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Gaonosi GG, Lekgari L, Mosupiemang M, Sehularo MN, Tshegofatso AB, Tiroesele B, Motlhaodi T, Ngwako S, Pholo-Tait M. Phenotypic Screening and Marker-Assisted Validation of Sources of Aphis craccivora Koch Resistance in Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.). Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4406. [PMID: 40362643 PMCID: PMC12072677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2025] [Revised: 03/27/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Aphis craccivora significantly affects cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) production, leading to yield reductions. Management strategies encompass physical barriers and biological and chemical methods, which can be costly and detrimental to the environment. Host-plant resistance offers a more sustainable alternative. This study evaluated cowpea genotypes in a screenhouse experiment. Tswana and B261-B were resistant, while B301, B259, and ER7 showed a tolerance phenotype. Tswana exhibited a low aphid population and minimal plant damage, probably due to suppression of reproduction and fecundity. Conversely, IT97K-556-6, SARI-21KTA-6, SARC 1-57-2, B013-F, B339, and Blackeye were susceptible to aphids, as shown by high aphid populations and dense sooty molds. Severe damage to plant vigor may be linked to direct aphid feeding and reduced photosynthesis efficiency. SNP1_0912 and CP 171F/172R markers confirmed aphid resistance in Tswana and ER7 as well as in the IT97k-556-6 and SARI-21KTA-6 controls. The inverse susceptible phenotype in the control group suggests that the markers may not function properly due to negative interactions between quantitative trait loci (QTL) and environmental factors. This could also indicate the presence of different aphid biotypes that severely damage Western African breeding lines. This study offers essential insights for breeding aphid-resistant cowpea varieties. Future efforts will involve sequencing Tswana to identify more resistance sources and create novel markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galalea Gillian Gaonosi
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Lekgari Lekgari
- Department of Field Crops and Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Development Institute, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (L.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Marang Mosupiemang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Metseyabeng Nametso Sehularo
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Aobakwe Boisy Tshegofatso
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Bamphithi Tiroesele
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Tiny Motlhaodi
- Department of Field Crops and Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Development Institute, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (L.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Samodimo Ngwako
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana; (G.G.G.); (M.M.); (M.N.S.); (A.B.T.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Motlalepula Pholo-Tait
- Centre for Bioeconomy, Faculty of Research and Graduate Studies, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
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Uthirapathy P, Marimuthu M, Venkatasamy B, Kannan S, Boopathi NM, Selladurai HR, Nallathambi P. Categories of resistance in cotton genotypes, Gossypium spp. against cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1411-1422. [PMID: 37417370 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is emerging as a potential threat to cotton cultivation worldwide. The resistance categories in Gossypium arboreum to A. gossypii still need to be explored. We screened 87 G. arboreum and 20 Gossypium hirsutum genotypes against aphids under natural field conditions. Twenty-six selected genotypes from these 2 species were tested under glasshouse conditions for resistance categories (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance). Resistance categories were assessed by no-choice antibiosis assay, free-choice aphid settling assay, cumulative aphid days using population buildup tests, chlorophyl loss index, and damage ratings. No-choice antibiosis experiment revealed that the G. arboreum genotypes GAM156, PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, FDX235, AKA2009-6, DAS1032, DHH05-1, GAM532, and GAM216 had a significant adverse effect on aphid development time, longevity, and fecundity. Gossypium arboreum genotypes CISA111 and AKA2008-7 expressed a low level of antixenosis but possessed antibiosis and tolerance. Aphid resistance persisted uniformly at different plant developmental stages studied. The chlorophyl loss percentage and damage rating scores were lower in G. arboreum than in G. hirsutum genotypes, indicating the existence of tolerance in G. arboreum to aphids. Logical relations analysis of resistance contributing factors depicted the presence of antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance in the G. arboreum genotypes PA785, CNA1008, DSV1202, and FDX235, indicating their utility for evaluating the mechanisms of resistance and aphid resistance introgression breeding into G. hirsutum to develop commercially cultivated cotton lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirithiraj Uthirapathy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Venkatasamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Controllerate of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senguttuvan Kannan
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manikanda Boopathi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hari Ramakrishnan Selladurai
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi 628 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Premalatha Nallathambi
- Department of Cotton, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Weng X, Gao L, Chang X, Wang X, Lu Z. Identification and Characterization of Resistance of Three Aphid Species on Contrasting Alfalfa Cultivars. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060530. [PMID: 35735867 PMCID: PMC9225031 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) are the three species of devastating pests on alfalfa in China. A study was conducted in the laboratory for identification and characterization of resistance to these three aphids among 16 of the main alfalfa cultivars planted in China. Resistance was indicated by antibiosis, antixenosis, and measuring feeding behavior using EPG (electrical penetration graph). The results indicated that different alfalfa cultivars have significantly different resistance levels to a particular species of aphid, and the same alfalfa variety also has different resistance to the three aphid species. Specifically, we evaluated the resistance of different alfalfa cultivars to CPA, which can help us for further study on the defense mechanism against CPA and for better management of this pest. Abstract Aphids on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) including Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) cause significant yield losses worldwide. In this experiment, the development of these three species of aphids on 16 alfalfa cultivars was compared. The results showed that the plant cultivar had a significant influence on the development of aphids as there are significant differences in the body weight of aphids reared on different alfalfa cultivars. In addition, antibiosis between the alfalfa cultivars Pegasis and Gannong NO.9 and the three species of aphids was evaluated by measuring aphid body weight and fecundity. Antixenosis was measured using choice tests, and feeding behavior was quantified using electrical penetration graphs (EPG). The Pegasis cultivar was observed to have both antibiosis and antixenosis effects with CPA, but was susceptible to PA and SAA compared with the Gannong NO.9 cultivar. CPA had less mean body weight, less fecundity, and shorter feeding time on the Pegasis cultivar, and preferred to settle on Gannong NO.9 cultivar. In contrast, Gannong NO.9 exhibits antibiosis and antixenosis to PA and SAA compared with Pegasis, as shown by lower body weight, lower fecundity and chose to settle less often, but EPG data showed that PA and SAA showed no different significance in feeding behavior between Pegasis and Gannong NO.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianghao Weng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Lingling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia;
| | - Xuefei Chang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-991-788-5408
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Antixenosis in Glycine max (L.) Merr against Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Sci Rep 2021; 11:15289. [PMID: 34315988 PMCID: PMC8316357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the antixenosis potential against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) we analyzed the pea aphid survival and probing behavior, and the quantitative and qualitative variation of flavonoids in the leaves of selected soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr (Fabaceae) cultivars 'Aldana', 'Annushka', 'Augusta', 'Madlen', 'Mavka', 'Simona', 'Violetta', and 'Viorica'. Aphid survival was drastically impeded on all cultivars. The electronic monitoring of aphid probing using the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique revealed that on all soybean cultivars, A. pisum readily probed into leaf tissues but the probes were usually terminated before reaching vascular tissues, which demonstrates the activity of antixenosis mechanisms in peripheral tissues epidermis and/or mesophyll in soybean leaves. The potency of antixenosis factors differed among soybean cultivars, which was reflected in differences in aphid survival and frequency and duration of phloem sap ingestion. Seven flavonoids were found: apigenin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and rutin, which occurred in different amount and proportion in individual cultivars. The content of apigenin and genistein in all soybean cultivars studied probably made them relatively unacceptable to A. pisum. Kaempferol in 'Aldana' might be responsible for the observed strong antixenosis resistance of this cultivar to A. pisum. The results of our survey provide the first detailed data that can be used for future studies.
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