1
|
Guo L, Niu L, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Elumalai P, Gao X, Ji J, Cui J, Luo J. Moderate nitrogen application facilitates Bt cotton growth and suppresses population expansion of aphids ( Aphis gossypii) by altering plant physiological characteristics. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1328759. [PMID: 38510447 PMCID: PMC10950987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1328759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in cotton field causes soil and water pollution as well as significant increase of aphid population. Reasonable fertilization is an important approach to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce agriculture-derived pollutions. This study was aimed to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the Bt cotton physiological characteristics and the growth and development of A. gossypii, a sap-sucking cotton pest. Methods Five different levels of Ca(NO3)2 (0.0 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg, 0.9 g/kg, 2.7 g/kg and 8.1 g/kg) were applied into vermiculite as nitrogen fertilizer in order to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and development of Bt cotton and aphids. Results The results showed that the medium level of nitrogen fertilizer (0.9 g/kg) effectively facilitated the growth of Bt cotton plant and suppressed the population expansion of aphids, whereas high and extremely high nitrogen application (2.7 and 8.1 g/kg) significantly increased the population size of aphids. Both high and low nitrogen application benefited aphid growth in multiple aspects such as prolonging nymph period and adult lifespan, enhancing fecundity, and improving adult survival rate by elevating soluble sugar content in host Bt cotton plants. Cotton leaf Bt toxin content in medium nitrogen group (0.9 g/kg) was significantly higher than that in high (2.7 and 8.1 g/kg) and low (0.3 g/kg) nitrogen groups, but Bt toxin content in aphids was very low in all the nitrogen treatment groups, suggesting that medium level (0.9 g/kg) might be the optimal nitrogen fertilizer treatment level for promoting cotton seedling growth and inhibiting aphids. Discussion Overall, this study provides insight into trophic interaction among nitrogen fertilizer levels, Bt cotton, and cotton aphid, and reveals the multiple effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and development of cotton and aphids. Our findings will contribute to the optimization of the integrated management of Bt cotton and cotton aphids under nitrogen fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Guo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Punniyakotti Elumalai
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang Q, Li X, He Y, Ma K. RNA interference of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase increases the susceptibility of Aphis gossypii Glover to sulfoxaflor. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 274:109745. [PMID: 37717675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is essential for the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances mediated by cytochrome P450. While several insect CPRs have been found to be associated with insecticide resistance, the CPR of Aphis gossypii has not been characterized, and its functional role in insecticide resistance remains undefined. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length sequence of A. gossypii CPR (AgCPR). The deduced amino acid sequence of AgCPR contains all conserved domains of CPR, which shows high similarity to other insect CPRs and was clustered into a same branch of aphids according to phylogenetic analysis. The transcript of AgCPR was present in all developmental stages, with the highest expression in the adult stage. Furthermore, the expression of AgCPR could be induced by sulfoxaflor, a commonly used insecticide, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Further silencing of AgCPR by feeding dsRNA significantly increased the susceptibility of A. gossypii to this insecticide. These findings suggest that AgCPR may play a significant role in the susceptibility of A. gossypii to sulfoxaflor and in the development of P450-mediated resistance to sulfoxaflor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Xuchao Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yanping He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khamis WM, Behiry SI, Marey SA, Al-Askar AA, Amer G, Heflish AA, Su Y, Abdelkhalek A, Gaber MK. Phytochemical analysis and insight into insecticidal and antifungal activities of Indian hawthorn leaf extract. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17194. [PMID: 37821483 PMCID: PMC10567697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungicides or insecticides are popular means of controlling a variety of pathogens and insect pests; however, they can cause harmful effects on both human health and the environment. Different researchers have suggested using plant extracts, which have shown promise in managing fungi and insects. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the antifungal activities of an acetone extract made from the leaves of Indian Hawthorn (HAL) against phytopathogens that are known to harm maize crops, Fusarium verticillioides (OQ820154) and Rhizoctonia solani (OQ820155), and to evaluate the insecticidal property against Aphis gossypii Glover aphid. The HAL extract demonstrated significant antifungal activity against the two fungal pathogens tested, especially at the high dose of 2000 µg/mL. Laboratory tests on the LC20 of HAL extract (61.08 mg/L) versus buprofezin 25% WP (0.0051 mg/L) were achieved on A. gossypii Glover. HAL extract diminished the nymph's production over 72 h and their total reproductive rate. This extract was like buprofezin 25% WP in decreasing the daily reproductive rate, reproductive period, and mean survival percentage. Nevertheless, the newly-born nymphs of treated females with HAL extract attained the highest reduction in survival percentage at 46.00%. Equalized prolongations on the longevity of nymphs to 9.33, 8.33, and 7 days and the total life cycle to 15.00, 14.00, and 12.67 days were realized by HAL extract, buprofezin 25% WP, and the control, respectively. The olfactory choice test on the aphids showed the minimum attraction rate to HAL extract. The HPLC of HAL extract comprised an abundance of phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and pyrogallol), and the concentrations of these compounds vary widely, with salicylic acid being the most concentrated at 25.14 mg/mL. Among the flavonoids, epicatechin has the highest concentration at 11.69 mg/mL. The HAL extract GC-MS consists of various organic compounds, including sesquiterpenes, cyclopropenes, fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, ketones, esters, bufadienolides, opioids, and other organic compounds. The most abundant compounds in the sample are n-hexadecanoic acid (12.17%), followed by 5α, 7αH, 10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (9.43%), and cis-13-octadecenoic acid (5.87%). Based on the findings, it can be inferred that the HAL extract may be a viable option for plants to combat both fungal and insect infestations. This presents an encouraging prospect for utilizing a natural and sustainable approach toward long-term pest management in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Khamis
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Al-Sabhia, Alexandria, 21616, Egypt
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Samy A Marey
- King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghoname Amer
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Yiming Su
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed K Gaber
- Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uthirapathy P, Marimuthu M, Venkatasamy B, Kannan S, Boopathi NM, Selladurai HR, Nallathambi P. Categories of resistance in cotton genotypes, Gossypium spp. against cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:1411-1422. [PMID: 37417370 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is emerging as a potential threat to cotton cultivation worldwide. The resistance categories in Gossypium arboreum to A. gossypii still need to be explored. We screened 87 G. arboreum and 20 Gossypium hirsutum genotypes against aphids under natural field conditions. Twenty-six selected genotypes from these 2 species were tested under glasshouse conditions for resistance categories (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance). Resistance categories were assessed by no-choice antibiosis assay, free-choice aphid settling assay, cumulative aphid days using population buildup tests, chlorophyl loss index, and damage ratings. No-choice antibiosis experiment revealed that the G. arboreum genotypes GAM156, PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, FDX235, AKA2009-6, DAS1032, DHH05-1, GAM532, and GAM216 had a significant adverse effect on aphid development time, longevity, and fecundity. Gossypium arboreum genotypes CISA111 and AKA2008-7 expressed a low level of antixenosis but possessed antibiosis and tolerance. Aphid resistance persisted uniformly at different plant developmental stages studied. The chlorophyl loss percentage and damage rating scores were lower in G. arboreum than in G. hirsutum genotypes, indicating the existence of tolerance in G. arboreum to aphids. Logical relations analysis of resistance contributing factors depicted the presence of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance in the G. arboreum genotypes PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, and FDX235, indicating their utility for evaluating the mechanisms of resistance and aphid resistance introgression breeding into G. hirsutum to develop commercially cultivated cotton lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirithiraj Uthirapathy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Venkatasamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Controllerate of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senguttuvan Kannan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manikanda Boopathi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hari Ramakrishnan Selladurai
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi 628 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Premalatha Nallathambi
- Department of Cotton, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv H, Yao Y, Li X, Gao X, Li J, Ma K. Characterization, expression, and functional analysis of TRPV genes in cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 267:109582. [PMID: 36822295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels have been found to be the molecular target of afidopyropen, a novel insecticide that is highly effective in controlling Aphis gossypii Glover in the field. However, the TRPV genes of A. gossypii has not yet been characterized. In this study, two TRPV genes of A. gossypii (AgNan and AgIav) were cloned and their expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The deduced amino acids of AgNan and AgIav contain all conserved domains of TRPV and share very high amino acid identity with other insect TRPVs. AgNan and AgIav expressed in all developmental stages and their expression can be induced by afidopyropen in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that silencing of AgNan and AgIav by RNA interference resulted in a significant mortality increase of adult A. gossypii compared to the control, which was even higher than 93 % at five days after feeding with dsAgIav, suggesting that knockdown of AgNan and AgIav have great effects on the survival of A. gossypii. The results of this study would be helpful for determining the reasonable use of afidopyropen in the integrated pest management programs of A. gossypii and provide useful information for further functional study of TRPVs in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Lv
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Yao
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar 843300, PR China
| | - Xuchao Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Domingues MM, Dos Santos PL, Gêa BCC, de Carvalho VR, de Oliveira FN, Soliman EP, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC, Zanetti R, Wilcken CF. Entomopathogenic Fungi, Isolated From Soils and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Adults, to Manage the Eucalyptus Red Gum Lerp Psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). J Econ Entomol 2022; 115:1886-1893. [PMID: 36300524 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), entomopathogenic fungi, and chemical insecticides are the main strategies to manage the eucalypts pest Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore. The objective of this study was to isolate and to identify entomopathogenic fungi, collected from Bemisia tabaci Gennadius adults in soybean and tomato crops, and from soil samples in eucalypts, soybean, and native forest areas to evaluate their potential to manage G. brimblecombei. Twelve Beauveria and Cordyceps isolates were selected and compared with the commercial products Boveril Beauveria bassiana Bals. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), Metarril Metarhizium anisopliae Metschn. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), and Octane Cordyceps fumosorosea Wize (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and their respective strains. The fungal isolates were diluted in 0.1% aqueous Tween 80 at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/ml and sprayed on the G. brimblecombei nymphs with or without lerps. Pest mortality was higher and the TL50 and TL90 lower with the isolates LCBPF 11 C. javanica Frieder. & Bally (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), LCBPF 12 (C. fumosorosea), and LCBPF 67 (C. fumosorosea) from B. tabaci adults. Fungi of the genera Beauveria and Cordyceps developed and caused high mortality of G. brimblecombei nymphs with lerps. The B. bassiana, C. cateniannulata Liang (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), C. fumosorosea, C. javanica, and M. anisopliae isolates showed potential to manage G. brimblecombei. The lerp of this insect enhances entomopathogenic fungus development as a source of inoculum accelerating G. brimblecombei nymph mortality. Entomopathogenic fungi isolated from insects and soils are effective against G. brimblecombei and the presence of the lerp of this insect increases the effectiveness of its control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Magalhães Domingues
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paula Leite Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Bianca Cristina Costa Gêa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fabricio Naka de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Everton Pires Soliman
- Suzano Papel e Celulose/Tecnologia Florestal, Av. Dr. José Lembo, 1010, 18207-78 - Itapetininga, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ronald Zanetti
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, Av. Universitária, nº 3780, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|