1
|
Ahdoot E, Cohen F. Unraveling the MSG-Headache Controversy: an Updated Literature Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:119-124. [PMID: 38079074 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence and role of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a headache and migraine trigger. RECENT FINDINGS MSG is a common food additive, has widely been linked as a trigger of headache, as well as other symptoms. However, the evidence for MSG as a causative agent for headache is debated. Various clinical trials over the past several decades have reported conflicting results, with studies suggesting that MSG does and does not increase the incidence of headache. However, the dosages of MSG exposure are often inconsistent across studies, with many studies administering a dose significantly higher than the average consumption.. Additionally, there are misconceptions about which foods and cuisines have MSG in them. MSG could be a potential trigger for migraine and headaches. It is unclear exactly how MSG plays into the migraine pathophysiology. It's crucial to accurately determine if MSG is present in one's diet to evaluate its potential impact on headaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Ahdoot
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamal AH, El-Malla SF, Elattar RH, Mansour FR. Determination of Monosodium Glutamate in Noodles Using a Simple Spectrofluorometric Method based on an Emission Turn-on Approach. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03143-0. [PMID: 36648625 PMCID: PMC10361856 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast, and ecofriendly spectrofluorometric method was developed and validated for determination of mono sodium glutamate (MSG). The method depended on the reaction between MSG and iron (III) salicylate based on ligand exchange mechanism. Addition of MSG turned-on the fluorescent response of iron (III) salicylate at λem 411 nm. Reaction conditions including reagent concentration, pH, and time were optimized. The method was validated regarding the ICH guidelines. The method determined MSG within the linearity range of 25-250 µM with a coefficient of determination of 0.9967 and a calculated limit of detection of 1.73 µM. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of MSG in food preparation (instant noodles). The results were compared to those obtained by a published HPLC method using t-test and F-test at 95% confidence interval; no statistically significant difference was found. Based on the analytical Eco-scale and the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), the developed method was assessed to be greener than the published HPLC method. The developed method offered advantages over other spectrophotometric reported methods and was convenient for routine determination of MSG in foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira H Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Samah F El-Malla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Rehab H Elattar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta, 31111, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bölükbaş F, Öznurlu Y. Determining the effects of in ovo administration of monosodium glutamate on the embryonic development of brain in chickens. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:87-97. [PMID: 36400230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular flavor enhancer largely used in the food industry. Although numerous studies have reported the neurotoxic effects of MSG on humans and animals, there is limited information about how it affects embryonic brain development. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of in ovo administered MSG on embryonic brain development in chickens. For this purpose, 410 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into 5 groups as control, distilled water, 0.12, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/g egg MSG, and injections were performed via the egg yolk. On days 15, 18, and 21 of the incubation period, brain tissue samples were taken from all embryos and chicks. The mortality rates of MSG-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and distilled water groups. The MSG-treated groups showed embryonic growth retardation and various structural abnormalities such as abdominal hernia, unilateral anophthalmia, hemorrhage, brain malformation, and the curling of legs and fingers. The relative embryo and body weights of the MSG-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group on incubation days 18 and 21. Histopathological evaluations revealed that MSG caused histopathological changes such as necrosis, neuronophagia, and gliosis in brain on incubation days 15, 18, and 21. There was a significant increase in the number of necrotic neurons in the MSG-treated groups compared to the control and distilled water groups in the hyperpallium, optic tectum and hippocampus regions. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells in brain were found in the hyperpallium, optic tectum, and hippocampus regions; there were more PCNA(+) immunoreactive cells in MSG-treated groups than in control and distilled water groups. In conclusion, it was determined that in ovo MSG administered could adversely affect embryonic growth and development in addition to causing necrosis in the neurons in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhan Bölükbaş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Öznurlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdulghani MA, Alshehade SA, Kamran S, Alshawsh MA. Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10967. [PMID: 36237979 PMCID: PMC9552117 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used worldwide as a food flavour enhancer by the food industry. The current study investigated the in vivo toxic effects of MSG on the uterus in adult female Sprague Dawley rats and in vitro using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, computational toxicity and molecular docking. The average levels of progesterone and oestrogen in the MSG-treated animals significantly altered. Besides, the average uterine lumen area (μm2) was smaller than the control group. MSG showed high-affinity binding to acetylcholine receptors and disrupted the normal nerve signal with a predicted LD50 of 4500 mg/kg. MSG also demonstrated good binding affinity to human oestrogen receptors beta and some other proteins that have an oxidative stress role in the female reproductive organs. Therefore, a precaution should be taken when utilising this compound, especially for females under the risk factor of hormonal abnormality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoudh A.M. Abdulghani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Aden, Yemen,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author.
| | - Salah Abdulrazak Alshehade
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sareh Kamran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Novel Salt-Tolerant L-Glutaminase: Efficient Functional Expression, Computer-Aided Design, and Application. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The low productivity in long fermentation duration and high-salt working conditions limit the application of L-glutaminase in soy sauce brewing. In this study, a novel L-glutaminase (LreuglsA) with eminent salt tolerance was mined and achieved more than 70% activity with 30% NaCl. To improve the robustness of the enzyme at different fermentation strategies, mutation LreuglsAH105K was built by a computer-aided design, and the recombinant protein expression level, an essential parameter in industrial applications, was increased 5.61-fold with the synthetic biology strategy by improving the mRNA stability. Finally, the LreuglsAH105K functional expression box was contributed to Bacillus subtilis 168 by auxotrophic complementation, and the production in a 5-L bioreactor was improved to 2516.78 ± 20.83 U mL−1, the highest production ever reported. When the immobilized cells were applied to high-salt dilute-state soy sauce brewing, the L-glutamate level was increased by 45.9%. This work provides insight into the salt-tolerant enzyme for improving the efficiency of industrial applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Determination of glutamate using paper-based microfluidic devices with colorimetric detection for food samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
7
|
PEKMEZEKMEK A. MONOSODYUM GLUTAMAT, LEZZET ARTTIRICI MI, ÖLDÜREN LEZZET Mİ? KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.1067018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamat (MSG) 1800’lü yıllardan beri lezzet artırıcı katkı maddesi olarak, işlenmiş ve paketlenmiş tuzlu veya tatlı gıdalarda kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan birçok çalışma MSG kullanımının çok sayıda yapısal ve fonksiyonel bozukluklara yol açabileceğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Son yıllarda MSG kullanımının çok artması gıda güvenliği konusunda endişelerinde artmasına neden olmuştur.
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Ghamdi FAM. Pomegranate peel extracts effects to reduce mono sodium glutamate toxic effects on chicken embryos: Morphological studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:975-983. [PMID: 35197766 PMCID: PMC8847924 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring agent added to various foods. This experimental study investigated MSG effects on chicken embryos morphology and the possible ameliorative effects of pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) at different incubation periods. Methods Seven hundred and twenty fertilized chicken eggs were used and divided into six groups: control, PPE, MSG, PPE + MSG, preventive (PPE–MSG) and therapeutic (MSG–PPE) groups. Fertile chicken eggs were injected with MSG (0.1 ml) and/or PPE (0.3 ml) twice before incubation at days 0, 1. Embryos were extracted at days 7, 10, 12, 14 and 16. Effects of MSG and/ or PPE on embryo development during different incubation periods were studied. Results MSG injected into embryos led to congenital anomalies that appeared mainly in MSG and MSG + PPE groups. These anomalies included growth retardation, absent eye, abdominal swelling and hernia. Mortality rate was the highest in MSG, then in MSG + PPE and MSG–PPE groups. PPE treatment reduced MSG toxic effects and these results were better in MSG–PPE and PPE–MSG groups than MSG + PPE group. Conclusions MSG injection affected chicken embryonic development causing growth retardation and decline in total body length, break length, and total body weight in all the treated groups. These harmful actions can be ameliorated with PPE treatment depending on embryo age.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kassab RB, Theyab A, Al-Ghamdy AO, Algahtani M, Mufti AH, Alsharif KF, Abdella EM, Habotta OA, Omran MM, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Albrakati A, Baty RS, Hassan KE, Alshiekheid MA, Abdel Moneim AE, Elmasry HA. Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12208-12221. [PMID: 34562213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O Al-Ghamdy
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Mufti
- Medical Genetics Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M Abdella
- Zoology Department, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Biology Department, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 52719, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Roua S Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Alshiekheid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba A Elmasry
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mazen NF, Abdel‐Fattah EA, Desoky SR, El‐Shal AS. Therapeutic role of adipose tissue-derived stem cells versus microvesicles in a rat model of cerebellar injury. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:326-342. [PMID: 34874117 PMCID: PMC8743657 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a controversial food additive reported to cause negative effects on public health. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) and their derived vesicles (MVs) represent a promising cure for human diseases. This work was planned to compare the therapeutic effects of adipose stem cells and microvesicles in MSG-induced cerebellar damage. Forty adult healthy male Wister rats were equally divided into four groups: Group I (control group), group II (MSG-treated), group III (MSG/ASCs-treated), and group IV (MSG/MVs-treated). Motor behaviour of rats was assessed. Characterization of ASCs and MVs was done by flow cytometry. The cerebellum was processed for light and electron microscopic studies, and immunohistochemical localization of PCNA and GFAP. Morphometry was done for the number of Purkinje cells in H&E-stained sections, area per cent of GFAP immune reactivity and number of positive PCNA cells. Our results showed MSG-induced deterioration in the motor part. Moreover, MSG increases oxidant and apoptotic with decreases of antioxidant biomarkers. Structural changes in the cerebellar cortex as degeneration of nerve cells and gliosis were detected. There were also a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells, an increase in the area per cent of GFAP immune reactivity and a decrease in the number of positive PCNA cells, as compared to the control. Rats treated with ASCs showed marked functional and structural improvement in comparison with MV-treated rats. Thus, both ASCs and MVs had therapeutic potential for MSG-induced cerebellar damage with better results in case of ASCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehad F. Mazen
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology DepartmentFaculty of MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Eman A. Abdel‐Fattah
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology DepartmentFaculty of MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Shimaa R. Desoky
- Histology and Cell Biology DepartmentFaculty of MedicineSuez UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
| | - Amal S. El‐Shal
- Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology DepartmentFaculty of Human MedicineZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali HM, Hammad SF, El-Malla SF. Green spectrophotometric methods for determination of a monosodium glutamate in different matrices. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Gürgen SG, Sayın O, Çeti̇n F, Sarsmaz HY, Yazıcı GN, Umur N, Yücel AT. The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Neuronal Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus and the Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3028-3037. [PMID: 34328736 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring substance added to many ready-to-eat foods and has known neurotoxic effects. This study was performed in order to examine the potential toxic effect of MSG on neurons in various regions of the hippocampus in prepubertal rats. It also investigated the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression in the brain, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Six female prepubertal Wistar albino rats were used in each group. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 2 received 4 mg/g MSG sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 3 received MSG + EPA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Oral 300 mg/kg for 9 d), while Group 4 received MSG + DHA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and 300 mg/kg orally for 9 d, respectively). At the end of the ninth day the hippocampal regions of the brain were removed and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining or stored at -80 °C for biochemical parameter investigation. BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY expression results were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to our findings, neurons in the control group hippocampal CA1 and DG regions exhibited strong BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R reactions, while an expression in both regions decreased in the MSG group (p < 0.00). However, in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups, BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R immunoreactions in neurons in the same region were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was observed in terms of expression in hippocampal neurons between the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups (p > 0.00). In conclusion, since MSG caused a decrease in BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY neural signaling molecules in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus of prepubertal rats compared to the control group, care is required over the consumption of MSG, since it may affect memory-related neurons in these age groups. In addition, we concluded that the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in addition to MSG may protect against the neurotoxic effects of MSG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seren Gülşen Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Oya Sayın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Vocational Health Service, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Ferihan Çeti̇n
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Yeşil Sarsmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Science, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Gülce Naz Yazıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Umur
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tuç Yücel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Acar A. Ameliorative effects of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity: genetic and biochemical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18035-18049. [PMID: 33405109 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is the sodium salt of glutamic acid and used as a flavor-enhancing additive in foods, and the protective role of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) extract against these effects were investigated using Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, cytogenetic, and biochemical parameters. In the study, physiological changes were evaluated by determining root length, weight gain, and rooting percentage; genetic changes were evaluated by chromosomal abnormalities, micronucleus (MN) formation, mitotic index ratio (MI), and DNA damage. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the relationships between oxidative stress and other parameters in the study were investigated. The antimutagenic effect of P. peruviana L. extract was evaluated as inhibition caused by MSG-induced chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and DNA damage. In the study, six groups, including one control and five applications, were formed. The bulbs of Allium cepa L. in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups treated with 1000 mg/L MSG, 125 mg/L, and 250 mg/L concentrations of P. peruviana L. extract and MSG (1000 mg/L) in combination with P. peruviana L. extracts (125 mg/L and 250 mg/L) for 72 h. At the end of the application, compared to the control group, MSG application caused decreases in rooting percentage, weight gain, root length and MI, increases in frequencies of MN formation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage. In the biochemical analysis, it was determined that there were increases in MDA, SOD, and CAT levels and a decrease in GSH level. P. peruviana L. extract ameliorated MSG toxicity by showing improvement in all these parameters depending on the application concentration. As a result, considering the toxic effects of MSG, it has been understood that the use as a food additive should be abandoned and the use of P. peruviana L. in addition to daily nutrition has been found to be a good antioxidant nutrient in reducing the effects of exposed toxic substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Acar
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reddy AK, Ghoshal JAK, Pk S, Trivedi GN, Ambareesha K. Histomorphometric study on effects of monosodium glutamate in liver tissue of Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1007-1012. [PMID: 33594847 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thousands of food additives are being used by the food industries in ready to eat packed food. These food additives act as either preservatives or enhancers of palatability. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a sodium salt of glutamic acid is a widely used food additive for enhancing taste. It gives the unique taste to the food called "Umami" or "Savory taste", which is different from four primary tastes namely, sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. The current experimental study was investigated by dose-related effects of MSG on adult Wistar rats using histological and histomorphometric techniques. METHODS Twenty-eight adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups i.e.; one control and three experimental groups. Rats were administered orally with different doses of MSG to the experimental groups and distilled water to the control groups consecutively for 45 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed and tissues were collected for the examination. RESULTS Histomorphometric data of the nuclei diameter of hepatocytes showed significant variation between control and experimental groups. Less PAS-positive material found in a higher dose of MSG-induced rats in histochemical observation. CONCLUSIONS One of the challenges of the problem of animal experimental studies is the application of results to human dietary intake of MSG. Based on the dose-dependent findings of the current study; it is evident that the administration of MSG is hepatotoxic in adult Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Reddy
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Joy A K Ghoshal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sankaran Pk
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ganesh N Trivedi
- Department of Anatomy, Andaman and Nicobar Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Kondam Ambareesha
- Department of Physiology, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Differential effects of sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate on kidney of adult and aging mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:481. [PMID: 33436880 PMCID: PMC7804302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used as flavour enhancer, with potential beneficial effects due to its nutritional value. Given the decline in kidney functions during aging, we investigated the impact of MSG voluntary intake on the kidney of male mice, aged 6 or 18 months. For 2 months, they freely consumed water (control group), sodium chloride (0.3% NaCl) or MSG (1% MSG) in addition to standard diet. Young animals consuming sodium chloride presented signs of proteinuria, hyperfiltration, enhanced expression and excretion of Aquaporin 2 and initial degenerative reactions suggestive of fibrosis, while MSG-consuming mice were similar to controls. In old mice, aging-related effects including proteinuria and increased renal corpuscle volume were observed in all groups. At an advanced age, MSG caused no adverse effects on the kidney compared to controls, despite the presence of a sodium moiety, similar to sodium chloride. These data show that prolonged MSG intake in mice has less impact on kidney compared to sodium chloride, that already in young animals induced some effects on kidney, possibly related to hypertension.
Collapse
|
18
|
El Kotb SM, El-ghazouly DES, Ameen O. The potential cytoprotective effect of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular toxicity in rats. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1804311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omnia Ameen
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update of the studies concerning the diagnosis and management of food additives allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Additives improve specific characteristics of food products, but they may induce allergic even life-threatening reactions. Physical examination and medical history are basic to assess specific in-vivo and in-vitro tests. The only treatment for allergic patients consists in avoiding the food containing culprit additives. High-risk patients should be able to recognize severe reactions and self-manage them. SUMMARY The prevalence of adverse reactions to food additives is low, and it may depend on comorbidities, like asthma or chronic idiopathic urticaria. Food labels may help the correct identification of ingredients. Natural additives like spices should cause immediate reactions because of a pollen-sensitization or panallargen proteins presence. Additive-free diets may help the patient care, but the authors suggest assessing an oral food challenge with the culprit substance if there are no contraindications.
Collapse
|
20
|
Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Dietary glutamate and the brain: In the footprints of a Jekyll and Hyde molecule. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:93-104. [PMID: 32687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, a molecular component of our diet, and a popular food-additive. However, for decades, concerns have been raised about the issue of glutamate's safety as a food additive; especially, with regards to its ability (or otherwise) to cross the blood-brain barrier, cause excitotoxicity, or lead to neuron death. Results of animal studies following glutamate administration via different routes suggest that an array of effects can be observed. While some of the changes appear deleterious, some are not fully-understood, and the impact of others might even be beneficial. These observations suggest that with regards to the mammalian brain, exogenous glutamate might exert a double-sided effect, and in essence be a two-faced molecule whose effects may be dependent on several factors. This review draws from the research experiences of the authors and other researchers regarding the effects of exogenous glutamate on the brain of rodents. We also highlight the possible implications of such effects on the brain, in health and disease. Finally, we deduce that beyond the culinary effects of exogenous glutamate, there is the possibility of a beneficial role in the understanding and management of brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hamza RZ, Al-Salmi FA, Laban H, El-Shenawy NS. Ameliorative Role of Green Tea and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Complex Against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Rats. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:488-501. [PMID: 31793422 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191203095036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study was designed to estimate the long-term effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles/green tea (ZnONPs/GTE) complex against monosodium glutamate (MSG). The antioxidant/oxidative status, testosterone levels, DNA damage, and histopathological changes of testis were evaluated. METHODS The rats were divided into eight groups that were treated as follows: saline, the lower dosage of MSG (6.0 mg/kg), the higher dosage of MSG (17.5 mg/Kg), GTE, ZnONPs, ZnONPs/GTE and the last two groups were treated with the lower dosage of MSG or the higher dosage of MSG with ZnONPs/GTE complex. The data showed minimal toxicity in testicular tissue after the administration of ZnONPs. RESULTS The MSG treatment in the adult male rats reduced testosterone levels and disrupted testicular histology, which revealed dose-dependence of MSG. Also, ZnONPs induced testicular dysfunction through the interference of antioxidant/oxidant balance and suppression of testosterone levels as well as induction of cellular damage of testis. The combination of ZnONPs with GTE complex significantly protects against MSG or ZnONPs toxicity by decreasing the DNA damage, oxidative stress, and enhancement of antioxidant as well as histological structure of testis. CONCLUSION We could recommend using ZnONPs/GTE complex to reduce the toxicity of ZnONPs and MSG on the testis at the cellular and oxidative stress levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Z Hamza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, 888, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Fawziah A Al-Salmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, 888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hebatullah Laban
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Afolabi BA, Olagoke OC. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:217. [PMID: 32299491 PMCID: PMC7164354 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive that has been shown to be toxic to rodents at high concentrations. The available studies in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that MSG toxicity depends on concentration and gender, thus the safety of MSG as a food enhancer still requires further investigation. We have documented impaired locomotor activity and altered oxidative stress markers in cockroaches co-exposed to methylmercury and monosodium glutamate (MSG). We herein examined the susceptibility of Nauphoeta cinerea to high and low concentrations (4% and 1%) of MSG, while monitoring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity over 30 days. Results There was no significant alteration in the parameters assessed at 1% MSG while 4% MSG caused an increase in the activity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, with a corresponding reduction in the activities of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase, suggesting the capacity of MSG to alter redox homeostasis in Nauphoeta cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Afolabi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olawande C Olagoke
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu Y, Chen YP, Ayed C, Li B, Liu Y. An on-line study about consumers’ perception and purchasing behavior toward umami seasonings in China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Kumar P, Kraal AZ, Prawdzik AM, Ringold AE, Ellingrod V. Dietary Glutamic Acid, Obesity, and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:620097. [PMID: 33551881 PMCID: PMC7859478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.620097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Schizophrenia is a lifelong condition associated with several comorbid conditions such as physical illnesses like obesity, as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms such as depression. Research regarding susceptibility to some of these comorbidities has primary focused on genetic risks or neurotransmitters and very little work has been done to understand environmental factors such as diet. In particular, understanding the role of dietary glutamic acid consumption on co-morbidities in patients with schizophrenia is important, as evidence suggests that glutamic acid consumption may directly influence glutamatergic neurotransmission; a key neurotransmitter related to schizophrenia, its associated co-morbidities, and depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the potential relationship between dietary glutamic acid and depressive symptomatology in patients with schizophrenia, stratified by obesity status, due to its relationship with inflammation, antipsychotic use, and depressive symptoms. Methods: Subjects included in this analysis, were part of a parent cross-sectional study in which included three dietary recalls analyzed using protocols outlined as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) standardized criteria. Additionally, body mass index (BMI), and Beck Depression Inventory were obtained at this visit. Subjects with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were included in the obesity group, and the relationship between glutamic acid consumption and BDI scores was analyzed after controlling for age, race, sex, antidepressant and antipsychotic use, and animal and vegetable protein intake which provide natural forms of dietary glutamic acid. Results: A total of 168 participants were included in this study, of which 42.5% were female and 52.9% were White. The mean BMI for the group as a whole was 33.5 ± 8.7 (kg/m2) and the mean BDI was 14.5 ± 10.2 (range 2-50). No differences were found between obesity groups, other than a greater hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and lower waist to hip ratio. Overall, no relationship was found between dietary glutamic acid and BDI scores, However, for non-obese participants, diets higher levels of glutamic acid were associated with greater depression symptomatology (p = 0.021). Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate a possible correlation between dietary glutamic acid a depressive symptoms in non-obese patients with schizophrenia, although further research is needed to specifically examine this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - A Zarina Kraal
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Andreas M Prawdzik
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Mathematics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | | | - Vicki Ellingrod
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nnadozie JO, Chijioke UO, Okafor OC, Olusina DB, Oli AN, Nwonu PC, Mbagwu HO, Chijioke CP. Chronic toxicity of low dose monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:593. [PMID: 31533812 PMCID: PMC6751858 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to observe the effects of chronic dosing with monosodium glutamate on mortality, fertility, major organ functions and histology in albino Wistar rats. RESULTS 6 male and 6 female rats (age 6 weeks) were bred in a cage, feeding on standard growers' mash, with monosodium glutamate added (120 mg/kg/day). 12 corresponding breeding rats (on standard feed without MSG) were controls. Chronic dosing with monosodium glutamate in albino Wistar rats (at a dose consistent with the human ADI) led to increased mortality, fertility impairment, and significant changes in major organ function tests and histology. 23 deaths were recorded in the rats fed with MSG additive, while mortality was zero in the control animals. Fertility was lower in rats on MSG (48 births) than in controls (117 births). The weight gain of the MSG rats was higher than in controls. Biochemical parameters and organ histology remained normal in control animals. In MSG-treated rats however, liver/renal function tests, fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride, serum uric acid showed a significant rise at trimestrial time-points. Histology showed mild portal inflammation in MSG rats, with periglomerular fibrosis and interstitial nephritis in two rats, at 6-12 months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Udunma Olive Chijioke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College Of Medicine, University Of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Okechukwu Charles Okafor
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, College Of Medicine, University Of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Bankole Olusina
- Department of Morbid Anatomy, College Of Medicine, University Of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology And Biotechnology, Faculty Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Patience Chiebonam Nwonu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Herbert Orji Mbagwu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State Nigeria
| | - Chioli Pascal Chijioke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Zhang L, Venkitasamy C, Pan Z, Ke H, Guo S, Wu D, Wu W, Zhao L. Potential effects of umami ingredients on human health: Pros and cons. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2294-2302. [PMID: 31272187 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1633995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Umami taste is the most recent confirmed basic taste in addition to sour, sweet, bitter, and salty. It has been controversial because of its effects on human nutritional benefit. Based on the available literatures, this review categorized 13 positive and negative effects of umami taste on human health. On the positive side, umami taste can improve food flavor and consumption, improve nutrition intake of the elderly and patients, protect against duodenal cancer, reduce ingestion of sodium chloride, decrease consumption of fat, and improve oral functions. On the other hand, umami taste can also induce hepatotoxicity, cause asthma, induce migraine headaches, damage the nervous system, and promote obesity. Due to its novelty, there are many functions and effects of umami taste waiting to be discovered. With further investigation, more information regarding the effects of umami taste on human health will be discerned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chandrasekar Venkitasamy
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - Zhongli Pan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - Huan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Tsatsakis AM, Nițulescu GM, Kouretas D, Veskoukis A, Tsoukalas D, Engin AB, Aschner M, Margină D. A review of the alleged health hazards of monosodium glutamate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1111-1134. [PMID: 31920467 PMCID: PMC6952072 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an umami substance widely used as flavor enhancer. Although it is generally recognized as being safe by food safety regulatory agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on preclinical studies and clinical trials regarding the alleged adverse effects of MSG. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the reported possible risks that may potentially arise following chronic exposure. Furthermore, we intend to critically evaluate the relevance of this data for dietary human intake. Preclinical studies have associated MSG administration with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, low-grade inflammation, metabolic disarray and premalignant alterations, along with behavioral changes. Moreover, links between MSG consumption and tumorigenesis, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as genotoxic effects in lymphocytes have been reported. However, in reviewing the available literature, we detected several methodological flaws, which led us to conclude that these studies have limited relevance for extrapolation to dietary human intakes of MSG risk exposure. Clinical trials have focused mainly on the effects of MSG on food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its well-known impact on food palatability, MSG enhances salivary secretion and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, while the impact on satiety and post-meal recovery of hunger varied in relation to meal composition. Reports on MSG hypersensitivity, also known as 'Chinese restaurant syndrome', or links of its use to increased pain sensitivity and atopic dermatitis were found to have little supporting evidence. Based on the available literature, we conclude that further clinical and epidemiological studies are needed, with an appropriate design, accounting for both added and naturally occurring dietary MSG. Critical analysis of existing literature, establishes that many of the reported negative health effects of MSG have little relevance for chronic human exposure and are poorly informative as they are based on excessive dosing that does not meet with levels normally consumed in food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Zanfirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - George M. Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Aris Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens 10674, Greece
| | - Ayse B. Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10463, USA
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Nowadays, the life-line of urban population has been formed by commercial foods due to industrialization, urbanization, and rapid increase in working class. Commercial foods are time and energy saving foods but it compromising the nutritional value of foods. The term adulteration refers to the deliberate addition of compound which is usually not present in food. These compounds are known as food additives or food adulterant. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is one of the most common food additives. Several studies revealed that MSG has toxic effect on fetal development/fetus, children's, adolescent, and adults. Physiological complication associated with MSG toxicity are hypertension, obesity, gastrointestinal tract troubles, and impairment of function of brain, nervous system, reproductive, and endocrine system. The effect of MSG depends upon its dose, route of administration and exposure time. Public awareness may play a major role in controlling the food adulteration by working in collaboration with National testing facilities to scrutinize each commercial food article from time to time. The aim of this review article is to highlight the deleterious impact of MSG on human health.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kraal AZ, Arvanitis NR, Jaeger AP, Ellingrod VL. Could Dietary Glutamate Play a Role in Psychiatric Distress? Neuropsychobiology 2019; 79:13-19. [PMID: 30699435 PMCID: PMC6667320 DOI: 10.1159/000496294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. It has also been associated with somatic and psychiatric distress and is implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Ingestion of dietary glutamate, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), has been mechanistically linked with greater distress among patients with chronic pain conditions, though findings have been equivocal. Preliminary research suggests that an MSG-restricted diet confers beneficial effects on somatic symptoms and well-being for some individuals with chronic pain conditions. In addition to associations with somatic distress, glutamate has been associated with the onset and progression of psychiatric symptoms. Thus, the role of dietary glutamate in psychiatric distress represents an underdeveloped and potentially important area for future research aimed at clarifying pathophysiological mechanisms and identifying targets for dietary intervention in psychiatric illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Zarina Kraal
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Vicki L Ellingrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, .,College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roles of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in Improving the Impact of High Dietary Intake of Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Liver Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, Genotoxicity, DNA Damage, and PCNA Alterations in Male Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4501097. [PMID: 30647808 PMCID: PMC6311796 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4501097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is common for food to be made more palatable through the use of the flavour enhancer monosodium glutamate, also known as vetsin powder. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to explore how vetsin-induced hepatic toxicity, DNA fragmentation, damage, and oxidative stress modifications could be mitigated with moringa leaf extract (MLE). To that end, 40 male rats were separated into four groups: normal control, positive control or MLE, vetsin, and vetsin combined with MLE. Results indicated that, compared to the control group, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), liver malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA damage, injury, PCNA, and P53 expressions were significantly enhanced by the administration of vetsin (P < 0.05). However, the vetsin group had significantly reduced levels of albumin, globulin, total protein, liver glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD), catalase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities (P < 0.05) by comparison to control. Meanwhile, modifications in liver functions, oxidative stress, DNA damage, liver injury, and PCNA expression were alleviated when vetsin was administered alongside MLE. The authors conclude that vetsin may have many side effects and that MLE can ameliorate biochemical changes, oxidative stress, hepatic injury, PCNA, and P53 alterations induced by vetsin administration.
Collapse
|
31
|
Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
32
|
Soon JM. Structural modelling of food allergen knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers in Malaysia. Food Res Int 2018; 111:674-681. [PMID: 30007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess food allergen knowledge, attitude and self-reported practices among consumers in Malaysia. An online survey was conducted and data were analysed using descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis. A model linking food allergen knowledge and attitude and their direct effects on practices were confirmed using structural equation modelling (SEM). Consumers demonstrated moderate food allergen knowledge in this study but scored highly in their attitude towards food allergens. Although participants scored moderately in food allergen knowledge, this does not necessarily translate into practices. There is a possibility that an increase in food allergen knowledge can increase optimistic bias or a sense of over-confidence to manage allergen risks. Consumers' attitude towards food allergens has a positive and significant influence on practices. A positive attitude represents personal beliefs and reflects the level of motivation and care required to manage food allergens effectively. There was insignificant relationship between food allergen knowledge and attitude. This demonstrates a need to tailor targeted risk communication and learning strategies to influence consumers' practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mei Soon
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scourboutakos MJ, Murphy SA, L'Abbé MR. Association between salt substitutes/enhancers and changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants: a cross-sectional analysis. CMAJ Open 2018; 6. [PMID: 29514800 PMCID: PMC5878952 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20170137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restaurant foods have high sodium levels, and efforts have been made to promote reductions. The objective of this study was to understand if salt substitutes and enhancers are associated with changes in sodium levels in fast-food restaurants. METHODS A longitudinal database (MENU-FLIP) containing nutrition information for Canadian chain restaurants with 20 or more locations nationally was created in 2010 and updated in 2013 and 2016. In 2016, when available, ingredient lists were collected from restaurant websites and searched for the presence of salt substitutes/enhancers. Changes in sodium levels (per serving) and the prevalence of salt substitutes/enhancers in 222 foods from 12 of the leading fast-food restaurant chains were compared across 3 time points. RESULTS Sixty-nine percent of foods contained a salt substitute/enhancer. Substitutes/enhancers were found in every restaurant chain (n = 12) for which ingredient data were available. The most common substitutes/enhancers were yeast extracts (in 30% of foods), calcium chloride (28%), monosodium glutamate (14%) and potassium chloride (12%). Sodium levels in foods that contained substitutes/enhancers decreased significantly more (190 ± 42 mg/serving) over the study period than those in foods that did not contain a substitute/enhancer (40 ± 17 mg/serving, p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION Salt substitutes and enhancers are prevalent in restaurant foods and are one means by which restaurants may be lowering sodium levels in their foods. At this time, the potential consequences of these findings, if any, are uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Scourboutakos
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sarah A Murphy
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Update on food safety of monosodium l -glutamate (MSG). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:243-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
35
|
GRAS from the ground up: Review of the Interim Pilot Program for GRAS notification. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:140-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Monosodium glutamate-associated alterations in open field, anxiety-related and conditioned place preference behaviours in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
In India, eating Chinese food has become very popular. We hereby report a case who presented with angioneurotic edema of the uvula and the surrounding structures, after eating Chinese food, which resulted in severe difficulty in swallowing saliva and inability to speak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parag Himmatrao Bawaskar
- Department of Cardiology, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
O’Brien M, Cairns BE. Monosodium glutamate alters the response properties of rat trigeminovascular neurons through activation of peripheral NMDA receptors. Neuroscience 2016; 334:236-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
39
|
Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY, Akanmu MA, Gbola O. Evidence of alterations in brain structure and antioxidant status following 'low-dose' monosodium glutamate ingestion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:147-56. [PMID: 27312658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of low dose monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the brain, with a view to providing information on its effects on neuronal morphology and antioxidant status in mice. METHODOLOGY Sixty male mice (20-22 g) were divided into six groups of ten animals each. Vehicle (distilled water), a standard (l-glutamate at 10mg/kg body weight) or MSG (10, 20, 40 and 80mg/kg body weight) were administered orally for 28days. Sections of the cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, examined under a microscope and captured images analysed. Plasma and brain levels of glutamate, glutamine, and antioxidants were assayed. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS MSG ingestion did not significantly alter body weight. Relative brain weight increased at 40 and 80mg/kg compared to vehicle. Histological and histomorphometric changes consistent with neuronal damage were seen in the cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum at 40 and 80mg/kg. Plasma glutamate and glutamine assay showed significant increase at 40 and 80mg/kg while no significant difference in total brain glutamate or glutamine levels were seen. Levels of brain superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased with increasing doses of MSG, while nitric oxide (NO) increased at these doses. CONCLUSION The study showed morphological alterations consistent with neuronal injury, biochemical changes of oxidative stress and a rise in plasma glutamate and glutamine. These data therefore still support the need for cautious consideration in the indiscriminate use of MSG as a dietary flavor enhancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - M A Akanmu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olayiwola Gbola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee M, Jung JW, Kim D, Ahn YJ, Hong S, Kwon HW. Discrimination of Umami Tastants Using Floating Electrode-Based Bioelectronic Tongue Mimicking Insect Taste Systems. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11728-11736. [PMID: 26563753 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a floating electrode-based bioelectronic tongue mimicking insect taste systems for the detection and discrimination of umami substances. Here, carbon nanotube field-effect transistors with floating electrodes were hybridized with nanovesicles containing honeybee umami taste receptor, gustatory receptor 10 of Apis mellifera (AmGr10). This strategy enables us to discriminate between l-monosodium glutamate (MSG), best-known umami tastant, and non-umami substances with a high sensitivity and selectivity. It could also be utilized for the detection of MSG in liquid food such as chicken stock. Moreover, we demonstrated the synergism between MSG and disodium 5'-inosinate (IMP) for the umami taste using this platform. This floating electrode-based bioelectronic tongue mimicking insect taste systems can be a powerful platform for various applications such as food screening, and it also can provide valuable insights on insect taste systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minju Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Je Won Jung
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Daesan Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-921, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim DH, Choi Y, Park SS, Kim SY, Han MJ. Attenuating effect of Lactobacillus brevis G101 on the MSG symptom complex in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:673-6. [PMID: 26634058 PMCID: PMC4667210 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Lactobacillus brevis G101 suppresses the absorption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) from the intestine into the blood in mice. Therefore, the attenuating effect of orally administered G101 on monosodium glutamate (MSG) symptom complex was investigated in humans. MATERIALS/METHODS Capsules (300 mg) containing Lactobacillus brevis G101 (1×1010 CFU/individual) or maltodextrin (placebo) was orally administered in 30 respondents with self-recognized monosodium glutamate (MSG) symptom complex for 5 days and the rice with black soybean sauce containing 6 g MSG (RBSM) was ingested 30 min after the final administration. Thereafter, the MSG symptom complex (rated on a 5-point scale: 1, none; 5, strong) was investigated in a double blind placebo controlled study. The intensity of the MSG symptom complex was significantly reduced in respondents of the G101 intake group (2.87 ± 0.73) compared to that in those treated with the placebo (3.63 ± 1.03) (P = 0.0016). Respondents in the placebo group exhibited more of the various major conditions of the MSG symptom complex than in the G101 intake group. Although there was no significant difference in the appearance time of the MSG symptom complex between subjects orally administered G101 and those administered the placebo, its disappearance in < 3 h was observed in 69.9% of subjects in the G101 treatment group and in 38.0% of subjects in the placebo group (P = 0.0841). CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of Lactobacillus brevis G101 may be able to reduce the intensity of the MSG symptom complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Yeji Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sun-Sung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- R & D center, CTCBIO Inc., Gyeonggi 445-913, Korea
| | - Myung Joo Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kurihara K. Umami the Fifth Basic Taste: History of Studies on Receptor Mechanisms and Role as a Food Flavor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:189402. [PMID: 26247011 PMCID: PMC4515277 DOI: 10.1155/2015/189402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three umami substances (glutamate, 5'-inosinate, and 5'-guanylate) were found by Japanese scientists, but umami has not been recognized in Europe and America for a long time. In the late 1900s, umami was internationally recognized as the fifth basic taste based on psychophysical, electrophysiological, and biochemical studies. Three umami receptors (T1R1 + T1R3, mGluR4, and mGluR1) were identified. There is a synergism between glutamate and the 5'-nucleotides. Among the above receptors, only T1R1 + T1R3 receptor exhibits the synergism. In rats, the response to a mixture of glutamate and 5'-inosinate is about 1.7 times larger than that to glutamate alone. In human, the response to the mixture is about 8 times larger than that to glutamate alone. Since glutamate and 5'-inosinate are contained in various foods, we taste umami induced by the synergism in daily eating. Hence umami taste induced by the synergism is a main umami taste in human.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hamza RZ, Al-Harbi MS. Monosodium glutamate induced testicular toxicity and the possible ameliorative role of vitamin E or selenium in male rats. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1037-1045. [PMID: 28962317 PMCID: PMC5598534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate induced testicular damage due to oxidative stress. Using of selenium and/or vitamin E to alleviate the toxicity of monosodium glutamate especially on testis. Increasing of MDA levels in MSG treated group while reduction in SOD, CAT and GPx activities.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been recognized as flavor enhancer that adversely affects male reproductive systems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective role of vitamin E (vit E) or selenium against MSG induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in testis tissues of rats. Mature male Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g BW were allocated to evenly twelve groups each group of ten animals, the first group was maintained as control group, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were administered MSG in three different dose levels (low, medium and high) (6, 17.5 and 60 mg/kg BW), the 5th and 6th groups were given vit E in two doses (low and high) (150 and 200 mg/kg), the 7th and 8th groups were administered selenium in two doses (low and high) (0.25 and 1 mg/kg) daily via gavage for a period of 30 days. Meanwhile the 9th and 10th groups were given combinations of MSG (high dose) and vit E while, the 11th and 12th groups were given MSG (high dose) plus selenium in two recommended doses for each one. Monosodium glutamate caused an elevation in lipid peroxidation level parallel with significant decline in SOD, CAT as well as GPx activities in testis tissues. Administration of vit E or selenium to MSG-treated groups declined lipid peroxidation, increased SOD, CAT, GPx activities. Selenium or vit E significantly reduced MSG induced histopathological changes by the entire restoration of the histological structures and the testicular antioxidant status to great extent in treated rats. In conclusion, supplementation of selenium or vit E could ameliorate the MSG induced testicular toxicity to great extent and reduce the oxidative stress on testis tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Z Hamza
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohammad S Al-Harbi
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Masic U, Yeomans MR. Monosodium glutamate delivered in a protein-rich soup improves subsequent energy compensation. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e15. [PMID: 25191607 PMCID: PMC4153311 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that monosodium glutamate (MSG) may have a biphasic effect on appetite, increasing appetite within a meal with its flavour-enhancing effect, but enhancing subsequent satiety due to its proposed role as a predictor of protein content. The present study explored this by assessing the impact of a 450 g soup preload differing in MSG concentration (1 % MSG added (MSG+) or no MSG (MSG-)) and nutrient content (low-energy control or high-energy carbohydrate or high-energy protein) on rated appetite and ad libitum intake of a test meal in thirty-five low-restraint male volunteers using a within-participant design. Protein-rich preloads significantly reduced intake at the test meal and resulted in more accurate energy compensation than did carbohydrate-rich preloads. This energy compensation was stronger in the MSG+ protein conditions when compared with MSG+ carbohydrate conditions. No clear differences in rated appetite were seen in MSG or the macronutrient conditions alone during preload ingestion or 45 min after intake. Overall, these findings indicate that MSG may act to further improve energy compensation when provided in a protein-rich context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Una Masic
- School of Psychology, University of
Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
For centuries, food additives have been used for flavouring, colouring and extension of the useful shelf life of food, as well as the promotion of food safety. During the last 20 years, the studies implicating the additives contained in foods and medicine as a causative factor of allergic reactions have been proliferated considerably. In this review, we aimed to overview all of the food additives which were approved to consume in EU and find out how common and serious allergic reactions come into existence following the consuming of food additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Gultekin
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Cunur, Isparta, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gallen C, Pla J. Allergie et intolérance aux additifs alimentaires. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-0320(13)70044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
47
|
Disposable sensor based on enzyme-free Ni nanowire array electrode to detect glutamate. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
48
|
Shimada A, Cairns BE, Vad N, Ulriksen K, Pedersen AML, Svensson P, Baad-Hansen L. Headache and mechanical sensitization of human pericranial muscles after repeated intake of monosodium glutamate (MSG). J Headache Pain 2013; 14:2. [PMID: 23565943 PMCID: PMC3606962 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A single intake of monosodium glutamate (MSG) may cause headache and increased muscle sensitivity. We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study to examine the effect of repeated MSG intake on spontaneous pain, mechanical sensitivity of masticatory muscles, side effects, and blood pressure. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects participated in 5 daily sessions for one week of MSG intake (150 mg/kg) or placebo (24 mg/kg NaCl) (randomized, double-blinded). Spontaneous pain, pressure pain thresholds and tolerance levels for the masseter and temporalis muscles, side effects, and blood pressure were evaluated before and 15, 30, and 50 min after MSG intake. Whole saliva samples were taken before and 30 min after MSG intake to assess glutamate concentrations. Results Headache occurred in 8/14 subjects during MSG and 2/14 during placebo (P = 0.041). Salivary glutamate concentrations on Day 5 were elevated significantly (P < 0.05). Pressure pain thresholds in masseter muscle were reduced by MSG on Day 2 and 5 (P < 0.05). Blood pressure was significantly elevated after MSG (P < 0.040). Conclusion In conclusion, MSG induced mechanical sensitization in masseter muscle and adverse effects such as headache and short-lasting blood pressure elevation for which tolerance did not develop over 5 days of MSG intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shimada
- Section of Clinical Oral Physiology, Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
'Food intolerance' is often confused with a range of adverse symptoms which may be coincidental to ingestion of food. 'Food intolerance' is defined as a reaction in which symptoms must be objectively reproducible and not known to involve an immunological mechanism. A more precise term is non-allergic food hypersensitivity, which contrasts with food allergies which are due to an immunological mechanism. Some children will experience food reactions to food additives. Reported symptoms range from urticaria/angioedema to hyperactive behaviours. While parents/carers report that over one fifth of children experience of food reaction, only 1 in 20 of these are confirmed to have a non-allergic food hypersensitivity on testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Turner
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
The effect of monosodium glutamate on the cerebellar cortex of male albino rats and the protective role of vitamin C (histological and immunohistochemical study). J Mol Histol 2011; 43:179-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|