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Li Y, Lian R, Sheng Z, Mao J, Mao C, Liang C, Zhang P, Ni C, Wang R, Zhang Y. Automatic MDSPE Combined with DART-HRMS for the Rapid Quantitation of 21 Synthetic Cathinones in Urine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:40-49. [PMID: 38109269 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A new, rapid, and automated method for the quantitation of 21 synthetic cathinones in urine was established using magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (MDSPE) in combination with direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). Sample preparation and quantitation were verified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methcathinone-D3, α-PVP-D8, and proadifen (SKF525A) were used as internal standards. Magnetic HLB extractant and NaH2PO4/NaOH buffer (0.2 M, pH 7) were used in automatic MDSPE. All 21 synthetic cathinones could be detected and analyzed by DART-HRMS in under 1 min. It was proven that the linearities of 21 synthetic cathinones were suitable (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration ranges of 0.5-100 ng/mL or 1-100 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy values were all within ±15%, and the samples were stable under various conditions. The average time of each sample from preprocessing to completion of detection was approximately 2 min, allowing for rapid sample analysis. The relative error (RE) of the concentrations obtained by DART-HRMS and LC-MS/MS were within ±13.61%, and the linear coefficient (R) was 0.9964. The results of DART-HRMS and LC-MS/MS provided equivalent values at the 95% confidence level. In summary, a simple, fast, and convenient quantitation method via DART-HRMS was established. This application can be utilized to reduce backlogs and promote rapid case processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Ru Lian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Zhenhai Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jinting Mao
- Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Shaanxi Coal Hi-tech Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
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da Cunha KF, Oliveira KD, Costa JL. Green analytical toxicology method for determination of synthetic cathinones in oral fluid samples by microextraction by packed sorbent and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:18-30. [PMID: 37505359 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed and validated a method for quantitative analysis of ten synthetic cathinones in oral fluid (OF) samples, using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) for sample preparation followed by liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS). METHOD OF samples were collected with a Quantisal™ device and 200 µL was extracted using a C18 MEPS cartridge installed on a semi-automated pipette and then analyzed using LC‒M/SMS. RESULTS Linearity was achieved between 0.1 and 25 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 ng/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/mL. Imprecision (% relative standard deviation) and bias (%) were better than 11.6% and 7.5%, respectively. The method had good specificity and selectivity against 9 different blank OF samples (from different donors) and 68 pharmaceutical and drugs of abuse with concentrations varying between 400 and 10,000 ng/mL. No evidence of carryover was observed. The analytes were stable after three freeze/thaw cycles and when kept in the autosampler (10 °C) for up to 24 h. The method was successfully applied to quantify 41 authentic positive samples. Methylone (mean 0.6 ng/mL, median 0.2 ng/mL), N-ethylpentylone (mean 16.7 ng/mL, median 0.35 ng/mL), eutylone (mean 39.1 ng/mL, median 3.6 ng/mL), mephedrone (mean 0.5 ng/mL, median 0.5 ng/mL), and 4-chloroethcathinone (8.1 ng/mL) were quantified in these samples. CONCLUSION MEPS was an efficient technique for Green Analytical Toxicology purposes, which required only 650 µL organic solvent and 200 µL sodium hydroxide, and the BIN cartridge had a lifespan of 100 sample extractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Francisco da Cunha
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083‑859, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083‑859, Brazil
| | - Karina Diniz Oliveira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083‑859, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083‑859, Brazil.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083‑859, Brazil.
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Nuñez-Montero M, Lombroni C, Maida NL, Rotolo MC, Pichini S, Papaseit E, Hladun O, Ventura M, Poyatos L, Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Marchei E. GC-MS/MS Determination of Synthetic Cathinones: 4-chloromethcathinone, N-ethyl Pentedrone, and N-ethyl Hexedrone in Oral Fluid and Sweat of Consumers under Controlled Administration: Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119387. [PMID: 37298339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a validated GC-MS/MS method for the detection and quantification of 4-chloromethcathinone or clephedrone (4-CMC), N-ethyl Pentedrone (NEP), and N-ethyl Hexedrone (NEH, also named HEXEN) in oral fluid and sweat and verifies its feasibility in determining human oral fluid concentrations and pharmacokinetics following the administration of 100 mg of 4-CMC orally and 30 mg of NEP and NEH intranasally. A total of 48 oral fluid and 12 sweat samples were collected from six consumers. After the addition of 5 μL of methylone-d3 and 200 μL of 0.5 M ammonium hydrogen carbonate, an L/L extraction was carried out using ethyl acetate. The samples, dried under a nitrogen flow, were then derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and dried again. One microliter of the sample reconstituted in 50 μL of ethyl acetate was injected into GC-MS/MS. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines. Our results showed how, in oral fluid, the two cathinones taken intranasally were absorbed very rapidly, within the first hour, when compared with the 4-CMC which reached its maximum concentration peak in the first three hours. We observed that these cathinones were excreted in sweat in an amount equivalent to approximately 0.3% of the administered dose for 4-CMC and NEP. The total NEH excreted in sweat 4 h after administration was approximately 0.2% of the administered dose. Our results provide, for the first time, preliminary information about the disposition of these synthetic cathinones in the consumers' oral fluid and sweat after controlled administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani Nuñez-Montero
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Claudia Lombroni
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Univesità degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Nunzia La Maida
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Rotolo
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Olga Hladun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Mireia Ventura
- Energy Control, Associació Benestar i Desenvolupament, 08012 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Poyatos
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Clara Pérez-Mañá
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol and Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP-IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Emilia Marchei
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Pascual-Caro S, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Development of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 40 Drugs of Abuse in Human Urine: Application to Real Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:33-42. [PMID: 35348715 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are constantly evolving, while new synthetized substances are constantly emerging to avoid regulations. However, traditional drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine are still two of the most consumed drugs in the world. It is important, therefore, to provide suitable multiresidue methods for determining a wide range of drugs for use in toxicological and forensic analyses. The aim of this study is to develop a method for determining several families of drugs of abuse, including classic drugs, new psychoactive substances and some of their metabolites, in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is one of the most common biological matrices used in drug analysis because of its easy collection and a wide window of detection. In this study, we used solid-phase extraction to remove interferences and extract analytes from urine. Four different mixed-mode cation-exchange commercial sorbents were evaluated. The best results, in terms of apparent recoveries, were achieved with one of the strong cationic sorbents, ExtraBond SCX. The method achieved detection limits from 0.003 to 0.500 ng/mL and quantification limits from 0.050 to 1.500 ng/mL, which are suitable for determining these compounds at the usual levels found in the urine of drug users. The applicability of this method was demonstrated by analyzing real urine specimens from women following a detoxification program. Our results showed that the drug most consumed was cocaine, since it was detected in most urine specimens together with its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine. The polyconsumption of drugs from different families was also observed in some urine samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pascual-Caro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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Pascual-Caro S, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Recent chromatographic and electrophoretic based methods for determining drugs of abuse in urine and oral fluid: A review from 2018 to June 2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Determination of Synthetic Cathinones in Urine and Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Low-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Method Comparison. SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/separations7040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones have become very popular recreational drugs. Therefore, determining them in biological samples is now a matter of concern. In recent years, different methods that have been developed can determine these drugs at low-concentration levels. In general, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detection plays an important role in these methods and the trend is to use low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In this article, for the first time, we compare these two analyzers using an Orbitrap and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in order to determine a group of synthetic cathinones in urine and oral fluid samples. For this comparison, we evaluated and compared different parameters: Method detection and quantification limits, linearity, apparent recoveries, matrix effect, repeatability (intra-day), reproducibility (inter-day), and accuracy. Similar results were obtained for the two analyzers for the apparent recoveries and matrix effect. However, triple quadrupole showed higher sensitivity compared to Orbitrap for both urine and oral fluid samples. The quantification limits in urine and the detection limits in saliva were two times lower for triple quadrupole. Finally, when blind samples were analyzed to study the accuracy, similar results were obtained for both analyzers.
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