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Kumar S, Khammash M. Platforms for Optogenetic Stimulation and Feedback Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918917. [PMID: 35757811 PMCID: PMC9213687 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the potential of optogenetics in biology requires methodologies from different disciplines ranging from biology, to mechatronics engineering, to control engineering. Light stimulation of a synthetic optogenetic construct in a given biological species can only be achieved via a suitable light stimulation platform. Emerging optogenetic applications entail a consistent, reproducible, and regulated delivery of light adapted to the application requirement. In this review, we explore the evolution of light-induction hardware-software platforms from simple illumination set-ups to sophisticated microscopy, microtiter plate and bioreactor designs, and discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. Here, we examine design approaches followed in performing optogenetic experiments spanning different cell types and culture volumes, with induction capabilities ranging from single cell stimulation to entire cell culture illumination. The development of automated measurement and stimulation schemes on these platforms has enabled researchers to implement various in silico feedback control strategies to achieve computer-controlled living systems—a theme we briefly discuss in the last part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sant Kumar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Khammash
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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Cho YS, Kim GC, Lee HM, Kim B, Kim HR, Chung SW, Chang HW, Ko YG, Lee YS, Kim SW, Byun Y, Kim SY. Albumin metabolism targeted peptide-drug conjugate strategy for targeting pan-KRAS mutant cancer. J Control Release 2022; 344:26-38. [PMID: 35202743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the development of direct KRAS inhibitors and modulators, no drugs targeting pan-KRAS mutant cancers are clinically available. Here, we report a novel strategy to treat pan-KRAS cancers using a caspase-3 cleavable peptide-drug conjugate that exploits enhanced albumin metabolism in KRAS altered cancers to deliver a cytotoxic agent that can induce a widespread bystander killing effect in tumor cells. Increased albumin metabolism in KRAS mutant cancer cells induced apoptosis via the intracellular uptake of albumin-bound MPD1. This allowed caspase-3 upregulation activated MPD1 to release the payload and exert the non-selective killing of neighboring cancer cells. MPD1 exhibited potent and durable antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft models with different KRAS genotypes. An augmentation of anti-cancer efficacy was achieved by the bystander killing effect derived from the caspase-3 mediated activation of MPD1. In summary, albumin metabolism-induced apoptosis, together with the bystander killing effect of MPD1 boosted by caspase-3 mediated activation, intensified the efficacy of MPD1 in KRAS mutant cancers. These findings suggest that this novel peptide-drug conjugate could be a promising breakthrough for the treatment in the targeting of pan-KRAS mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui Chul Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Min Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungmo Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rin Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Chung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Gun Ko
- Pharosgen Co.Ltd, 2-404 Jangji-dong 892, Seoul 05852, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Se Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Kawai K, Nishigaki A, Moriya S, Egami Y, Araki N. Rab10-Positive Tubular Structures Represent a Novel Endocytic Pathway That Diverges From Canonical Macropinocytosis in RAW264 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649600. [PMID: 34135890 PMCID: PMC8203412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the optogenetic photo-manipulation of photoactivatable (PA)-Rac1, remarkable cell surface ruffling and the formation of a macropinocytic cup (premacropinosome) could be induced in the region of RAW264 macrophages irradiated with blue light due to the activation of PA-Rac1. However, the completion of macropinosome formation did not occur until Rac1 was deactivated by the removal of the light stimulus. Following PA-Rac1 deactivation, some premacropinosomes closed into intracellular macropinosomes, whereas many others transformed into long Rab10-positive tubules without forming typical macropinosomes. These Rab10-positive tubules moved centripetally towards the perinuclear Golgi region along microtubules. Surprisingly, these Rab10-positive tubules did not contain any endosome/lysosome compartment markers, such as Rab5, Rab7, or LAMP1, suggesting that the Rab10-positive tubules were not part of the degradation pathway for lysosomes. These Rab10-positive tubules were distinct from recycling endosomal compartments, which are labeled with Rab4, Rab11, or SNX1. These findings suggested that these Rab10-positive tubules may be a part of non-degradative endocytic pathway that has never been known. The formation of Rab10-positive tubules from premacropinosomes was also observed in control and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated macrophages, although their frequencies were low. Interestingly, the formation of Rab10-positive premacropinosomes and tubules was not inhibited by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, while the classical macropinosome formation requires PI3K activity. Thus, this study provides evidence to support the existence of Rab10-positive tubules as a novel endocytic pathway that diverges from canonical macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Arata Nishigaki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Seiji Moriya
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
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Ikeda Y, Kawai K, Ikawa A, Kawamoto K, Egami Y, Araki N. Rac1 switching at the right time and location is essential for Fcγ receptor-mediated phagosome formation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2530-2540. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia are sheet-like cell protrusions driven by actin polymerization mainly through Rac1, a GTPase molecular switch. In Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes (IgG-Es), Rac1 activation is required for lamellipodial extension along the surface of IgG-Es. However, the significance of Rac1 deactivation in phagosome formation is poorly understood. Our live-cell imaging and electron microscopy revealed that RAW264 macrophages expressing a constitutively active Rac1 mutant showed defects in phagocytic cup formation, while lamellipodia were formed around IgG-Es. Because the activated Rac1 reduced the phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain, failure of the cup formation were probably due to inhibition of actin/myosin II contractility. Reversible photo-manipulation of the Rac1 switch in macrophages fed with IgG-Es could phenocopy two lamellipodial motilities: outward-extension and cup-constriction by Rac1 ON and OFF, respectively. In conjunction with FRET imaging of Rac1 activity, we provide a novel mechanistic model of phagosome formation spatiotemporally controlled by Rac1 switching within a phagocytic cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akira Ikawa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Hayashida Y, Ikeda Y, Sawada K, Kawai K, Kato T, Kakehi Y, Araki N. Invention of a novel photodynamic therapy for tumors using a photosensitizing PI3K inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:700-11. [PMID: 26989815 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
XL147 (SAR245408, pilaralisib), an ATP-competitive pan-class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, is a promising new anticancer drug. We examined the effect of the PI3K inhibitor on PC3 prostate cancer cells under a fluorescence microscope and found that XL147-treated cancer cells are rapidly injured by blue wavelength (430 nm) light irradiation. During the irradiation, the cancer cells treated with 0.2-2 μM XL147 showed cell surface blebbing and cytoplasmic vacuolation and died within 15 min. The extent of cell injury/death was dependent on the dose of XL147 and the light power of the irradiation. These findings suggest that XL147 might act as a photosensitizing reagent in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of photosensitized XL147 was reduced by pretreatment with other ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitors such as LY294002, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect of photosensitized XL147 is facilitated by binding to PI3K in cells. In a single-cell illumination analysis using a fluorescent probe to identify reactive oxygen species (ROS), significantly increased ROS production was observed in the XL147-treated cells when the cell was illuminated with blue light. Taken together, it is conceivable that XL147, which is preferentially accumulated in cancer cells, could be photosensitized by blue light to produce ROS to kill cancer cells. This study will open up new possibilities for PDT using anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Hayashida
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawada
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takuma Kato
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kakehi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Lu Y, Cao L, Egami Y, Kawai K, Araki N. Cofilin contributes to phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles but not non-opsonized particles in RAW264 macrophages. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:233-42. [PMID: 26754560 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin is an actin-binding protein that severs actin filaments. It plays a key role in regulating actin cytoskeletal remodeling, thereby contributing to diverse cellular functions. However, the involvement of cofilin in phagocytosis remains to be elucidated. We examined the spatiotemporal localization of cofilin during phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes, IgG-opsonized latex beads and non-opsonized latex beads. Live-cell imaging showed that GFP-cofilin accumulates in the sites of IgG-opsonized particle binding and in phagocytic cups. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that endogenous cofilin localizes to phagocytic cups engulfing IgG-opsonized particles, but not non-opsonized latex beads. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a notable difference in morphology between phagocytic structures in IgG-dependent and IgG-independent phagocytosis. In phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles, sheet-like pseudopodia extended along the surface of IgG-opsonized particles to form phagocytic cups. In contrast, in opsonin-independent phagocytosis, long finger-like filopodia captured non-opsonized latex beads. Importantly, non-opsonized beads sank into the cells without extending phagocytic cups. Our analysis of cofilin mutant expression demonstrates that phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles is enhanced in cells expressing wild-type cofilin or active mutant cofilin-S3A, whereas the uptake of non-opsonized latex beads is not. These data suggest that cofilin promotes actin cytoskeletal remodeling to form phagocytic cups by accelerating actin turnover and thereby facilitating phagosome formation. In contrast, cofilin is not involved in opsonin-independent phagocytosis of latex beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Lu
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan Department of Information Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Egami Y, Taguchi T, Maekawa M, Arai H, Araki N. Small GTPases and phosphoinositides in the regulatory mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation. Front Physiol 2014; 5:374. [PMID: 25324782 PMCID: PMC4179697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinosome formation requires the sequential activation of numerous signaling pathways that coordinate the actin-driven formation of plasma membrane protrusions (ruffles) and circular ruffles (macropinocytic cups), followed by the closure of these macropinocytic cups into macropinosomes. In the process of macropinosome formation, localized productions of phosphoinositides such as PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 spatiotemporally orchestrate actin polymerization and rearrangement through recruiting and activating a variety of actin-associated proteins. In addition, the sequential activation of small GTPases, which are known to be master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, plays a pivotal role in parallel with phosphoinositides. To complete macropinosome formation, phosphoinositide breakdown and Rho GTPase deactivation must occur in appropriate timings. After the nascent macropinosomes are formed, phosphoinositides and several Rab GTPases control macropinosome maturation by regulating vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the critical functions of phosphoinositide metabolism and small GTPases in association with their downstream effectors in macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University Miki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan ; Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University Miki, Japan
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Kato T, Kawai K, Egami Y, Kakehi Y, Araki N. Rac1-dependent lamellipodial motility in prostate cancer PC-3 cells revealed by optogenetic control of Rac1 activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97749. [PMID: 24848679 PMCID: PMC4029798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The lamellipodium, an essential structure for cell migration, plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Although Rac1 recognized as a key player in the formation of lamellipodia, the molecular mechanisms underlying lamellipodial motility are not fully understood. Optogenetic technology enabled us to spatiotemporally control the activity of photoactivatable Rac1 (PA-Rac1) in living cells. Using this system, we revealed the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in Rac1-dependent lamellipodial motility in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Through local blue laser irradiation of PA-Rac1-expressing cells, lamellipodial motility was reversibly induced. First, outward extension of a lamellipodium parallel to the substratum was observed. The extended lamellipodium then showed ruffling activity at the periphery. Notably, PI(3,4,5)P3 and WAVE2 were localized in the extending lamellipodium in a PI3K-dependent manner. We confirmed that the inhibition of PI3K activity greatly suppressed lamellipodial extension, while the ruffling activity was less affected. These results suggest that Rac1-induced lamellipodial motility consists of two distinct activities, PI3K-dependent outward extension and PI3K-independent ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kato
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Youhei Egami
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kakehi
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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