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Moussa B, Hmami F, Arhoun B, El Fakir S, Massik AM, Belchkar S, Hibaoui L, Oumokhtar B. Intense Intestinal Carriage of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Co-harboring OXA-48, KPC, VIM, and NDM Among Preterm Neonates in a Moroccan Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Cureus 2023; 15:e50095. [PMID: 38186478 PMCID: PMC10770769 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the carbapenemase production ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from premature neonates' intestinal tracts in a Moroccan neonatal intensive care unit Methodology: Active rectal screening was performed among 339 preterm infants. The collected isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, phenotypic analysis of carbapenemase production, and molecular detection of carbapenemase genes. RESULTS Out of 293 K. pneumoniae isolates collected, 31.05% (91) were resistant to carbapenem and produced carbapenemase, resulting in a 22.12% rate of intestinal carriage. Among the carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, 40.65% (37) had co-harbored carbapenemase genes. All isolates contained the blaOXA-48 gene, and the blaNDM, blaVIM, and blaKPC genes were detected in 30.76%, 9.89%, and 2.19% of the isolates, respectively. Out of 30.76% of these isolates had both the blaOXA-48 and blaNDM genes, 8.79% had both blaOXA-48 and blaVIM, and only 2.20% had both blaOXA-48 and blaKPC genes. Furthermore, 88.57% of carbapenem-resistantK. pneumoniae isolates co-harboring carbapenemase genes were genetically related strains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a high prevalence of intestinal carriage of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Therefore, implementing effective screening and diagnostic measures, and focusing on antimicrobial stewardship are essential to preventing the spread of these resistant strains and minimizing the risk they pose to premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benboubker Moussa
- Human Pathology Biomedicine and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Fouzia Hmami
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Hassan II, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Btissam Arhoun
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Samira El Fakir
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Abdelhamid M Massik
- Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Salim Belchkar
- Epidemiology and Health Science Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Lahbib Hibaoui
- Biomedical and Translational Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
| | - Bouchra Oumokhtar
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Microorganisms Team, Genomics and Oncogene Factors, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, MAR
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Labid A, Benouagueni S, Mehainaoui A, Gacemi Kirane D, Touati A. Antimicrobial Resistance Among Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit at ABDERREZAK-BOUHARA Hospital of Skikda, Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2023. [PMID: 36812465 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) population, to assess their antibiotic susceptibility patterns and possible associated risk factors. Methods: All neonates admitted to the NICU of ABDERREZAK-BOUHARA hospital (Skikda, Algeria) with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal infections from March to May 2019 were included in the study. The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs), plasmidic cephalosporinase (pAmpC), and carbapenemases genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. PCR amplification of oprD among carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was also performed. The clonal relatedness of the ESBLs isolates was studied using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: Among 148 clinical specimens, 36 (24.3%) GNB strains were isolated from urine (n = 22), wound (n = 8), stool (n = 3), and blood (n = 3) samples. The bacterial species identified were Escherichia coli (n = 13), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 5), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 3), Serratia marcescens (n = 3), Salmonella spp. (n = 3), Proteus mirabilis (n = 1), P. aeruginosa (n = 5), and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 3). PCR and sequencing showed that eleven Enterobacterales isolates harbored the blaCTX-M-15 gene, two E. coli isolates harbored the blaCMY-2 gene, and three A. baumannii isolates harbored both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 genes. Also, five strains of P. aeruginosa were found to harbor mutations in the oprD gene. MLST showed that the K. pneumoniae strains belonged to ST13 and ST189, E. coli belonged to ST69, and E. cloacae belonged to ST214. Different risk factors that could predict positive GNB cultures were found, including female sex, Apgar score <8 at 5 min of life, enteral nutrition, antibiotic use, and extended length of hospitalization. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of determining the epidemiology of pathogens causing neonatal infections, their sequence types (ST), and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns to address rapidly a correct antibiotic treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Labid
- Research Laboratory of Interactions, Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Biotechnology, Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Sarah Benouagueni
- Department of Biochemistry, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Aida Mehainaoui
- Department of Biochemistry, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria
| | | | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia, Algeria
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3
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Intestinal Colonization of Preterm Neonates with Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteria at Hospital Discharge. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020284. [PMID: 36830195 PMCID: PMC9952716 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate gut colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in the population of preterm neonates at discharge from a tertiary care center in Serbia. The study included 350 randomly selected neonates/infants discharged in the period April 2018-May 2019. CRE colonization was present in 88/350 (25.1%) of patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC and OXA-48 carbapenemase were detected in 45 and 42 subjects, respectively, while NDM producing Escherichia coli was identified in one patient only. All OXA-48 strains harbored blaCTX-M-15, while both blaTEM and blaSHV were present in all but one KPC-producing strain. CRE isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance pattern with uniform fluoroquinolone resistance, universal susceptibility to colistin, and variable susceptibility to aminoglycosides. Administration of carbapenems was common (~50%) and it was strongly associated with colonization, as well as the combinational therapeutic regimens that included meropenem, contrary to ampicillin-sulbactam/colistin therapy and prolonged course of the initial therapy (ampicillin/amikacin ≥ 7 days). Other risk factors for CRE carriage were level of immaturity, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, prolonged hospitalization and invasive procedures. Although the rate of clinically and/or laboratory proven systemic infections was significantly higher among colonized patients, CRE infection was confirmed in one patient only (1.1%) that was colonized with NDM E. coli. Clonal relatedness of CRE isolates was high, with seven and eight clusters detected among KPC (N = 30) and OXA-48 (N = 37) producing strains, respectively. The follow up of the 31 KPC-colonized patients after discharge from hospital revealed common decolonization within one month (~68%). In conclusion, our results demonstrated a high rate of CRE colonization that is most likely related to carbapenem consumption and lack of screening as important infection prevention practice.
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4
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Should Perirectal Swab Culture Be Performed in Cases Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit? Lessons Learned from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020187. [PMID: 36832316 PMCID: PMC9955287 DOI: 10.3390/children10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Serial perirectal swabs are used to identify colonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent spread. The purpose of this study was to determine colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). An additional purpose was to establish whether sepsis and epidemic associated with these factors were present in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to which infants with hospital stays exceeding 48 h in an external healthcare center NICU were admitted. Perirectal swab samples were collected in the first 24 h by a trained infection nurse using sterile cotton swabs moistened with 0.9% NaCl from patients admitted to our unit after hospitalization exceeding 48 h in an external center. The primary outcome was positivity in perirectal swab cultures, and the secondary outcomes were whether this caused invasive infection and significant NICU outbreaks. A total of 125 newborns meeting the study criteria referred from external healthcare centers between January 2018 and January 2022 were enrolled. Analysis revealed that CRE constituted 27.2% of perirectal swab positivity and VRE 4.8%, and that one in every 4.4 infants included in the study exhibited perirectal swab positivity. The detection of colonization by these microorganisms, and including them within the scope of surveillance, is an important factor in the prevention of NICU epidemics.
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Viel-Thériault I, Agarwal A, Bariciak E, Le Saux N, Thampi N. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: An Antimicrobial Stewardship Target That Deserves Attention! Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:1288-1291. [PMID: 33454950 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous analyses of neonatal intensive care units (NICU) antimicrobial stewardship programs have identified key contributors to overall antibiotic use, including prolonged empiric therapy >48 hours for early-onset sepsis (EOS). However, most were performed in mixed NICU settings with onsite birthing units, resulting in a high proportion of inborn patient admissions. The study aimed to describe and analyze the most common reasons for antimicrobial use in an outborn tertiary care NICU. STUDY DESIGN This was a 10-month review of all antimicrobial doses prescribed in a 20-bed level III NICU. The primary outcome was the total days of therapy (DOT) and length of therapy (LOT) for each clinical indication. Secondary outcomes included total DOT for each antimicrobial and appropriateness of antimicrobial courses. RESULTS Of 235 antibiotic courses and 1,899 DOT (519 DOT/1,000 patient days) prescribed in 173 infants during the study period, the most common indications were suspected EOS, followed by prophylaxis. Among the 85 DOT/1,000 patient days (PD; 38 courses) prescribed for prophylaxis, 52.5 DOT/1,000 PD (25 courses; 62%) were for surgical prophylaxis. Of 17 postoperative antibiotic courses, 15 (88.2%) were deemed to be inappropriate mostly due to a duration greater than 24 hours postoperatively (n = 13; median LOT = 3 days). CONCLUSION Surgical prophylaxis is a common reason for antimicrobial misuse in outborn NICU. NICU-based prospective audit and feedback between neonatologists and antimicrobial stewardship teams alone may not be impactful in this setting. Partnerships with neonatologists and surgeons will be key to achieving the target of less than 24 hours of postoperative antimicrobials. KEY POINTS · Surgical prophylaxis is a common reason for antimicrobial misuse in the NICU.. · Antimicrobial prophylaxis duration of less than 24 hours postoperatively should be encouraged.. · NICU-based prospective audit and feedback may not be impactful unless surgeons are involved..
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Viel-Thériault
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Amisha Agarwal
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Bariciak
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Le Saux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nisha Thampi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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van der Hoeven A, Bekker V, Jansen SJ, Saccoccia B, Berkhout RJM, Lopriore E, Veldkamp KE, van der Beek MT. Impact of transition from open bay to single room design NICU on MDRO colonization rates. J Hosp Infect 2021; 120:90-97. [PMID: 34902498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) design on the acquisition of multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) has not been well-documented. AIM To examine the effect of single room unit (SRU) versus open bay unit (OBU) design on the incidence of colonization with MDRO and third-generation cephalosporin resistant bacteria (3G-CRB) in infants admitted to the NICU. METHODS Retrospective cohort study, including all infants admitted to the NICU of a tertiary care academic hospital two years prior to and two years following the transition from OBU to SRU in May 2017. Weekly cultures of throat and rectum were collected to screen for MDRO carriership. Incidence of colonization (percentage of all infants and incidence density per 1,000 patient-days) with MDRO and 3G-CRB were compared between OBU and SRU periods. FINDINGS Incidence analysis of 1,293 NICU infants, identified 3.2% MDRO carriers (2.5% OBU, 4.0% SRU, n.s.), including 2.3% extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales carriers, and 18.6% 3G-CRB carriers (17% OBU, 20% SRU, n.s.). No differences were found in MDRO incidence density per 1,000 patient-days between infants admitted to OBU (1.56) compared to SRU infants (2.63). CONCLUSION Transition in NICU design from open bay to single room units was not associated with a reduction in colonization rates with MDRO or 3G-CRB in our hospital. Further research on preventing the acquisition and spread of resistant bacteria at high-risk departments such as the NICU, as well as optimal ward design, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alieke van der Hoeven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Vincent Bekker
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie J Jansen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Saccoccia
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Romy J M Berkhout
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Lopriore
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Ellen Veldkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martha T van der Beek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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7
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Osei Sekyere J, Reta MA, Bernard Fourie P. Risk factors for, and molecular epidemiology and clinical outcomes of, carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in pregnant women, infants, and toddlers: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1502:54-71. [PMID: 34212401 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the following systematic review and meta-analyses, we report several conclusions about resistance to carbapenem and polymyxin last-resort antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections among pregnant women and infants. Resistance to carbapenems and polymyxins is increasing, even in otherwise vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, toddlers, and infants, for whom therapeutic options are limited. In almost all countries, carbapenem-/polymyxin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii infect and/or colonize neonates and pregnant women, causing periodic outbreaks with very high infant mortalities. Downregulation of plasmid-borne blaNDM , blaKPC , blaOXA-48 , blaIMP, blaVIM , blaGES-5 , and ompK35/36 in clonal strains accelerates the horizontal and vertical transmissions of carbapenem resistance among these pathogens. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-positive isolates in infants/neonates have been mainly detected in China and India, while OXA-48-positive isolates in infants/neonates have been mainly detected in Africa. NDM-positive isolates in pregnant women have been found only in Madagascar. Antibiotic therapy, prolonged hospitalization, invasive procedures, mechanical ventilation, low birth weight, and preterm delivery have been common risk factors associated with carbapenem/polymyxin resistance. The use of polymyxins to treat carbapenem-resistant infections may be selecting for resistance to both agents, restricting therapeutic options for infected infants and pregnant women. Currently, low- and middle-income countries have the highest burden of these pathogens. Antibiotic stewardship, periodic rectal and vaginal screening, and strict infection control practices in neonatal ICUs are necessary to forestall future outbreaks and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Osei Sekyere
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Melese Abate Reta
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Petrus Bernard Fourie
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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Chacón-González C, Rivera-Salgado D, Brenes-Chacón H, Naranjo-Zuñiga G, Ávila-Aguero ML. Use of Meropenem in a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital in Costa Rica and Its Role in the Era of Antimicrobial Stewardship. Cureus 2021; 13:e15809. [PMID: 34306876 PMCID: PMC8294019 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding antibiotic profiles and their resistance patterns can improve hospital quality care and optimize clinical outcomes. This paper characterizes the use of meropenem in the National Children’s Hospital of Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social (CCSS) in Costa Rica, and its role in antibiotic stewardship. Methods This is a retrospective observational study from hospitalized patients under 13 years of age that received meropenem as part of their treatment. Patients were identified through medical and pharmacy records. Data was summarized using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, means and standard deviations for normally distributed continuous variables, and medians with interquartile ranges (IQR) for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Results A total of 181 of the 309 selected patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 21 months (IQR: 4.0-79.0). Mean length of stay was 31 days (16.0-58.0). The most frequent diagnosis was septic shock (29%). 87% of patients received at least one antibiotic prior to receiving meropenem; 71% of patients received a second antibiotic simultaneously with meropenem. In 113 (62%) cases, meropenem was prescribed as empirical therapy. The most frequent isolate was extended-spectrum ß-lactamase Escherichia coli (24%). 74% of patients who received meropenem as targeted therapy had a favorable outcome. Conclusions Meropenem can be used as monotherapy for complicated, multi-drug resistant, gram negative, bacterial infections, due to its susceptibility profile, convenient dosing schedule, and minimum adverse effects. However, it should be restricted to cases where no other drug is available in order to safeguard its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Chacón-González
- Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI.,Medicine, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, CRI
| | - Daniel Rivera-Salgado
- Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI.,Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, CRI
| | - Helena Brenes-Chacón
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI
| | - Gabriela Naranjo-Zuñiga
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional De Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI.,Medicine, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, CRI
| | - María L Ávila-Aguero
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Nacional De Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
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9
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Saporito L, Graziano G, Mescolo F, Amodio E, Insinga V, Rinaudo G, Aleo A, Bonura C, Vitaliti M, Corsello G, Vitale F, Maida CM, Giuffrè M. Efficacy of a coordinated strategy for containment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria carriage in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the context of an active surveillance program. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 33541419 PMCID: PMC7863509 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients is a threat, due to the frequent use of antimicrobial treatment and invasive devices in fragile babies. Since 2014 an active surveillance program of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) carriage has been in place in the five NICUs of Palermo, Italy. In 2017 an increase in the prevalence of MDR-GNB, and in particular of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP), was observed in “Civico” hospital NICU. Aim To assess the impact of a coordinated intervention strategy in achieving long-lasting reduction of MDR-GNB prevalence in the NICU. Methods Rectal swabs were obtained monthly and processed to detect MDR-GNB using standard methods. MDR-GNB were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Since November 2017 the following intervention measures were applied: (a) two-months intensification of sample collection; (b) stakeholders meetings; (c) improvement of prevention measures and antimicrobial policies. Findings During the intensified microbiological surveillance MDR-GNB and ESBL-KP were detected in rectal swabs (34.8%; 23.2%), nasal swabs (24.6%; 14.5%), oral swabs (14.5%; 5.4%), milk samples (32.1%; 17.9%), pacifiers swabs (30.8%; 17.9%) and from sub-intensive room surfaces. Thirteen ESBL-KP strains isolated from clinical and environmental samples showed identical PFGE patterns. The prevalence of MDR-GNB and ESBL-KP carriage significantly decreased in the year after intervention compared to the previous year (20.6% vs 62.2%; p < 0.001 and 11.1% vs 57.8%; p < 0.001). MDR-GNB were not detected at all for three months and ESBL-KP for five months. Multivariate analysis of the principal exposure variables showed that admission in the post-intervention period significantly reduced the risk of MDR-GNB carriage (adj-OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.076–0.629; p < 0.001). Conclusions MDR-GNB broadly circulate in NICU setting, they can colonize different body sites and spread through various vehicles. A coordinated strategy of multiple interventions with active cooperation between epidemiologists and clinicians in the NICU can effectively reduce their circulation and in particular the carriage of the most dangerous ESBL-KP strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Saporito
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Graziano
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Mescolo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Insinga
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Grazia Rinaudo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aurora Aleo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Vitaliti
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, ARNAS Civico - Di Cristina - Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Antibiotic stewardship is a quality improvement and patient safety initiative focused on optimizing antibiotic use to improve patient outcomes, limit the emergence of antibiotic resistance, and adverse drug effects. Here, we discuss the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention Core Elements of Antibiotic Stewardship-leadership commitment, accountability, pharmacy expertise, action, tracking, reporting, and education-as they apply to the care of patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. Specifically, we consider neonatal intensive care unit-specific data and unique practices to frame some of the important targets necessary for successful antibiotic stewardship implementation in this setting.
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11
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Xu JJ, Gao J, Guo JH, Song LL. Analysis of antibiotic treatment of children in a Shanghai tertiary hospital based on point prevalence surveys. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:804. [PMID: 33121455 PMCID: PMC7597008 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Misuse and overuse of antibiotics by physicians in the treatment of children is common in China. This study aimed to reveal the overall use of antibiotics to treat children hospitalized in four types of pediatric wards. Methods Seven independent point prevalence surveys (PPSs) were conducted in Shanghai Children’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University over the period 2012 to 2018. Pediatric ward types were defined general pediatric medical, pediatric surgical, pediatric intensive care units (PICU), and neonatal. Results A total of 3975 pediatric patients were included in the study, of which 63.9% received at least one dose antibiotic. The top five classes of antibiotics administered were cephalosporins (43.8%, n = 1743), penicillins (13.2%, n = 526), carbapenems (8.7%, n = 347), nitroimidazoles (7.1%, n = 281) and macrolides (6.5%, n = 257). The five most commonly used generic antibiotics were cefuroxime (14.9%, n = 594), ceftriaxone (9.7%, n = 387), cefotaxime (9.0%, n = 358), meropenem (8.1%, n = 320) and ampicillin/sulbactam (6.0%, n = 239). Meropenem was among top five antibiotics prescribed in the general pediatric, PICU and neonatal wards and sixth in the pediatric surgical wards. Of all children on antibiotics, 23.4% received prophylactic treatment, and prophylaxis accounted for 68.1% of indications for treatment in the pediatric surgical wards. Conclusions Given that over-treatment with third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems has been associated with treatment-resistant infections, the prescription of these drugs should be strictly controlled and monitored, and measures should be taken to improve the management of surgical prophylaxis in hospitalized children in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Xu
- Departments of Infection Control, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Departments of Infection Control, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun-Hua Guo
- Departments of Infection Control, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Song
- Departments of Infection Control, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Ferry A, Plaisant F, Ginevra C, Dumont Y, Grando J, Claris O, Vandenesch F, Butin M. Enterobacter cloacae colonisation and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit: retrospective investigation of preventive measures implemented after a multiclonal outbreak. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:682. [PMID: 32942989 PMCID: PMC7500001 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobacter cloacae species is responsible for nosocomial outbreaks in vulnerable patients in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The environment can constitute the reservoir and source of infection in NICUs. Herein we report the impact of preventive measures implemented after an Enterobacter cloacae outbreak inside a NICU. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in one level 3 NICU in Lyon, France, over a 6 year-period (2012-2018). After an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae infections in hospitalized neonates in 2013, several measures were implemented including intensive biocleaning and education of medical staff. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of infected patients and evolution of colonization/infection with Enterobacter spp. in this NICU were retrieved. Moreover, whole genome sequencing was performed on 6 outbreak strains. RESULTS Enterobacter spp. was isolated in 469 patients and 30 patients developed an infection including 2 meningitis and 12 fatal cases. Preventive measures and education of medical staff were not associated with a significant decrease in patient colonisation but led to a persistent decreased use of cephalosporin in the NICU. Infection strains were genetically diverse, supporting the hypothesis of multiple hygiene defects rather than the diffusion of a single clone. CONCLUSIONS Grouped cases of infections inside one setting are not necessarily related to a single-clone outbreak and could reveal other environmental and organisational problematics. The fight against implementation and transmission of Enterobacter spp. in NICUs remains a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine Ferry
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néonatologie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Femme Mère 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Frank Plaisant
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néonatologie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Femme Mère 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Christophe Ginevra
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Yann Dumont
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Grando
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Claris
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néonatologie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Femme Mère 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard, 4129, Villeurbanne, EA, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.,CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Butin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néonatologie et Réanimation Néonatale, Hôpital Femme Mère 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France. .,CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.
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13
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Newby BD. Development of Gentamicin Resistance During Treatment of Escherichia coli Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Neonate. J Pharm Pract 2020; 34:975-979. [PMID: 32648511 DOI: 10.1177/0897190020940124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A neonate born at 25 + 1/7 weeks developed ventilator-associated pneumonia at 29 + 3/7 weeks post-menstrual age with Escherichia coli that was originally sensitive to gentamicin. After 3 days of treatment with gentamicin, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) changed from less than 1 mg/L to more than 16 mg/L. It appears that suboptimal gentamicin dosing led to the development of gentamicin resistance. As the patient was not improving clinically, the antibiotics were changed once the gentamicin resistance was identified. To minimize resistance and treatment failure, clinicians should consider the patient-specific pharmacokinetic parameters, achieved peak level, and the amount of time the gentamicin level will remain below the MIC of the organism being treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi D Newby
- Neonatal and Pediatric Pharmacy, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Sakai AM, Iensue TNAN, Pereira KO, Silva RLD, Pegoraro LGDO, Salvador MSDA, Rodrigues R, Capobiango JD, Souza NAAD, Pelisson M, Vespero EC, Yamauchi LM, Perugini MRE, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Rossetto EG, Kerbauy G. Colonization profile and duration by multi-resistant organisms in a prospective cohort of newborns after hospital discharge. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e22. [PMID: 32236389 PMCID: PMC7178810 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the spontaneous decolonization period and characteristics in a prospective cohort of newborns colonized by multidrug-resistant organisms, after their discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Multidrug resistance is defined as bacterial non-susceptibility to ≥ 1 agent of ≥ 3 antimicrobial categories. In total, 618 newborns were included in the study, of which 173 (28.0%) presented a positive culture for multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and of these, 52 (30.1%) were followed up in this study. The most frequent intrinsic factors were be born by cesarean section (86.5%), prematurity (84.6%), and very low birth weight (76.9%). The extrinsic factors were having remained hospitalized for an average of 27 days, during which 67.3% were submitted to invasive procedures and 88.5% received antimicrobials. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors of newborns were not associated to a decolonization period longer or shorter than 3 months, which was the average period of decolonization found in the present study. From the totality of colonization cultures sampled at hospital discharge, the Gram-negative Extended Spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria were the most common, with 28.9% of babies colonized by Klebsiella spp. The median period of decolonization by multidrug-resistant microorganisms in the newborns population after hospital discharge was 3 months, but was highly dependent on the microbial species, and this period was not associated to any intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Midori Sakai
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Enfermagem, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Kauana Olanda Pereira
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Enfermagem, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata Lima da Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Enfermagem, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Silva de Almeida Salvador
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renne Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Dario Capobiango
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Pediatria e Cirurgia Pediátrica, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliana Carolina Vespero
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Eches Perugini
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilselena Kerbauy
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Enfermagem, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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15
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Lutsar I, Chazallon C, Trafojer U, de Cabre VM, Auriti C, Bertaina C, Calo Carducci FI, Canpolat FE, Esposito S, Fournier I, Hallik M, Heath PT, Ilmoja ML, Iosifidis E, Kuznetsova J, Meyer L, Metsvaht T, Mitsiakos G, Pana ZD, Mosca F, Pugni L, Roilides E, Rossi P, Sarafidis K, Sanchez L, Sharland M, Usonis V, Warris A, Aboulker JP, Giaquinto C. Meropenem vs standard of care for treatment of neonatal late onset sepsis (NeoMero1): A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229380. [PMID: 32130261 PMCID: PMC7055900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early use of broad-spectrum antibiotics remains the cornerstone for the treatment of neonatal late onset sepsis (LOS). However, which antibiotics should be used is still debatable, as relevant studies were conducted more than 20 years ago, recruited in single centres or countries, evaluated antibiotics not in clinical use anymore and had variable inclusion/exclusion criteria and outcome measures. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a major problem in many countries worldwide. We hypothesized that efficacy of meropenem as a broad-spectrum antibiotic is superior to standard of care regimens (SOC) in empiric treatment of LOS and aimed to compare meropenem to SOC in infants aged <90 days with LOS. Methods and findings NeoMero-1 was a randomized, open-label, phase III superiority trial conducted in 18 neonatal units in 6 countries. Infants with post-menstrual age (PMA) of ≤44 weeks with positive blood culture and one, or those with negative culture and at least with two predefined clinical and laboratory signs suggestive of LOS, or those with PMA >44 weeks meeting the Goldstein criteria of sepsis, were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive meropenem or one of the two SOC regimens (ampicillin+gentamicin or cefotaxime+gentamicin) chosen by each site prior to the start of the study for 8–14 days. The primary outcome was treatment success (survival, no modification of allocated therapy, resolution/improvement of clinical and laboratory markers, no need of additional antibiotics and presumed/confirmed eradication of pathogens) at test-of-cure visit (TOC) in full analysis set. Stool samples were tested at baseline and Day 28 for meropenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms (CRGNO). The primary analysis was performed in all randomised patients and in patients with culture confirmed LOS. Proportions of participants with successful outcome were compared by using a logistic regression model adjusted for the stratification factors. From September 3, 2012 to November 30th 2014, total of 136 patients (instead of planned 275) in each arm were randomized; 140 (52%) were culture positive. Successful outcome at TOC was achieved in 44/136 (32%) in the meropenem arm vs. 31/135 (23%) in the SOC arm (p = 0.087). The respective numbers in patients with positive cultures were 17/63 (27%) vs. 10/77 (13%) (p = 0.022). The main reason of failure was modification of allocated therapy. Treatment emergent adverse events occurred in 72% and serious adverse events in 17% of patients, the Day 28 mortality was 6%. Cumulative acquisition of CRGNO by Day 28 occurred in 4% of patients in the meropenem and 12% in the SOC arm (p = 0.052). Conclusions Within this study population, we found no evidence that meropenem was superior to SOC in terms of success at TOC, short term hearing disturbances, safety or mortality were similar in both treatment arms but the study was underpowered to detect the planned effect. Meropenem treatment did not select for colonization with CRGNOs. We suggest that meropenem as broad-spectrum antibiotic should be reserved for neonates who are more likely to have Gram-negative LOS, especially in NICUs where microorganisms producing extended spectrum- and AmpC type beta-lactamases are circulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ursula Trafojer
- Women's and Children's Health Department, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Auriti
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertaina
- University Department of Paediatrics, Immunological and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ippolita Calo Carducci
- University Department of Paediatrics, Immunological and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fuat Emre Canpolat
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Zekai Tahir Burak Kadın Sağlığı Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Neonatoloji Kliniği, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maarja Hallik
- Department of Intensive Care, Tallinn Children’s Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Paul T. Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mari-Liis Ilmoja
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Intensive Care, Tallinn Children’s Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Elias Iosifidis
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jelena Kuznetsova
- Tartu University Hospital, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Tartu University Hospital, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Tartu, Estonia
| | - George Mitsiakos
- 2 Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Dorothea Pana
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Roilides
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Rossi
- University Department of Paediatrics, Immunological and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kosmas Sarafidis
- 1st Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Sanchez
- Hospital Universitario Infantil LA PAZ- H. Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Gustavsson L, Lindquist S, Elfvin A, Hentz E, Studahl M. Reduced antibiotic use in extremely preterm infants with an antimicrobial stewardship intervention. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000872. [PMID: 33324764 PMCID: PMC7722820 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive administration of antibiotics to preterm infants is associated with increased rates of complications. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on antibiotic use in extremely preterm infants. DESIGN SETTING PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION A before and after study of infants born at ≤28 weeks' gestational age was performed in the neonatal intensive care unit of Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Retrospective analysis of the baseline period (January-December 2014) guided the development of a limited antimicrobial stewardship intervention. The intervention consisted of updated local guidelines with a focus on shortened and standardised treatment duration plus increased access to infectious disease consultant advice. It was fully implemented during the intervention period (October 2017-September 2018). OBJECTIVE Primary aim was to compare antibiotic use, defined as antibiotic treatment days per 1000 patient-days, between the two periods, and the secondary aim was to evaluate the number of days with meropenem-based regimens before and after the intervention. RESULTS We included 145 infants with a median birth weight of 870 g and median gestational age of 26 weeks. The baseline period comprised 82 infants and 3478 patient-days, the intervention period comprised 63 infants and 2753 patient-days. Overall antibiotic use (treatment and prophylaxis) was 534 versus 466 days per 1000 patient-days during the baseline and intervention periods, respectively. Antibiotic treatment days decreased from 287 to 197 days per 1000 patient-days. The proportion of meropenem-based regimens was 69% versus 44%, respectively. No increases in mortality or reinitiation of antibiotics were seen. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a limited antimicrobial stewardship intervention anchored in analysis of previous prescription patterns can contribute to safe decreases in antibiotic use in extremely preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Gustavsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Lindquist
- Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Elfvin
- Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Hentz
- Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Eichel V, Papan C, Boutin S, Pöschl J, Heeg K, Nurjadi D. Alteration of antibiotic regimen as an additional control measure in suspected multi-drug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2019; 104:144-149. [PMID: 31525448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased occurrence of a particular species of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), especially when multi-drug-resistant (MDR), in routine screening surveillance in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) can be evoked by selection pressure. AIM To evaluate adaptation of the empiric antibiotic regimen for its usefulness as a control measure in suspected outbreaks in the NICU. METHODS In a retrospective outbreak analysis, cases between 1st December 2017 and 31st March 2018 were identified through microbiology and hygiene surveillance records. Furthermore, risk factors for MDR-GNB colonization were collected. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on all isolates. Control measure documentations and interviews were employed to define interventions. As well as infection control measures, administration of third-generation cephalosporins was avoided and replaced whenever clinically acceptable as part of the intervention bundle. FINDINGS In total, nine patients were found to have rectal colonization with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae in routine screening surveillance in the pre-intervention period. After implementation of an infection control bundle, the incidence declined rapidly. WGS analysis revealed that two MDR E. cloacae were transmitted, and the majority were new cases. The incidence density of MDR-GNB colonization was 7.94/1000 patient-days (PD) before the intervention and 1.68/1000 PD during the altered antibiotic regimen. No infections with MDR-GNB occurred during the study. CONCLUSIONS Altering the antibiotic regimen with regard to selection pressure may be considered as part of an intervention bundle to rapidly control the emergence of MDR-GNB in suspected outbreak situations in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Eichel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - C Papan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - S Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Pöschl
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Heeg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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The impact of paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programmes on patient outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 31:216-223. [PMID: 29570494 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although there has been an unprecedented global effort to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance, little emphasis has been placed on children. This review aims to evaluate the impact of paediatric antimicrobial stewardship programmes as well as providing a practical approach for effectively implementing them in community-based settings and in hospitals. RECENT FINDINGS Although rates of serious bacterial infection are low in children, the rates of antimicrobial use and resistance are comparable with adults. Different strategies are required to implement antimicrobial stewardship in community-based settings compared to in hospitals. Nationally coordinated, whole-system approaches have achieved long-term, sustainable reductions in antimicrobial prescribing, as well as reductions in resistance rates at population level, with no evidence of an increase in rate of serious infection or bacterial complications. SUMMARY Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in neonates and children have unique characteristics and issues. There is currently no consensus on how to measure consumption of antimicrobials in neonates and children. This is a research priority. Benchmarking and clinical networks in neonates and paediatrics are important to share practice and drive best use of antimicrobials.
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Determinants of Initial Antibiotic Duration in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates. Infect Dis Ther 2019; 8:209-217. [PMID: 30825133 PMCID: PMC6522625 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-019-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates (< 1500 g) are commonly exposed to prolonged antibiotic courses related to concerns for presumed early onset sepsis often with unclear indications. While antibiotics can be life-saving medications, prolonged antibiotic exposure (> 5 days) increases an infant’s risk for necrotizing enterocolitis, late onset sepsis, colonization or infection with resistant organisms, and death. The aim of this study is to describe clinical and laboratory factors that influence the length of initial antibiotic courses in VLBW neonates. Methods Demographics, perinatal factors, and neonatal clinical and laboratory data were compared in a single-center retrospective cohort of VLBW neonates who received ≤ 3 days versus > 5 days of initial antibiotics. Results A total of 121 patients were analyzed of which 117 (97%) were started on antibiotics empirically on admission, and 71 (59%) received ≤ 3 days and 50 (41%) received > 5 days of antibiotics. One (0.8%) infant had a positive blood culture (S. oralis). Demographics [gestational age (p < 0.001) and birth weight (p < 0.001)] and neonatal clinical status [Apgar score at 5 min (p = 0.001), CRIB II (p < 0.001), need for inotropes (p = 0.001), and maximum ventilator support (p < 0.001)] were significantly different between the short and prolonged course of antibiotics groups on bivariate analysis. There were no significant differences in perinatal factors or common laboratory markers of sepsis. Maximum ventilator support remained significant on multivariate analysis (p = 0.007). Conclusion In the VLBW population, the clinical status of the neonate, as represented by maximum ventilator support in this study, was the most important factor in determining the duration of initial antibiotic treatment. Laboratory values and perinatal risk factors did not significantly influence prescribing patterns.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neonates are at a high risk of infection and may have nonspecific signs of sepsis. Accordingly, they are heavily exposed to antimicrobials. Neonates are also uniquely at risk of both short-term and long-term complications from antibiotic exposure. This review discusses advances in antibiotic stewardship in the neonatal population. RECENT FINDINGS Antimicrobial utilization is highly variable among NICUs in excess of case-mix variation. Rates of early-onset sepsis because of Group B Streptococcus have decreased substantially with the introduction of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Recent epidemiologic studies have created evidence-based tools to more accurately estimate a newborn's risk of early-onset sepsis. Antibiotic selection and duration for late-onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis are variable among centers, with inadequate evidence to guide practice. Novel diagnostic methods and biomarkers are increasingly used to assist with diagnosing infection, but inadequate specificity in many cases may result in excess antibiotic exposure. Published antimicrobial stewardship experiences in the neonatal inpatient setting have largely been successful and well tolerated. SUMMARY Recent publications have identified many ways to safely reduce antimicrobial exposure and developed strategies to implement antimicrobial stewardship in the neonatal inpatient setting. However, new approaches are needed to further improve antibiotic use and to implement these interventions more universally in NICUs.
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Clock SA, Jia H, Patel S, Ferng YH, Alba L, Whittier S, DeLaMora P, Tabibi S, Perlman J, Paul D, Zaoutis T, Larson E, Saiman L. Infant Colonization With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Preceding Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:e144-e148. [PMID: 28339914 PMCID: PMC5907882 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rates of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and/or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were determined for 1320 infants within 7 days of neonatal intensive care unit discharge. Overall, 4% and 1% of the infants were colonized with MRSA or VRE, respectively. Predictors identified in fixed-effects models were surgery during hospitalization (for MRSA colonization) and prolonged antimicrobial treatment (for VRE colonization).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haomiao Jia
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York;,Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
| | - David Paul
- Christiana Neonatal Associates, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Theoklis Zaoutis
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Lisa Saiman
- Departments of Pediatrics and,Department of Infection Prevention and Control, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York,Correspondence: L. Saiman, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, 650 West 168th St., PH 4W-470, New York, NY 10032 ()
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22
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Soeorg H, Huik K, Parm Ü, Ilmoja ML, Metsvaht T, Lutsar I. Molecular epidemiology ofStaphylococcus epidermidisin neonatal intensive care units. APMIS 2016; 125:63-73. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Ülle Parm
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Mari-Liis Ilmoja
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; Tallinn Children's Hospital; Tallinn Estonia
| | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; Tartu University Hospital; Tartu Estonia
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
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