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Holt RR, Munafo JP, Salmen J, Keen CL, Mistry BS, Whiteley JM, Schmitz HH. Mycelium: A Nutrient-Dense Food To Help Address World Hunger, Promote Health, and Support a Regenerative Food System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2697-2707. [PMID: 38054424 PMCID: PMC10853969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for transformational innovation within the existing food system to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 of ending hunger within a sustainable agricultural system by 2030. Mycelium, the vegetative growth form of filamentous fungi, may represent a convergence of several features crucial for the development of food products that are nutritious, desirable, scalable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable. Mycelium has gained interest as technology advances demonstrate its ability to provide scalable biomass for food production delivering good flavor and quality protein, fiber, and essential micronutrients urgently needed to improve public health. We review the potential of mycelium as an environmentally sustainable food to address malnutrition and undernutrition, driven by food insecurity and caloric dense diets with less than optimal macro- and micronutrient density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta R. Holt
- Department
of Nutrition, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - John P. Munafo
- Department
of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Julie Salmen
- Nutritious
Ideas, LLC, Saint John, Indiana 46373, United States
| | - Carl L. Keen
- Department
of Nutrition, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Behroze S. Mistry
- Meati
Foods, 6880 Winchester
Cir Unit D, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Justin M. Whiteley
- Meati
Foods, 6880 Winchester
Cir Unit D, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Harold H. Schmitz
- March
Capital US, LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- T.O.P.,
LLC, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Graduate
School of Management, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Sivanesan I, Muthu M, Gopal J, Oh JW. Mushroom Polysaccharide-Assisted Anticarcinogenic Mycotherapy: Reviewing Its Clinical Trials. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134090. [PMID: 35807336 PMCID: PMC9267963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the biologically active components, polysaccharides play a crucial role of high medical and pharmaceutical significance. Mushrooms have existed for a long time, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egypt and continue to be well explored globally and experimented with in research as well as in national and international cuisines. Mushroom polysaccharides have slowly become valuable sources of nutraceuticals which have been able to treat various diseases and disorders in humans. The application of mushroom polysaccharides for anticancer mycotherapy is what is being reviewed herein. The widespread health benefits of mushroom polysaccharides have been highlighted and the significant inputs of mushroom-based polysaccharides in anticancer clinical trials have been presented. The challenges and limitation of mushroom polysaccharides into this application and the gaps in the current application areas that could be the future direction have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India; (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India; (M.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6271; Fax: +82-2-455-1044
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Anticancer Activities of Mushrooms: A Neglected Source for Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020176. [PMID: 35215289 PMCID: PMC8876642 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 270 species of mushrooms have been reported as potentially useful for human health. However, few mushrooms have been studied for bioactive compounds that can be helpful in treating various diseases. Like other natural regimens, the mushroom treatment appears safe, as could be expected from their long culinary and medicinal use. This review aims to provide a critical discussion on clinical trial evidence for mushrooms to treat patients with diverse types of cancer. In addition, the review also highlights the identified bioactive compounds and corresponding mechanisms of action among the explored mushrooms. Furthermore, it also discusses mushrooms with anticancer properties, demonstrated either in vitro and/or in vivo models, which have never been tested in clinical studies. Several mushrooms have been tested in phase I or II clinical trials, mostly for treating breast cancer (18.6%), followed by colorectal (14%) and prostate cancer (11.6%). The majority of clinical studies were carried out with just 3 species: Lentinula edodes (22.2%), Coriolus versicolor, and Ganoderma lucidum (both 13.9%); followed by two other species: Agaricus bisporus and Grifola frondosa (both 11.1%). Most in vitro cell studies use breast cancer cell lines (43.9%), followed by lung (14%) and colorectal cancer cell lines (13.1%), while most in vivo animal studies are performed in mice tumor models (58.7%). Although 32 species of mushrooms at least show some promise for the treatment of cancer, only 11 species have been tested clinically thus far. Moreover, most clinical studies have investigated fewer numbers of patients, and have been limited to phase III or IV. Therefore, despite the promising preclinical and clinical data publication, more solid scientific efforts are required to clarify the therapeutic value of mushrooms in oncology.
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What interventions affect the psychosocial burden experienced by prostate cancer patients undergoing active surveillance? A scoping review. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:4699-4709. [PMID: 35083543 PMCID: PMC9046366 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-06830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Living with untreated prostate cancer (PCa) may cause anxiety and uncertainty in men undergoing active surveillance (AS). Developing a psychosocial support program for such patients might promote psychosocial well-being and patient engagement. This review aims to identify interventions with the potential to influence the psychosocial burden of prostate cancer patients undergoing AS. METHODS A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. A systematic search was conducted in six databases and included publications dating from 2009. All available and eligible evidence was included in this review. RESULTS After screening 2824 articles, 12 studies were included in the review: nine quantitative, one qualitative, and two mixed method papers. The relative strength of these studies was limited and the quality of most was moderate. CONCLUSIONS The described interventions can be categorized into three major themes: information and education, coping and (psycho)social support, and lifestyle. Psychosocial support for men undergoing AS should entail involvement of family and spouse during the decision-making process, tailored information about PCa treatments, risks, benefits, protocols, lifestyle adjustments, and complementary and alternative medicine. Assessment and promotion of effective coping and self-management strategies are recommended. Healthcare providers should actively promote physical activity and nutritional improvements. Physical activity programs may also be helpful in facilitating peer support, which is especially important for men with limited social support. Future research should investigate combining interventions to increase efficacy and optimize supportive care during AS.
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Medicinal mushrooms: Clinical perspective and challenges. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:636-651. [PMID: 34823005 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are valued by humans worldwide as food, but also for their medicinal properties. Over 130 medicinal effects of mushrooms have been reported, including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, prebiotic, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits. Several mushrooms have been tested in phase I, II, or III clinical trials for various diseases, including cancers, as well as to modulate immunity. Here, we review clinical studies on medicinal mushrooms or preparations (but not pure compounds) derived thereof. Overall, few phase III trials have been performed, and in many cases, these trials included a relatively small number of patients. Therefore, despite the promising published clinical data, especially on immune modulation, more work is required to clarify the therapeutic value of mushrooms.
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Rizzo G, Goggi S, Giampieri F, Baroni L. A review of mushrooms in human nutrition and health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Takanari J, Sato A, Waki H, Miyazaki S, Uebaba K, Hisajima T. Effects of AHCC® on Immune and Stress Responses in Healthy Individuals. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23:2156587218756511. [PMID: 29558822 PMCID: PMC8842390 DOI: 10.1177/2156587218756511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AHCC® is a functional food from the basidiomycete Lentinula edodes. We evaluated the effects of AHCC® on subjects under different kinds of stress and at rest. Physical stress was imposed using an active standing test, known as Schellong’s test. Sympathetic nervous activity in the standing position was significantly greater in AHCC®-treated subjects than in a placebo group. In contrast, AHCC® significantly increased parasympathetic nervous activity at rest. Under mental stress, AHCC® increased sympathetic nervous activity, with no difference in the parasympathetic nervous system. In subjects with chronic mental stress, self-reported “initiation and maintenance of sleep” was significantly greater in the AHCC®-intake period than in the placebo intake period, and natural killer cell activity also increased after AHCC® intake, suggesting a possible mechanism of action of AHCC®. Our findings indicate that AHCC® is potentially effective in stress management and may be useful in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shogo Miyazaki
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Uebaba
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hisajima
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
This review article concisely describes methodology of biotechnological processes with the use of cultures of higher fungi, their application in bioremediation and to obtain biologically active preparations. Advantages and disadvantages of biotechnological methods used to cultivate mushrooms are analyzed. This paper contains overview of higher fungi species most commonly used in biotechnological processes, of cultivation methods applied to produce fungal biomass, of enzymes and bioactive metabolites and of the strategies for submerged cultivation of the mycelial cultures. The problems of optimization of strains and biotechnological processes are briefly discussed.
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Ulbricht C, Brigham A, Bryan JK, Catapang M, Chowdary D, Costa D, Culwell S, D'Auria D, Giese N, Iovin R, Isaac R, Juturu V, Liu A, Mintzer M, Rusie E, Shaffer M, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2013; 10:264-308. [PMID: 23931762 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.822631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ulbricht
- Natural Standard Research Collaboration, Somerville, Massachusetts, USA.
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Roupas P, Keogh J, Noakes M, Margetts C, Taylor P. The role of edible mushrooms in health: Evaluation of the evidence. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Daddaoua A, Martínez-Plata E, Ortega-González M, Ocón B, Aranda CJ, Zarzuelo A, Suárez MD, de Medina FS, Martínez-Augustin O. The nutritional supplement Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) has direct immunomodulatory actions on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages involving TLR/MyD88 and NF-κB/MAPK activation. Food Chem 2012. [PMID: 23194525 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an immunostimulatory nutritional supplement. AHCC effects and mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells or monocytes are poorly described. AHCC was added to the culture medium of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC18 and HT29 cells) and monocytes (THP-1 cells) and assessed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA. Inhibitors of NFκB and MAPKs were used to study signal transduction pathways while TLR4 and MyD88 were silenced in IEC18 cells using shRNA. It was found that AHCC induced GROα and MCP1 secretion in IEC18 and IL-8 in HT29 cells. These effects depended on NFκB activation, and partly on MAPKs activation and on the presence of MyD88 and TLR4. In THP-1 cells AHCC evoked IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. The induction of IL-8 depended on JNK and NFκB activation. Therefore, AHCC exerts immunostimulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells and monocytes involving TLR4/MyD88 and NFκB/MAPK signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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