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Yang S, Tian L, Fu W, Li H, Li C, Song Y, Li R, Guo Y, Zhao L. An ultrasensitive solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor based on Ni-MOF@Ru(bpy) 32+ and Au NPs@TiO 2 for determination of permethrin. Talanta 2024; 277:126375. [PMID: 38865955 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The novel TiO2 and Ni-MOF materials were synthesized and utilized for the detection of permethrin (PET). A highly sensitive solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was developed based on Ni-MOF@Ru(bpy)32+ and Au NPs@TiO2. In this sensing platform, Ru(bpy)32+-Tripropyl Amine (TPrA) was used as a luminescent signal, Ni-MOF acted as a carrier to carry more luminescent reagents Ru(bpy)32+. Au NPs acted as promoters facilitated electron transport and TiO2 could further enhance the luminescence intensity of the system by synergistical interaction with Au NPs. The possible mechanisms of signal amplification were investigated. The ECL intensity decreased significantly with increasing PET concentration, enabling the determination of PET amount through the observation of the change in ECL signal intensity (ΔI). Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of PET concentration from 1.0 × 10-11 mol L-1 to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 3.3 × 10-12 mol L-1 (3S/N). This method was successfully applied to determine PET in various vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Yang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Fu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Yujia Song
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Ruidan Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Yanjia Guo
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China
| | - Lun Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, PR China.
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2
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Wu Q, Tian L, Shan X, Yang S, Li H, Li C, Lu J. Enhancing electrochemiluminescence by modifying Fe 3CuO 4 and CdS@ZnS: A novel ECL sensor for highly sensitive detection of permethrin. Talanta 2024; 268:125393. [PMID: 37944418 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was constructed for the detection of permethrin by modifying Fe3CuO4-Ru(bpy)32+ and GO-CdS@ZnS on the electrode. Fe3CuO4 was used as a carrier to adsorb more luminous reagent Ru(bpy)32+ to promote luminescence. Meanwhile, it also can be used as a co-reaction promoter to amplify the initial signal of Ru(bpy)32+-tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system. When GO-CdS@ZnS was introduced into this system, the ECL signal was further enhanced. The porous nature of graphene oxide (GO) was utilized to load a large amount of CdS@ZnS, in which CdS@ZnS acted as the co-reactant to amplify the ECL signal. The amount of permethrin (PMT) increased and the ECL signal decreased. Under the optimum conditions, the ECL response was linearly related to the logarithm of PMT concentration. The developed ECL sensor allowed for sensitive determination of PMT and exhibited a wide linear range from 1.0 × 10-11 mol L-1 to 1.0 × 10-7 mol L-1. The limit of detection was 3.3 × 10-12 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). It can be used for the detection of PMT in vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyu Shan
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Yang
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, People's Republic of China.
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Shah T, Li Q, Wang B, Baloch Z, Xia X. Geographical distribution and pathogenesis of ticks and tick-borne viral diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1185829. [PMID: 37293222 PMCID: PMC10244671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are obligatory hematophagous arthropods that harbor and transmit infectious pathogens to humans and animals. Tick species belonging to Amblyomma, Ixodes, Dermacentor, and Hyalomma genera may transmit certain viruses such as Bourbon virus (BRBV), Dhori virus (DHOV), Powassan virus (POWV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Heartland virus (HRTV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), etc. that affect humans and certain wildlife. The tick vectors may become infected through feeding on viraemic hosts before transmitting the pathogen to humans and animals. Therefore, it is vital to understand the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne viruses and their pathogenesis to optimize preventive measures. Thus this review summarizes knowledge on some medically important ticks and tick-borne viruses, including BRBV, POWV, OHFV, CTFV, CCHFV, HRTV, and KFDV. Further, we discuss these viruses' epidemiology, pathogenesis, and disease manifestations during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Provincial Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming, China
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Zverev SA, Andreev SV, Sakharov KA, Akhmetshina MB, Istomina LI, Verzhutskaya YA, Shashina NI. Evaluation of the efficacy of permethrin- and cypermethrin-based textile against taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:275-286. [PMID: 37017750 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of the efficacy of permethrin- and cypermethrin-based textile against taiga ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) was carried out in a tick-borne viral encephalitis hotspot in the Irkutsk Region (Russia) using model samples of impregnated textiles. We demonstrated that permethrin- and cypermethrin-treated model samples have similar protective parameters in terms of maximum height reached by the tick when climbing up the treated textile (20.9-38.7 cm for cypermethrin, 27.6-39.3 cm for permethrin, depending on concentration) and knockdown time (i.e., the time until a female tick falls off the treated textile; 3.52-4.31 min for cypermethrin, 5.02-8.25 min for permethrin, depending on concentration). In contrast, when evaluating the 'biting speed' index (which is the ratio of the average attaching time of ticks contacting untreated textiles and ticks contacting treated textiles), it has been shown that permethrin-treated textiles accelerate biting. So, using permethrin-treated protective clothing against the taiga tick could be risky because it increases the likelihood of being bitten and thus getting infected. In contrast, cypermethrin-treated textiles appear to block the ability of ticks to attack warm-blooded animals and humans - after contact with cypermethrin-treated textiles none of the ticks attached to a rabbit. So cypermethrin-based textiles could be an alternative to permethrin for tick-bite protection clothing production if there is no toxic effect on humans of textile materials based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Zverev
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Andreev
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Sakharov
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Marina B Akhmetshina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Liudmila I Istomina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Verzhutskaya
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Siberia and Far East, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia I Shashina
- Disinfectology institute of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service on Surveillance for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Moscow region, Russian Federation
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Eisen L. Personal protection measures to prevent tick bites in the United States: Knowledge gaps, challenges, and opportunities. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101944. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Richards SL, Driver J, Dyer MC, Mather TN, Funkhouser S, Mitchell C, Anne Balanay J, White A, Meshnick S. Assessing Durability and Safety of Permethrin Impregnated Uniforms Used by Outdoor Workers to Prevent Tick Bites after One Year of Use. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:615-622. [PMID: 34958094 PMCID: PMC9272190 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can retain permethrin and repel ticks for up to three months and without exceeding EPA-approved safe levels; however, little is known about longer term effects of wearing LLPI clothing. Here, permethrin content was measured in new forester pants soon after initial impregnation (Insect Shield) and again one year later after being repeatedly worn by foresters in the field. Urine samples were collected from foresters for biomonitoring of permethrin metabolites at multiple time intervals (pre-use, one-month, three-to-four-months, and one-year post-use). Lethality against nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say was measured in clothing after one year of wear by foresters. Furthermore, to test potential variability in permethrin impregnation of different batches of clothing, separate sets of clothing were anonymously sent to Insect Shield for permethrin treatment over a period of three months and permethrin was quantified. Results demonstrated 33% of participants' pants had no measurable permethrin after one year of wear and permethrin content and tick mortality varied significantly between clothing. Only two of the participants' clothing resulted in ≥ 30% tick mortality after one year of wear. Significant differences were observed in 3-PBA and trans-DCCA, but not cis-DCCA metabolites in participants over the four measured time points and were higher than general United States population levels. This study provides practical information on the safety (measured by urinary metabolites) over time of LLPI clothing. It also provides snapshots (pre-washing and after one year of wear) of effectiveness of LLPI clothing as personal protective equipment against ticks for outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jeffrey Driver
- risksciences LLC, 5285 Gulf of Mexico Dr., Longboat Key, FL 34228, and University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Megan C Dyer
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Thomas N Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Sheana Funkhouser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cedar Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jo Anne Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Avian White
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steven Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Murgia MV, Kaur J, Widder L, Hill CA. Efficacy of the transfluthrin-based personal insect repellent kit (PIRK) against the ixodid ticks Ixode s scapularis, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 2:100070. [PMID: 36589864 PMCID: PMC9795340 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An assay series was performed to assess the contact and spatial efficacy of the Personal Insect Repellent Kit (PIRK) against three species of ixodid ticks. The PIRK, a portable, passive device comprised of an inert physical substrate incorporated with the active ingredient (AI) transfluthrin (TF), has demonstrated spatial efficacy against flying insects, including three species of mosquitoes, sand flies and stable flies. The device is the only TF end-use product registered with the EPA. Here we report the first studies to explore potential of the PIRK to control Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis. Dose-response assays confirmed toxicity of TF to larvae of all species in the μg/ml range following a 30-min exposure period. Nymphs and adults exhibited irritancy and avoidance behaviors on contact with the PIRK. Greater than 90% knockdown (KD) of I. scapularis nymphs and adults was observed after a 10-s exposure, and of A. americanum nymphs and adults after 10-s and 120-s exposure, respectively. Additionally, greater than 90% mortality was observed in I. scapularis nymphs and adults after 10-s and 40-s exposure, respectively. In spatial assays, the PIRK caused KD and post-exposure mortality of adult female I. scapularis exposed at a range of 5-28 cm. These results suggest both contact and spatial capacity of the PIRK, with greatest potency to nymphs versus adults and the prostriate tick I. scapularis versus the metastriate species A. americanum and D. variabilis. Future studies will explore spatial activity at a range of distances and exposure times, in the presence and absence of host cues and under semi-field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Murgia
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA
| | | | - Catherine A. Hill
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA,Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA,Corresponding author. Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA.
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8
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Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for permethrin based on iron oxide nanomaterials and Au nanoparticles. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Wong C, Crystal K, Coats J. Three molecules found in rosemary or nutmeg essential oils repel ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) more effectively than DEET in a no-human assay. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1348-1354. [PMID: 33089620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of new personal repellents to prevent tick bites is progressing to keep up with the increasing threat of tick-borne diseases in humans. However, the market share of natural, plant-based repellents is still quite small. We tested all of the major (>1%) components found in the essential oils of rosemary (Spanish variety) and nutmeg. These were tested with Dermacentor variabilis ticks, a robust tick capable of vectoring human diseases, in a no-human horizontal Petri dish assay. For comparison, we also tested the active ingredients currently recommended by the CDC and EPA as personal repellents for use against ticks. RESULTS Of the 16 oil components tested, three performed significantly better than N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in our assay. These compounds were myristicin and safrole found in the nutmeg oil, and terpinolene found in nutmeg oil and as a minor (<1%) constituent of rosemary oil. The current market natural product, 2-undecanone, also performed strongly in our assay. CONCLUSIONS Our assay focused on comparing active ingredients as potential repellents and found that many natural products can elicit a strong response from ticks. Terpinolene is the most promising active ingredient identified, owing to human health concerns regarding myristicin and safrole. Our results from examining individual terpenoids from two essential oils suggest that there remain unexploited natural compounds that could be further developed for new personal tick repellents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wong
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kylie Crystal
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joel Coats
- Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA
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O'Bier NS, Hatke AL, Camire AC, Marconi RT. Human and Veterinary Vaccines for Lyme Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:191-222. [PMID: 33289681 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is an emerging zoonotic infection that is increasing in incidence in North America, Europe, and Asia. With the development of safe and efficacious vaccines, LD can potentially be prevented. Vaccination offers a cost-effective and safe approach for decreasing the risk of infection. While LD vaccines have been widely used in veterinary medicine, they are not available as a preventive tool for humans. Central to the development of effective vaccines is an understanding of the enzootic cycle of LD, differential gene expression of Borrelia burgdorferi in response to environmental variables, and the genetic and antigenic diversity of the unique bacteria that cause this debilitating disease. Here we review these areas as they pertain to past and present efforts to develop human, veterinary, and reservoir targeting LD vaccines. In addition, we offer a brief overview of additional preventative measures that should employed in conjunction with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Amanda L Hatke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrew C Camire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Mitchell C, Dyer M, Lin FC, Bowman N, Mather T, Meshnick S. Protective Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Permethrin Impregnated Clothing Against Tick Bites in an Endemic Lyme Disease Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Among Outdoor Workers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1532-1538. [PMID: 32277701 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are a growing threat to public health in the United States, especially among outdoor workers who experience high occupational exposure to ticks. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing has demonstrated high initial protection against bites from blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in laboratory settings, and sustained protection against bites from the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), in field tests. However, long-lasting permethrin impregnation of clothing has not been field tested among outdoor workers who are frequently exposed to blacklegged ticks. We conducted a 2-yr randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial among 82 outdoor workers in Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts. Participants in the treatment arm wore factory-impregnated permethrin clothing, and the control group wore sham-treated clothing. Outdoor working hours, tick encounters, and bites were recorded weekly to assess protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated garments. Factory-impregnated clothing significantly reduced tick bites by 65% in the first study year and by 50% in the second year for a 2-yr protective effect of 58%. No significant difference in other tick bite prevention method utilization occurred between treatment and control groups, and no treatment-related adverse outcomes were reported. Factory permethrin impregnation of clothing is safe and effective for the prevention of tick bites among outdoor workers whose primary exposure is to blacklegged ticks in the northeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Megan Dyer
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Steven Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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12
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Feder HM, Telford S, Goethert HK, Wormser GP. Powassan Virus Encephalitis Following Brief Attachment of Connecticut Deer Ticks. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2350-e2354. [PMID: 33111953 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-transmitted pathogen that may cause severe encephalitis; experimentally, it can be transmitted within just 15 minutes following a tick bite. The deer tick virus subtype of POWV (DTV) is transmitted by the deer tick and is the likely cause of the increase in the number of POWV cases reported in the United States. However, DTV has only been definitively documented in 6 patients by molecular analysis of the virus. METHODS Two patients from Connecticut with encephalitis, who had a recent deer tick bite, were evaluated by the relevant serologic tests to determine if they had been infected with POWV. Evaluation also included molecular testing of an adult deer tick that had been removed from one of the patients. RESULTS We documented neuroinvasive POWV infection in 2 children from Connecticut. Based on the results of testing the tick removed from case 2, this patient was infected by DTV, representing the 7th reported case and the first documented case of DTV infection in a child. Of note, the duration of the tick bites in both cases was very short. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first clinical and epidemiologic evidence that POWV/DTV can be rapidly transmitted to a human host, that is, within hours of tick attachment, which is distinctive when compared to other deer tick-transmitted infections such as Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Feder
- University of Connecticut Medical Center and Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Farmington and Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sam Telford
- Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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13
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Foster E, Fleshman AC, Ford SL, Levin ML, Delorey MJ, Eisen RJ, Eisen L. Preliminary Evaluation of Human Personal Protective Measures Against the Nymphal Stage of the Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1141-1148. [PMID: 32073128 PMCID: PMC8056286 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The invasive, human-biting Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is establishing in the United States. This tick is a threat to public health in its native range in Asia, serving as a vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Rickettsia japonica, the agent of Japanese spotted fever. However, there is a lack of published information specifically for H. longicornis concerning the efficacy of generally recommended personal tick bite prevention measures. We, therefore, evaluated permethrin-treated clothing and formulated human skin repellent products, representing the six repellent active ingredients generally recommended for tick bite prevention by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), against H. longicornis nymphs from a colony established with adult ticks collected in New York state. Reluctance of H. longicornis nymphs to stay in contact with nontreated human skin precluded the use of a human skin bioassay to optimally evaluate repellency. In a Petri dish choice bioassay, all tested product formulations were highly effective with estimated repellencies ranging from 93 to 97%. In addition, we observed strong contact irritancy of a summer-weight permethrin-treated garment against H. longicornis nymphs, with 96% of introduced ticks dislodging from the vertically oriented textile within 3 min. These preliminary studies indicate that personal tick bite prevention measures currently recommended by the CDC are effective against the invasive H. longicornis. However, additional studies are needed to explore the efficacy of the evaluated products against different life stages of H. longicornis, as well as ticks collected in the field rather than reared in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Foster
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Amy C. Fleshman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Shelby L. Ford
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
| | - Michael L. Levin
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018
| | - Mark J. Delorey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
- Corresponding author,
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