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Kim SY, Shin DW, Hyun J, Kwon NH, Cheong JC, Paeng KJ, Lee J, Kim JY. Uncertainty Evaluation for the Quantification of Urinary Amphetamine and 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Comparison of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Approach and the Monte Carlo Method with R. Molecules 2023; 28:6803. [PMID: 37836646 PMCID: PMC10574584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the measurement uncertainty (MU) is becoming increasingly mandatory in analytical toxicology. This study evaluates the uncertainty in the quantitative determination of urinary amphetamine (AP) and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (4HA) using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method based on the dilute-and-shoot approach. Urine sample dilution, preparation of calibrators, calibration curve, and method repeatability were identified as the sources of uncertainty. To evaluate the MU, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) approach and the Monte Carlo method (MCM) were compared using the R programming language. The MCM afforded a smaller coverage interval for both AP (94.83, 104.74) and 4HA (10.52, 12.14) than that produced by the GUM (AP (92.06, 107.41) and 4HA (10.21, 12.45)). The GUM approach offers an underestimated coverage interval for Type A evaluation, whereas the MCM provides an exact coverage interval under an abnormal probability distribution of the measurand. The MCM is useful in complex settings where the measurand is combined with numerous distributions because it is generated from the uncertainties of input quantities based on the propagation of the distribution. Therefore, the MCM is more practical than the GUM for evaluating the MU of urinary AP and 4HA concentrations using LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Shin
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Hyun
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nam Hee Kwon
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chul Cheong
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Applied Statistics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics & Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul 06590, Republic of Korea
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Westwood S, Lippa K, Shimuzu Y, Lalerle B, Saito T, Duewer D, Dai X, Davies S, Ricci M, Baldan A, Lang B, Sarge S, Wang H, Pratt K, Josephs R, Mariassy M, Pfeifer D, Warren J, Bremser W, Ellison S, Toman B, Nelson M, Huang T, Fajgelj A, Gören A, Mackay L, Wielgosz R. Methods for the SI-traceable value assignment of the purity of organic compounds (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The “purity” of an organic compound typically refers, in practice, to an assignment of the mass fraction content of the primary organic component present in the material. The “purity” value of an organic primary calibrator material is the ultimate source of metrological traceability of any quantitative measurement of the content of that compound in a given matrix. The primary calibrator may consist of a Certified Reference Material (CRM) whose purity has been assigned by the CRM producer or a laboratory may choose to value-assign a material to the extent necessary for their intended application by using appropriately valid methods. This report provides an overview of the approach, performance and applicability of the principal methods used to determine organic purity including mass balance, quantitative NMR, thermal methods and direct-assay techniques. A statistical section reviews best practice for combination of data, value assignment as the upper limit values corresponding to 100 % purity are approached and how to report and propagate the standard uncertainty associated with the assigned values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Westwood
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | - Katrice Lippa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Beatrice Lalerle
- Laboratoire Nationale de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE) , Paris , France
| | - Takeshi Saito
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - David Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Stephen Davies
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | | | - Annarita Baldan
- Nederlands Metrologisch Instituut (VSL) , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Stefan Sarge
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Haifeng Wang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ken Pratt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ralf Josephs
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | | | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Bremser
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Blaza Toman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Michael Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ting Huang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ales Fajgelj
- International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ahmet Gören
- Kimya Bölümü, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi , Gebze , Turkey
| | - Lindsey Mackay
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
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Malmbeck R, Banik NL, Nicholl A, Horta-Domenech J, Zuniga MV, Lützenkirchen K. Precise determination of 244Cm by 244Cm/ 239Pu alpha ratio measurements. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04904f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a method developed for the precise determination of Cm in a solution. The method is based on accurate spiking of a 244Cm solution having a known isotopic vector but unknown concentration, with a Pu reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Malmbeck
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - Nidhu lal Banik
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
- Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE), Sicherheitsanalysen Morsleben - EMO-SL. 4, Willy-Brandt-Straße 5, Salzgitter 38226, Germany
| | - Adrian Nicholl
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - Joan Horta-Domenech
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - Martin Vargas Zuniga
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - Klaus Lützenkirchen
- European Commision, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
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Strashnov I, Karunarathna NB, Fernando BR, Dissanayake C, Binduhewa KM. An isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for detection of melamine in milk powder. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1805-1816. [PMID: 34270389 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1937709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adulteration/unintentional contamination of milk with melamine could have negative health and economic implications especially in the developing countries due to insufficient laboratory support and surveillance. This paper presents an Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (ID LC-MS) method developed for detection of melamine in powdered milk. The rapid sample preparation involved dissolution of 1g of milk powder in 2.5% formic acid, precipitation of protein with acetonitrile, spiking of samples with melamine (triamine-15N3) at 200 µg L-1 and detection of intrinsic 14N-melamine molecular ratio to the spike. The isotope dilution calibration procedure was free from matrix effects, unlike other methods where the detector sensitivity can fluctuate up to several orders of magnitude. Limit of detection of the method was 13 µg kg-1, and the recovery of melamine at 50, 100, and 250 µg kg-1 was 78.7-126.3%. The method was used to determine melamine levels in 22 milk powder products (local and imported) available in Sri Lanka. Melamine was detected in all the samples (range = 0.33-0.96 mg kg-1). Full cream milk powders (both local and imported) contained melamine in the range of 0.39-0.84 mg kg-1, and various health and pregnancy formulas contained <0.5 mg kg-1 of melamine. Two imported infant formula samples contained the highest levels of melamine (0.96 and 0.94 mg kg-1). Although these melamine levels are below the regulatory limit in Sri Lanka (1 mg kg-1), a monitoring programme would ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Strashnov
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nuwan Bandara Karunarathna
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Biyagamage Ruchika Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Champa Dissanayake
- Life Sciences Division, Sri Lanka Atomic Energy Board, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Validation of an Analytical Method for Nitrite and Nitrate Determination in Meat Foods for Infants by Ion Chromatography with Conductivity Detection. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091238. [PMID: 32899742 PMCID: PMC7555295 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite as sodium or potassium salts are usually added to meat products to develop the characteristic flavor, to inhibit the growth of microorganisms (particularly Clostridium botulinum), and effectively control rancidity by inhibiting lipid oxidation. However, both nitrate and nitrite ions need to be monitored for ensuring the quality and safety of cured meats. In this work, for the first time the content of nitrite and nitrate ions in homogenized meat samples of baby foods was determined by a validated method based on ion chromatography (IC) coupled with conductivity detection. Recoveries of nitrate and nitrite ions in meat samples were not lower than 84 ± 6%. The detection limits of nitrate and nitrite were 0.08 mg L−1 and 0.13 mg L−1, respectively. Five commercial samples of homogenized meat, namely lamb, rabbit, chicken, veal, and beef, for infant feeding were investigated; while nitrite content was below the detection limit, nitrate ranged from 10.7 to 21.0 mg kg−1. The results indicated that nitrate contents were below the European (EU) fixed value of 200 mg kg−1, and an acceptable daily intake of 3.7 mg kg−1 was estimated.
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Epshtein NA. Certification of Reference Standards in Pharmacy: Mass Balance Method. Pharm Chem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Johnson D, Rettinger M, Tarbox T, Marek B, Pogue S, Dilek I, Sreenivasan U. Development challenges in the preparation of solution-based phytochemical and vitamin certified reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4345-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Gullberg RG. Estimating the measurement uncertainty in forensic blood alcohol analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:153-61. [PMID: 22417830 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many reasons, forensic toxicologists are being asked to determine and report their measurement uncertainty in blood alcohol analysis. While understood conceptually, the elements and computations involved in determining measurement uncertainty are generally foreign to most forensic toxicologists. Several established and well-documented methods are available to determine and report the uncertainty in blood alcohol measurement. A straightforward bottom-up approach is presented that includes: (1) specifying the measurand, (2) identifying the major components of uncertainty, (3) quantifying the components, (4) statistically combining the components and (5) reporting the results. A hypothetical example is presented that employs reasonable estimates for forensic blood alcohol analysis assuming headspace gas chromatography. These computations are easily employed in spreadsheet programs as well. Determining and reporting measurement uncertainty is an important element in establishing fitness-for-purpose. Indeed, the demand for such computations and information from the forensic toxicologist will continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod G Gullberg
- Clearview Statistical Consulting, 20119 61st Avaenue SE, Snohomish, WA 98296, USA.
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Zeleny R, Schimmel H. Influence of the approach to calibration on the accuracy and the traceability of certified values in certified reference materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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