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Tietz AK, Angstwurm K, Baumgartner T, Doppler K, Eisenhut K, Elisak M, Franke A, Golombeck KS, Handreka R, Kaufmann M, Kraemer M, Kraft A, Lewerenz J, Lieb W, Madlener M, Melzer N, Mojzisova H, Möller P, Pfefferkorn T, Prüss H, Rostásy K, Schnegelsberg M, Schröder I, Siebenbrodt K, Sühs KW, Wickel J, Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Kuhlenbäumer G. Genome-wide Association Study Identifies 2 New Loci Associated With Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:e1085. [PMID: 34584012 PMCID: PMC8479862 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic determinants of the most common type of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis, anti-NMDA receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study in 178 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and 590 healthy controls, followed by a colocalization analysis to identify putatively causal genes. RESULTS We identified 2 independent risk loci harboring genome-wide significant variants (p < 5 × 10-8, OR ≥ 2.2), 1 on chromosome 15, harboring only the LRRK1 gene, and 1 on chromosome 11 centered on the ACP2 and NR1H3 genes in a larger region of high linkage disequilibrium. Colocalization signals with expression quantitative trait loci for different brain regions and immune cell types suggested ACP2, NR1H3, MADD, DDB2, and C11orf49 as putatively causal genes. The best candidate genes in each region are LRRK1, encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 1, a protein involved in B-cell development, and NR1H3 liver X receptor alpha, a transcription factor whose activation inhibits inflammatory processes. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for relevant genetic determinants of antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitides outside the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. The results suggest that future studies with larger sample sizes will successfully identify additional genetic determinants and contribute to the elucidation of the pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja K. Tietz
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Tobias Baumgartner
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Doppler
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Martin Elisak
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Andre Franke
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Kristin S. Golombeck
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Robert Handreka
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Max Kaufmann
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Markus Kraemer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Andrea Kraft
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Marie Madlener
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Nico Melzer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Hana Mojzisova
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Peter Möller
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pfefferkorn
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Harald Prüss
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Margret Schnegelsberg
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Ina Schröder
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Kai Siebenbrodt
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - Gregor Kuhlenbäumer
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
| | - on behalf of the German Network for Research on Autoimmune Encephalitis (GENERATE)
- From the Department of Neurology (A.K.T., F.L., G.K.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.A.), University Hospital Regensburg; Department of Epileptiology (T.B.), University Hospital Bonn; Department of Neurology (K.D.), University Hospital Würzburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (K.E.), Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (M.E., H.M.), Charles University, Second Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (A.F.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (K.S.G.), University Hospital Münster; Department of Neurology (R.H.), Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS) (Max Kaufmann), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer), Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen; Department of Neurology (Markus Kraemer, N.M.), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf; Department of Neurology (A.K.), Martha-Maria Hospital Halle; Department of Neurology (J.L.), University of Ulm; Institute of Epidemiology (W.L.), Kiel University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University Hospital Cologne; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (P.M.), Klinikum Weimar; Department of Neurology (T.P.), Klinikum Ingolstadt; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (H.P.), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University; Department of Neurology (M.S.), Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen; Neuroimmunology (I.S., K.-P.W., F.L.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/Lübeck; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Department of Neurology (K.S.), Unversity Hospital and Goethe Universiy Frankfurt; Department of Neurology (K.-W.S.), Hannover Medical School; and Section Translational Neuroimmunology (J.W.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany.
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