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Herian M, Świt P. 25X-NBOMe compounds - chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:15-33. [PMID: 37115704 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2194907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a growing number of reports have indicated a positive effect of hallucinogenic-based therapies in different neuropsychiatric disorders. However, hallucinogens belonging to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) may produce high toxicity. NPS, due to their multi-receptors affinity, are extremely dangerous for the human body and mental health. An example of hallucinogens that have been lately responsible for many severe intoxications and deaths are 25X-NBOMes - N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenethylamines, synthetic compounds with strong hallucinogenic properties. 25X-NBOMes exhibit a high binding affinity to serotonin receptors but also to dopamine, adrenergic and histamine receptors. Apart from their influence on perception, many case reports point out systemic and neurological poisoning with these compounds. In humans, the most frequent side effects are tachycardia, anxiety, hypertension and seizures. Moreover, preclinical studies confirm that 25X-NBOMes cause developmental impairments, cytotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity and changes in behavior of animals. Metabolism of NBOMes seems to be very complex and involves many metabolic pathways. This fact may explain the observed high toxicity. In addition, many analytical methods have been applied in order to identify these compounds and their metabolites. The presented review summarized the current knowledge about 25X-NBOMes, especially in the context of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Herian
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paweł Świt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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25CN-NBOMe Metabolites in Rat Urine, Human Liver Microsomes and C.elegans-Structure Determination and Synthesis of the Most Abundant Metabolites. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040212. [PMID: 33807281 PMCID: PMC8066366 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Benzylphenethylamines are novel psychedelic substances increasingly used for research, diagnostic, or recreational purposes. To date, only a few metabolism studies have been conducted for N-2-methoxybenzylated compounds (NBOMes). Thus, the available 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-((2-methoxybenzyl)amino)ethyl)benzonitrile (25CN-NBOMe) metabolism data are limited. Herein, we investigated the metabolic profile of 25CN-NBOMe in vivo in rats and in vitro in Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) mycelium and human liver microsomes. Phase I and phase II metabolites were first detected in an untargeted screening, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification of the most abundant metabolites by comparison with in-house synthesized reference materials. The major metabolic pathways described within this study (mono- and bis-O-demethylation, hydroxylation at different positions, and combinations thereof, followed by the glucuronidation, sulfation, and/or N-acetylation of primary metabolites) generally correspond to the results of previously reported metabolism of several other NBOMes. The cyano functional group was either hydrolyzed to the respective amide or carboxylic acid or remained untouched. Differences between species should be taken into account in studies of the metabolism of novel substances.
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Kamińska K, Świt P, Malek K. 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOME): A Harmful Hallucinogen Review. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 44:947-956. [PMID: 32128596 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NBOMes are N-benzylmethoxy derivatives of the 2C family compounds with N-2-methoxybenzyl moiety substituted by the methoxy group at the 2- and 5-position and the halogen group at the 4-position of the phenyl ring. These substances are a new class of potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens with potential harmful effects. The substitution with halogen of the already psychoactive phenethylamine produces a derivative (2C-I) with increased hallucinogenic effects. This class of hallucinogens has chemical structures very similar to natural hallucinogenic alkaloid mescaline and these are sold mainly via internet as a 'legal' alternative to other hallucinogenic drug-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). 25I-NBOMe is the first synthesized and one of the most common compound from NBOMes. Knowledge of pharmacological properties of 25I-NBOMe is very limited so far. There are only a few in vivo and in vitro so far published studies. The behavioral experiments are mainly related with the hallucinogenic effect of 25I-NBOMe while the in vitro studies concerning mainly the affinity for 5-HT2A receptors. The 25I-NBOMe Critical Review 2016 reported 51 non-fatal intoxications and 21 deaths associated with 25I-NBOMe across Europe. Case reports describe various toxic effects of 25I-NBOMe usage including tachycardia, hypertension, hallucinations, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury and death. The growing number of fatal and non-fatal intoxication cases indicates that 25I-NBOMe should be considered as a serious danger to public health. This review aims to present the current state of knowledge on pharmacological effects and chemical properties of 25I-NBOMe and to describe reported clinical cases and analytical methods available for identification of this agent in biological material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Paweł Świt
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Bobrzynskiego 14, Krakow 30-348, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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Ferrari E, Arantes LC, Salum LB, Caldas ED. Analysis of non-derivatized 2-(4-R-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine using short column gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461657. [PMID: 33161196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The 25R-NBOH family is a group of thermally labile compounds that are relevant for forensic sciences and traditionally analyzed by GC-MS after derivatization - a step that is time consuming in a routine work. In this paper, the use of short analytical columns (4 and 10 m) showed to decrease compound degradation in the GC oven during chromatographic separation and to allow the analysis of non-derivatized 25R-NBOH compounds by GC-MS. A shorter column demanded a higher gas flow rate, and both factors decreased residence time of the analytes in the column and their degradation. The inlet temperature (250° C or 280°C) did not impact the response of 25R-NBOH. A 25R-NBOH fragmentation pathway by electron ionization was also presented for the first time. The GC-MS method with a 4 m column was successfully applied to other compounds of forensic interest, and it can be tested in the analysis of biological samples in toxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Ferrari
- Forensic Analysis Laboratory, Criminalistic Institute, Civil Police of the Federal District, 70610-907 Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Luciano Chaves Arantes
- Forensic Analysis Laboratory, Criminalistic Institute, Civil Police of the Federal District, 70610-907 Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Lívia Barros Salum
- Forensic Analysis Laboratory, Criminalistic Institute, Civil Police of the Federal District, 70610-907 Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900 Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
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Mustafa M, Donvito G, Moncayo L, Swafford A, Poklis J, Grauer R, Olszewska T, Ignatowska-Jankowska B, Kendall DA, Lu D, Lichtman AH. In vivo evaluation of the CB1 allosteric modulator LDK1258 reveals CB1-receptor independent behavioral effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Almalki AJ, Clark CR, DeRuiter J. Structure fragmentation studies of ring-substituted N-trifluoroacetyl-N-benzylphenethylamines related to the NBOMe drugs. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8593. [PMID: 31518025 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The halogenated derivatives of N-(2-methoxy)benzyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (25-NBOMe) such as the 4-bromo analogue (25B-NBOMe) represent a new class of hallucinogenic or psychedelic drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the electron-donating groups (halogen and dimethoxy) in the pathway of decomposition for the distonic molecular radical cation in the electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) process of the trifluoroacetamide (TFA) derivatives. METHODS The systematic removal of substituents from the 4-halogenated 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine portion of the N-dimethoxybenzyl NBOMe analogues allowed an evaluation of structural effects on the formation of major fragment ions in the EI-MS of the TFA derivatives. All six regioisomeric dimethoxybenzyl-substituted analogues (2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-dimethoxy) for the four series of phenethyl aromatic ring substitution patterns were prepared, derivatized and analyzed via gas chromatography coupled with EI-MS. RESULTS The analogues yield two unique radical cation fragments from the decomposition of the common distonic molecular radical cation. The substituted phenylethene radical cation (m/z 164) is the base peak or second most abundant ion in all six TFA-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine isomers. The dimethoxybenzyltrifloroacetamide radical cation (m/z 263) is the base peak or second most abundant ion in the 2- and 3-monomethoxyphenethylamine isomers. However, the 2- and 3-methoxyphenylethene radical cation (m/z 134) is among the five most abundant ions for each of these twelve isomers. Only one isomer in the phenethylamine series yields the corresponding unsubstituted phenylethene radical cation at m/z 104. CONCLUSIONS The decomposition of the hydrogen-rearranged distonic molecular radical cation favors formation of the dimethoxybenzyltrifloroacetamide (m/z 263) species for the less electron-rich phenethyl aromatic rings. The addition of electron-donating groups to the aromatic ring of the phenethyl group as in the NBOMe-type molecules shifts the decomposition of the common distonic molecular radical cation to favor the formation of the electron-rich substituted phenylethene radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad J Almalki
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Zawilska JB, Kacela M, Adamowicz P. NBOMes-Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:78. [PMID: 32174803 PMCID: PMC7054380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A compared with 5-HT1A. They display higher affinity for 5-HT2A receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT2B receptor compared to 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C. The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Kacela
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Adamowicz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
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Poulie CBM, Jensen AA, Halberstadt AL, Kristensen JL. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: NBOMes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 11:3860-3869. [PMID: 31657895 PMCID: PMC9191638 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Benzylphenethylamines, commonly known as NBOMes, are synthetic psychedelic compounds derived from the phenethylamine class of psychedelics (2C-X compounds), which originally have been derived from the naturally occurring alkaloid mescaline. Analogously to their parent compounds and other classical psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), NBOMes are believed to exert their main pharmacological effects through activation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. Since their introduction as New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) in 2010, NBOMes have been widely used for recreational purposes; this has resulted in numerous cases of acute toxicity, sometimes with lethal outcomes, leading to the classification of several NBOMes as Schedule I substances in 2013. However, in addition to their recreational use, the NBOMe class has yielded several important biochemical tools, including [11C]Cimbi-36, which is now being used in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the mammalian brain, and 25CN-NBOH, one of the most selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists developed to date. In this Review, the history, chemistry, structure-activity relationships, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, and safety profiles of NBOMes will be outlined and discussed.
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Richter LHJ, Menges J, Wagmann L, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Westphal F, Flockerzi V, Meyer MR. In vitro toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of three novel NBOMe derivatives: phase I and II metabolism, plasma protein binding, and detectability in standard urine screening approaches studied by means of hyphenated mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Barsegyan SS, Kiryushin AN, Eroshchenko NN, Tuaeva NO, Nosyrev AE, Kirilyuk AA. [The detection of the 25B-NBOMe derivative of phenylethylamine in the biological material]. Sud Med Ekspert 2019; 62:34-39. [PMID: 31213590 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20196202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article is focused on the conditions for the detection and identification of 2-[4-bromo-2.5-dimethoxyl]-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl] ethamine (25B-NBOMe) and its major metabolites by the combination of the HPLC/MS/MS techniques. The high-resolution mass spectra obtained with the use of a linear ion trap are described. The results of the study give evidence of the possibility for the detection of the analytes within 24 hours after drug consumption and within 3 months after the storage of the biological material of interest in a refrigerator at a temperature of 3-5 °C. The data obtained confirmed high stability of 2-(4-bromo-2.5-dimethoxyl]-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl] ethamine and its metabolites in the biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Barsegyan
- Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russia, 115516
| | - A N Kiryushin
- Central Chemical Toxicological Laboratory, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 119435; Analytical Toxicology V.P. Serbskiy Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia, 119002
| | - N N Eroshchenko
- Central Chemical Toxicological Laboratory, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 119435; Analytical Toxicology V.P. Serbskiy Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia, 119002
| | - N O Tuaeva
- Central Chemical Toxicological Laboratory, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 119435
| | - A E Nosyrev
- Central Chemical Toxicological Laboratory, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 119435; Analytical Toxicology V.P. Serbskiy Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia, 119002
| | - A A Kirilyuk
- Laboratory of Metrological Support of Biological and Information Technologies, All-Russian Research Institute of Metrological Services, Moscow, Russia, 119361
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Almalki AJ, Clark CR, DeRuiter J. GC–MS analysis of regioisomeric substituted N-benzyl-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abdel-Hay KM, Belal TS, Abiedalla Y, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Clark CR. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Infrared (GC-IR) Analyses of the Chloro-1- n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-Indoles: Regioisomeric Cannabinoids. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:433-443. [PMID: 30347999 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818809998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The analytical differentiation of the indole ring regioisomeric chloro-1- n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles is described in this report. The regioisomeric chloroindole precursor compounds, N- n-pentyl chloroindole synthetic intermediates, and the target chloro-substituted naphthoylindoles showed the equivalent gas chromatographic elution order based on the position of chlorine substitution on the indole ring. The regioisomeric chloro-1- n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles yield electron ionization mass spectra having equivalent major fragments resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. Fragment ions occur at m/z 127 and 155 for the naphthyl and naphthoyl cations common to all indoles having the naphthoyl group substituted at the indole-3 position. Fragments resulting from the loss of the naphthoyl and/or n-pentyl groups from the molecular radical cation yield the cations at m/z 318, 304, 248, and 178. The characteristic (M-17)+ fragment ion at m/z 358 resulting from the loss of OH radical is significant in the mass spectra of all these compounds with 1-naphthoyl groups substituted at the indole-3 position. The vapor phase infrared spectra provide a number of characteristic absorption bands to identify the individual isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim M Abdel-Hay
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek S Belal
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Younis Abiedalla
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- 4 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya
| | - Amber Thaxton-Weissenfluh
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C Randall Clark
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Belal TS, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Abiedalla Y, Neel L, Abdel-Hay KM, Clark CR. GC-MS and GC-IR Analyses of the Methoxy-1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles: Regioisomeric Designer Cannabinoids. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:779-788. [PMID: 29920587 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The indole ring regioisomeric methoxy-1-n-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)-indoles represent indole ring-substituted analogs of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018. The electron ionization mass spectra show equivalent regioisomeric major fragments resulting from cleavage of the groups attached to the central indole nucleus. The characteristic (M-17)+ fragment ion at m/z 354 resulting from the loss of OH group is significant in the mass spectra of all four compounds. Fragmentation of the naphthoyl and/or pentyl groups yields the cations at m/z 314, 300, 244 and 216. The vapor-phase infrared spectra provide a number of characteristic absorption bands to identify the individual isomers. Gas chromatographic separations on a capillary column containing a film of trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane (Rtx-200) provided excellent resolution of these compounds, their precursor indoles and intermediate pentylindoles. The elution order appears related to the degree of crowding of indole ring substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Thaxton-Weissenfluh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tarek S Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jack DeRuiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Younis Abiedalla
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya
| | - Logan Neel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Karim M Abdel-Hay
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - C Randall Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Caspar AT, Meyer MR, Westphal F, Weber AA, Maurer HH. Nano liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of metabolites of the two new psychoactive substances N-(ortho-methoxybenzyl)-3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine and N-(ortho-methoxybenzyl)-4-methylmethamphetamine. Talanta 2018; 188:111-123. [PMID: 30029353 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Among the emerging new psychoactive substances (NPS), compounds carrying an N-ortho-methoxybenzyl substituent, the so-called NBOMes, represented a highly potent group of new hallucinogens. Recently, 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine (3,4-DMA)-NBOMe and 4-methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA)-NBOMe occurred, but no data on their pharmacokinetics were available. According to other NBOMes, they are expected to be extensively metabolized. For detection and identification of their phase I and II metabolites, nano liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-HRMS/MS) was used. Rat urine was prepared by simple dilution and incubation mixtures with pooled human liver S9 fraction by precipitation. Furthermore, the results concerning detectability using the new nanoLC approach were compared to those obtained by conventional ultra-high performance LC (UHPLC). In addition, the detectability of the compounds by standard urine screening approaches (SUSAs) routinely used by the authors with UHPLC-HRMS/MS, LC-MSn, and GC-MS was tested. Both NBOMes were extensively metabolized mainly by O-demethylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid (3,4-DMA-NBOMe) or oxidation of the tolyl group to the corresponding carboxylic acid (4-MMA-NBOMe). The developed nanoLC-HRMS/MS approach was successfully applied for identification of 38 3,4-DMA-NBOMe metabolites and 33 4-MMA-NBOMe metabolites confirming its detection power. Furthermore, the solvent saving nanoLC system showed comparable results to the UHPLC-HRMS/MS approach. In addition, an intake of an estimated low common user's dose of the compounds was detectable by all SUSAs only via their metabolites. Suggested targets for urine screening procedures were O-demethyl- and O,O-bis-demethyl-3,4-DMA-NBOMe and their glucuronides and carboxy-4-MMA-NBOMe and its glucuronide and N-demethyl-carboxy-4-MMA-NBOMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Section Narcotics/Toxicology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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15
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Belal TS, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Abiedalla Y, Abdel-Hay KM, Clark CR. Differentiation of methylated indole ring regioisomers of JWH-007: GC–MS and GC–IR studies. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Human cytochrome P450 kinetic studies on six N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe)-derived new psychoactive substances using the substrate depletion approach. Toxicol Lett 2017; 285:1-8. [PMID: 29277574 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A huge number of new chemical derivatives of known drugs of abuse, so-called new psychoactive substances (NPS), are sold and consumed without prior preclinical and clinical testing. For assessing the elimination behaviors, determination of the kinetic constants Km and Vmax of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms involved in the hepatic metabolism of NPS could help to predict their contributions to hepatic clearance, drug-drug interactions and polymorphisms. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine the Km and Vmax values for CYP isoforms using the substrate depletion approach for the six N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe)-derived NPS 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 3,4-DMA-NBOMe, 4-EA-NBOMe, and 4-MMA-NBOMe. Furthermore, the contributions of each CYP isozyme to the hepatic net clearance were elucidated using the relative activity factor approach. Several CYPs including CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were identified to be involved in the metabolism of the investigated compounds. The determined Km values ranged from 0.010 μM (CYP2D6, 4-MMA-NBOMe) to 13 μM (CYP2B6, 4-EA-NBOMe). All NBOMes were good substrates of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 resulting in very low Km values in the nanomolar range. The main contributors to hepatic net clearance were CYP2D6 for 25B-NBOMe (69%), 25C-NBOMe (83%), 25I-NBOMe (61%), 3,4-DMA-NBOMe (89%) as well as for 4-EA-NBOMe (62%) and CYP2C19 for 4-MMA-NBOMe (64%). As more than one isoform was involved in the particular steps, the risk of harm associated with drug-drug interactions might be considered low. However, in cases where substances with high contributions from polymorphically expressed CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 are encountered, inter-individual variations in metabolism and excretion cannot be excluded.
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17
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Temporal KDH, Scott KS, Mohr ALA, Logan BK. Metabolic Profile Determination of NBOMe Compounds Using Human Liver Microsomes and Comparison with Findings in Authentic Human Blood and Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:646-657. [PMID: 28472358 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) such as hallucinogenic NBOMes (N-methoxybenzyl derivatives of 2C phenethylamines) in the past few years into the recreational drug market has introduced various challenges in forensic analytical toxicology in regard to adequate and timely detection of these compounds. This is especially true in samples from individuals who have experienced severe and fatal intoxications. The aim of this research was to identify the major Phase I metabolites of selected NBOMe compounds to generate a predicted human metabolic pathway of these substances. An in vitro incubation method of pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) with four (4) NBOMes was used to identify major metabolites. These metabolic products were identified and confirmed from accurate mass findings of samples analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. The most common biotransformations observed among this group of NBOMes include O-demethylations at the three methoxy groups, hydroxylations and reduction at the amine group. Other metabolic products observed include positional isomers from various hydroxylation possibilities on the benzene ring and alkyl chains, and secondary metabolism resulting in multiple combinations of the reactions. Many of the major metabolites were subsequently identified in authentic human samples of blood and urine from drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen S Scott
- Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA
| | - Amanda L A Mohr
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA
| | - Barry K Logan
- Arcadia University, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.,The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.,NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA
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18
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19
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Abiedalla Y, DeRuiter J, Smith F, Clark CR. Differentiation of the six dimethoxypyrovalerone regioisomers: GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and GC-IR. Talanta 2017; 171:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Hermanns-Clausen M, Angerer V, Kithinji J, Grumann C, Auwärter V. Bad trip due to 25I-NBOMe: a case report from the EU project SPICE II plus. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:922-924. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1319572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Hermanns-Clausen
- Poisons Information Centre, Centre for Pediatrics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Kithinji
- Poisons Information Centre, Centre for Pediatrics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Grumann
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
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21
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El Balkhi S, Chaslot M, Picard N, Dulaurent S, Delage M, Mathieu O, Saint-Marcoux F. Characterization and identification of eight designer benzodiazepine metabolites by incubation with human liver microsomes and analysis by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:979-988. [PMID: 28160051 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Designer benzodiazepines (DBZDs) have become of particular importance in the past few years. The metabolite monitoring of DBZD in biological fluids could be of great interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. However, DBZD metabolites are not known or not commercially available. The identification of some DBZD metabolites has been mostly explored by self-administration studies or by in vitro studies followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The question arose whether a unit resolution instrument could be efficient enough to allow the identification of DBZD metabolites. In this study, we used an in vitro experiment where eight DBZDs (diclazepam, flubromazepam, etizolam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, nifoxipam, meclonazepam and clonazolam) were incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) and metabolite identification was carried out by using a UHPLC coupled to a QTRAP triple quadrupole linear iontrap tandem mass spectrometer system. Post-mortem samples obtained from a real poisoning case, involving deschloroetizolam and diclazepam, were also analysed and discussed. Our study using HLM allowed the identification of 26 metabolites of the 8 DBZDs. These were denitro-, mono- or di-hydroxylated and desmethyl metabolites. In the forensic case, diclazepam was not detected whereas its metabolites (lormetazepam and lorazepam) were present at high concentrations in urine. We also identified hydroxy-deschloroetizolam in urine, while the parent compound was not detected in this matrix. This supports the approach that LC coupled to a simple QTRAP could be used by laboratories to identify other not-known/not-commercialized new psychoactive substance (NPS) metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleiman El Balkhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France. .,INSERM, U850, 87000, Limoges, France.
| | - Maxime Chaslot
- Department of Pharmacology, Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Picard
- Department of Pharmacology, Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France.,INSERM, U850, 87000, Limoges, France.,Université Limoges, UMR_S 850, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvain Dulaurent
- Department of Pharmacology, Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Martine Delage
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Mathieu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CHU de Montpellier, UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Montpellier University Hospital-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology, Service de pharmacologie, toxicologie et pharmacovigilance, CHU de Limoges, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Ave Martin Luther King, 87042, Limoges Cedex, France.,INSERM, U850, 87000, Limoges, France.,Université Limoges, UMR_S 850, 87000, Limoges, France
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22
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Halberstadt AL. Pharmacology and Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ("NBOMe") Hallucinogens. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:283-311. [PMID: 28097528 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. One class of hallucinogens are 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines, such as the so-called 2C-X compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I). Addition of an N-benzyl group to phenethylamine hallucinogens produces a marked increase in 5-HT2A-binding affinity and hallucinogenic potency. N-benzylphenethylamines ("NBOMes") such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) show subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and are reportedly highly potent in humans. Several NBOMEs have been available from online vendors since 2010, resulting in numerous cases of toxicity and multiple fatalities. This chapter reviews the structure-activity relationships, behavioral pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of members of the NBOMe hallucinogen class. Based on a review of 51 cases of NBOMe toxicity reported in the literature, it appears that rhabdomyolysis is a relatively common complication of severe NBOMe toxicity, an effect that may be linked to NBOMe-induced seizures, hyperthermia, and vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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23
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Wohlfarth A, Roman M, Andersson M, Kugelberg FC, Diao X, Carlier J, Eriksson C, Wu X, Konradsson P, Josefsson M, Huestis MA, Kronstrand R. 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe metabolite studies in human hepatocytes, in vivo mouse and human urine with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:680-698. [PMID: 27448631 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe are potent hallucinogenic drugs that recently emerged as new psychoactive substances. To date, a few metabolism studies were conducted for 25I-NBOMe, whereas 25C-NBOMe metabolism data are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the metabolic profile of these compounds in human hepatocytes, an in vivo mouse model and authentic human urine samples from forensic cases. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes were incubated for 3 h with 10 μM 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe; samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) on an Accucore C18 column with a Thermo QExactive; data analysis was performed with Compound Discoverer software (Thermo Scientific). Mice were administered 1.0 mg drug/kg body weight intraperitoneally, urine was collected for 24 h and analyzed (with or without hydrolysis) by LC-HRMS on an Acquity HSS T3 column with an Agilent 6550 QTOF; data were analyzed manually and with WebMetabase software (Molecular Discovery). Human urine samples were analyzed similarly. In vitro and in vivo results matched well. 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe were predominantly metabolized by O-demethylation, followed by O-di-demethylation and hydroxylation. All methoxy groups could be demethylated; hydroxylation preferably occurred at the NBOMe ring. Phase I metabolites were extensively conjugated in human urine with glucuronic acid and sulfate. Based on these data and a comparison with synthesized reference standards for potential metabolites, specific and abundant 25C-NBOMe urine targets are 5'-desmethyl 25C-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and 5-hydroxy 25C-NBOMe, and for 25I-NBOMe 2' and 5'-desmethyl 25I-NBOMe and hydroxy 25I-NBOMe. These data will help clinical and forensic laboratories to develop analytical methods and to interpret results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Wohlfarth
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Roman
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredrik C Kugelberg
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Caroline Eriksson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xiongyu Wu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Konradsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 58758, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
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24
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Nielsen LM, Holm NB, Leth-Petersen S, Kristensen JL, Olsen L, Linnet K. Characterization of the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 25I-NBOMe and 25I-NBOH. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:671-679. [PMID: 27400739 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The dimethoxyphenyl-N-((2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)ethanamine (NBOMe) compounds are potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and have recently been subject to recreational use due to their hallucinogenic effects. Use of NBOMe compounds has been known since 2011, and several non-fatal and fatal intoxication cases have been reported in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of the different cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) involved in the metabolism of 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25I-NBOMe) and 2-[[2-(4-iodo-2,5dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamino]methyl]phenol (25I-NBOH) and to characterize the metabolites. The following approaches were used to identify the main enzymes involved in primary metabolism: incubation with a panel of CYP and monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes and incubation in pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) with and without specific CYP chemical inhibitors. The study was further substantiated by an evaluation of 25I-NBOMe and 25I-NBOH metabolism in single donor HLM. The metabolism pathways of 25I-NBOMe and 25I-NBOH were NADPHdependent with intrinsic clearance values of (CLint) of 70.1 and 118.7 mL/min/kg, respectively. The biotransformations included hydroxylation, O-demethylation, N-dealkylation, dehydrogenation, and combinations thereof. The most abundant metabolites were all identified by retention time and spectrum matching with synthesized reference standards. The major CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism of 25I-NBOMe and 25INBOH were identified as CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, respectively. The compound 25I-NBOH was also liable to direct glucuronidation, which may diminish the impact of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism. Users of 25I-NBOMe may be subject to drug-drug interactions (DDI) if 25I-NBOMe is taken with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Marie Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark.,Section of Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Bjerre Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Langgaard Kristensen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Section of Biostructural Research, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3, DK-2100, Denmark
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25
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Abdel-Hay KM, De Ruiter J, Smith F, Alsegiani AS, Thaxton-Weissenfluh A, Clark CR. GC–MS differentiation of the six regioisomeric dimethoxybenzoyl-1-pentylindoles: Isomeric cannabinoid substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:360-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Kristofic JJ, Chmiel JD, Jackson GF, Vorce SP, Holler JM, Robinson SL, Bosy TZ. Detection of 25C-NBOMe in Three Related Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:466-72. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Leth-Petersen S, Gabel-Jensen C, Gillings N, Lehel S, Hansen HD, Knudsen GM, Kristensen JL. Metabolic Fate of Hallucinogenic NBOMes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:96-100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Gabel-Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Szabolzs Lehel
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne D. Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M. Knudsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper L. Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology and ‡Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- PET and Cyclotron Unit and ∥Neurobiology Research
Unit and Center for Integrated
Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Poklis JL, Wolf CE, Nanco CR, Poklis A. Recommendations for specimen collection for NBOMe analysis in clinical toxicology. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 54:161-2. [PMID: 26696362 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1118489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Poklis
- a Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Carl E Wolf
- b Department of Pathology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,c Department of Forensic Science , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Carrol R Nanco
- b Department of Pathology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Alphonse Poklis
- a Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.,c Department of Forensic Science , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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