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Broggi G, Angelico G, Farina J, Tinnirello G, Barresi V, Zanelli M, Palicelli A, Certo F, Barbagallo G, Magro G, Caltabiano R. Tumor-associated microenvironment, PD-L1 expression and their relationship with immunotherapy in glioblastoma, IDH-wild type: A comprehensive review with emphasis on the implications for neuropathologists. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155144. [PMID: 38277747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Although novel knowledge has been acquired on the molecular landscape of glioblastoma (GBM), a relatively few steps forward have been made regarding its therapy. With the increasing use of novel immunotherapeutic drugs capable of stimulating the antitumor inflammatory response, in the last decades numerous studies aimed to characterize the tumor-associated microenvironment (TME) and its relationship with the immunogenicity of GBM. In this regard, although the tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) and PD-L1/PD-1 axis have been emerged as one of the most relevant components of the GBM TME and one of the potential molecular pathways targetable with immunotherapy, respectively. It has been supposed that TAMs may acquire different phenotypes, switching from M1 to M2 phenotypes, with tumor-suppressive and tumor-stimulating role depending on the different surrounding conditions. PD-L1 is a type 1 transmembrane protein ligand expressed by T-cells, B-cells and antigen-presenting cells, with a main inhibitory checkpoint role on tumor immune regulation. While PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression has been extensively investigated in many cancers, its usefulness in the evaluation of GBM response rates to immunotherapy and its standardized evaluation by immunohistochemistry are still debated. The present review paper focuses on the current "state of the art" about the relationship between TME, PD-L1/PD-1 pathway and immunotherapy in GBM, also providing neuropathologists with an updated guide about the clinical trials conducted with PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Angelico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Jessica Farina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giordana Tinnirello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42123, Italy
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42123, Italy
| | - Francesco Certo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco" University Hospital, Catania 95121, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barbagallo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico "G. Rodolico-S. Marco" University Hospital, Catania 95121, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
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Lam KHB, Diamandis P. Niche deconvolution of the glioblastoma proteome reveals a distinct infiltrative phenotype within the proneural transcriptomic subgroup. Sci Data 2022; 9:596. [PMID: 36182941 PMCID: PMC9526702 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is often subdivided into three transcriptional subtypes (classical, proneural, mesenchymal) based on bulk RNA signatures that correlate with distinct genetic and clinical features. Potential cellular-level differences of these subgroups, such as the relative proportions of glioblastoma’s hallmark histopathologic features (e.g. brain infiltration, microvascular proliferation), may provide insight into their distinct phenotypes but are, however, not well understood. Here we leverage machine learning and reference proteomic profiles derived from micro-dissected samples of these major histomorphologic glioblastoma features to deconvolute and estimate niche proportions in an independent proteogenomically-characterized cohort. This approach revealed a strong association of the proneural transcriptional subtype with a diffusely infiltrating phenotype. Similarly, enrichment of a microvascular proliferation proteomic signature was seen within the mesenchymal subtype. This study is the first to link differences in the cellular pathology signatures and transcriptional profiles of glioblastoma, providing potential new insights into the genetic drivers and poor treatment response of specific subsets of glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Brian Lam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Lam KHB, Leon AJ, Hui W, Lee SCE, Batruch I, Faust K, Klekner A, Hutóczki G, Koritzinsky M, Richer M, Djuric U, Diamandis P. Topographic mapping of the glioblastoma proteome reveals a triple-axis model of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:116. [PMID: 35013227 PMCID: PMC8748638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer with well-established patterns of intra-tumoral heterogeneity implicated in treatment resistance and progression. While regional and single cell transcriptomic variations of glioblastoma have been recently resolved, downstream phenotype-level proteomic programs have yet to be assigned across glioblastoma's hallmark histomorphologic niches. Here, we leverage mass spectrometry to spatially align abundance levels of 4,794 proteins to distinct histologic patterns across 20 patients and propose diverse molecular programs operational within these regional tumor compartments. Using machine learning, we overlay concordant transcriptional information, and define two distinct proteogenomic programs, MYC- and KRAS-axis hereon, that cooperate with hypoxia to produce a tri-dimensional model of intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Moreover, we highlight differential drug sensitivities and relative chemoresistance in glioblastoma cell lines with enhanced KRAS programs. Importantly, these pharmacological differences are less pronounced in transcriptional glioblastoma subgroups suggesting that this model may provide insights for targeting heterogeneity and overcoming therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Brian Lam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alberto J Leon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Weili Hui
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Sandy Che-Eun Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, #2374-1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1×5, Canada
| | - Kevin Faust
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St.George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Almos Klekner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hutóczki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, #2374-1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, #504-149 College Street, M5T1P5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Maxime Richer
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
- Axe neurosciences du Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval et Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie et pathologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, 610 University Avenue, M5G 2C1, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, #2374-1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Di Ianni N, Musio S, Pellegatta S. Altered Metabolism in Glioblastoma: Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell (MDSC) Fitness and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094460. [PMID: 33923299 PMCID: PMC8123145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal primary brain tumor, is flexible and adaptable to different adverse conditions, such as nutrient deprivation. Beyond glycolysis, altered lipid metabolism is implicated in GBM progression. Indeed, metabolic subtypes were recently identified based on divergent glucose and lipid metabolism. GBM is also characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a powerful ally of tumor cells. Increasing evidence supports the interconnection between GBM and MDSC metabolic pathways. GBM cells exert a crucial contribution to MDSC recruitment and maturation within the tumor microenvironment, where the needs of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with antitumor function are completely neglected. In this review, we will discuss the unique or alternative source of energy exploited by GBM and MDSCs, exploring how deprivation of specific nutrients and accumulation of toxic byproducts can induce T-cell dysfunction. Understanding the metabolic programs of these cell components and how they impact fitness or dysfunction will be useful to improve treatment modalities, including immunotherapeutic strategies.
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