. Triazolam, 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam, and 4-hydroxytriazolam were incorporated into the hair shafts and the hair roots. The concentration of 4-hydroxytriazolam was the highest of all compounds detected. An unknown substance considered to be 1,4-dihydroxytriazolam also appeared in the hair samples. The structural elucidation was performed with online HPLC-MS after acetylation of the substance with acetic anhydride and pyridine. The time course studies of triazolam and the metabolites in both rat hair roots and plasma were carried out after single intraperitoneal administration of triazolam. The concentrations of triazolam and the metabolites in the hair roots reflected those in the plasma. The proposed method using selected-reaction monitoring was applied to the determination of triazolam and the metabolites in human hairs of a triazolam addict. Triazolam, 1-hydroxymethyltriazolam, and 4-hydroxytriazolam were identified in the black hair shafts, whereas only triazolam was detected in the hair roots and the white hair shafts. This is the first report on the detection of triazolam and its metabolites in human hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toyo'oka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Saisho K, Tanaka E, Nakahara Y. Hair analysis for pharmaceutical drugs. I. Effective extraction and determination of phenobarbital, phenytoin and their major metabolites in rat and human hair. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:59-64. [PMID: 11201247 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish an analytical method for the determination of phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PPH) and their hydroxylated metabolites in hair, animal model experiments were performed. Five male dark-agouti pigmented rats, aged 5 weeks, were intraperitoneally and orally administered PB or PPH independently at 25 mg/kg once a day for 5 successive days. The growing back hair was collected 15d after the first administration. Four typical extraction methods, using NH4OH-methanol-acetone, TFA-methanol-acetone, 1M sodium hydroxide and proteinase K, were evaluated using the rat hair samples containing PB or PPH. Methanol-acetone-NH4OH (10: 10: 1) was the best extraction method from all aspects, such as high extraction efficiency and low noise. The analytes in the extract were methylated in acetonitrile with 20% tetramethylammonium hydroxide and methyliodide at 70 degrees C for 10 min. After purification with Bond Elut Certify, the methylated products were analyzed by GC-MS. From rat hair, PB, p-hydroxy PB, PPH and p-hydroxy PPH were detected at average concentrations of 26.9, trace, 4.2 and 0.4 ng/mg with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and at 30.9, trace, 4.0 and 0.4 ng/mg with oral administration, respectively. There was little difference in hair concentrations between i.p. injection and oral administration. This method was applied to the head hair of two patients who orally took toxic amounts of PB and two volunteers who orally took 100 mg of PPH daily for 5 d. The hair concentrations of PB in the two patients were 16.2 and 14.7 ng/mg, and those of PPH in the two volunteers were 3.3 and 0.1 ng/mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saisho
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Wu HF. Current awareness. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1055-1066. [PMID: 10973007 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<1055::aid-jms981>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (6 Weeks journals - Search completed at 7th. June 2000)
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Affiliation(s)
- HF Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taipei Hsien 25137, Taiwan
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