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Hattori Y, Andoh T, Kawabata S, Hu N, Michiue H, Nakamura H, Nomoto T, Suzuki M, Takata T, Tanaka H, Watanabe T, Ono K. Proposal of recommended experimental protocols for in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods of boron agents for neutron capture therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2023; 64:859-869. [PMID: 37717596 PMCID: PMC10665309 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been attracting attention as a minimally invasive cancer treatment. In 2020, the accelerator-based BNCT with L-BPA (Borofalan) as its D-sorbitol complex (Steboronine®) for head and neck cancers was approved by Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency for the first time in the world. As accelerator-based neutron generation techniques are being developed in various countries, the development of novel tumor-selective boron agents is becoming increasingly important and desired. The Japanese Society of Neutron Capture Therapy believes it is necessary to propose standard evaluation protocols at each stage in the development of boron agents for BNCT. This review summarizes recommended experimental protocols for in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods of boron agents for BNCT based on our experience with L-BPA approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Hattori
- Research Center for BNCT, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tooru Andoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Naonori Hu
- Kansai BNCT Medical Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun 590-0494 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Michiue
- Neutron Therapy Research Center, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun 590-0494 Japan
| | - Takushi Takata
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun 590-0494 Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun 590-0494 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Watanabe
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2, Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun 590-0494 Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kansai BNCT Medical Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-shi, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Fukumura M, Nonoguchi N, Kawabata S, Hiramatsu R, Futamura G, Takeuchi K, Kanemitsu T, Takata T, Tanaka H, Suzuki M, Sampetrean O, Ikeda N, Kuroiwa T, Saya H, Nakano I, Wanibuchi M. 5-Aminolevulinic acid increases boronophenylalanine uptake into glioma stem cells and may sensitize malignant glioma to boron neutron capture therapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10173. [PMID: 37349515 PMCID: PMC10287723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a high-LET particle radiotherapy clinically tested for treating malignant gliomas. Boronophenylalanine (BPA), a boron-containing phenylalanine derivative, is selectively transported into tumor cells by amino acid transporters, making it an ideal agent for BNCT. In this study, we investigated whether the amino acid 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) could sensitize glioma stem cells (GSCs) to BNCT by enhancing the uptake of BPA. Using human and mouse GSC lines, pre-incubation with ALA increased the intracellular accumulation of BPA dose-dependent. We also conducted in vivo experiments by intracerebrally implanting HGG13 cells in mice and administering ALA orally 24 h before BPA administration (ALA + BPA-BNCT). The ALA preloading group increased the tumor boron concentration and improved the tumor/blood boron concentration ratio, resulting in improved survival compared to the BPA-BNCT group. Furthermore, we found that the expression of amino acid transporters was upregulated following ALA treatment both in vitro and in vivo, particularly for ATB0,+. This suggests that ALA may sensitize GSCs to BNCT by upregulating the expression of amino acid transporters, thereby enhancing the uptake of BPA and improving the effectiveness of BNCT. These findings have important implications for strategies to improve the sensitivity of malignant gliomas to BPA-BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Fukumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryo Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Gen Futamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Koji Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takuya Kanemitsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Takushi Takata
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokado Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tesseikai Neurosurgical Hospital, Shijonawate, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Masahiko Wanibuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Seneviratne DS, Saifi O, Mackeyev Y, Malouff T, Krishnan S. Next-Generation Boron Drugs and Rational Translational Studies Driving the Revival of BNCT. Cells 2023; 12:1398. [PMID: 37408232 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BNCT is a high-linear-energy transfer therapy that facilitates tumor-directed radiation delivery while largely sparing adjacent normal tissues through the biological targeting of boron compounds to tumor cells. Tumor-specific accumulation of boron with limited accretion in normal cells is the crux of successful BNCT delivery. Given this, developing novel boronated compounds with high selectivity, ease of delivery, and large boron payloads remains an area of active investigation. Furthermore, there is growing interest in exploring the immunogenic potential of BNCT. In this review, we discuss the basic radiobiological and physical aspects of BNCT, traditional and next-generation boron compounds, as well as translational studies exploring the clinical applicability of BNCT. Additionally, we delve into the immunomodulatory potential of BNCT in the era of novel boron agents and examine innovative avenues for exploiting the immunogenicity of BNCT to improve outcomes in difficult-to-treat malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omran Saifi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Malouff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73019, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Higashino M, Aihara T, Ozaki A, Hu N, Isohashi K, Ono K, Nihei K, Kurisu Y, Kawata R. Successful salvage surgery of the residual tumor after boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT): A case report. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Seneviratne D, Advani P, Trifiletti DM, Chumsri S, Beltran CJ, Bush AF, Vallow LA. Exploring the Biological and Physical Basis of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) as a Promising Treatment Frontier in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123009. [PMID: 35740674 PMCID: PMC9221373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary BNCT is a biologically targeted, densely ionizing form of radiation therapy that allows for increased tumor cell kill, while reducing toxicity to surrounding normal tissues. Although BNCT has been investigated in the treatment of head and neck cancers and recurrent brain tumors, its applicability to breast cancer has not been previoulsy investigated. In this review we discuss the physical and biological properties of various boronated compounds, and advantages and challenges associated with the potential use of BNCT in the treatment of breast cancer. Abstract BNCT is a high LET radiation therapy modality that allows for biologically targeted radiation delivery to tumors while reducing normal tissue impacts. Although the clinical use of BNCT has largely been limited to phase I/II trials and has primarily focused on difficult-to-treat malignancies such as recurrent head and neck cancer and recurrent gliomas, recently there has been a renewed interest in expanding the use of BNCT to other disease sites, including breast cancer. Given its high LET characteristics, its biologically targeted and tumor specific nature, as well as its potential for use in complex treatment settings including reirradiation and widespread metastatic disease, BNCT offers several unique advantages over traditional external beam radiation therapy. The two main boron compounds investigated to date in BNCT clinical trials are BSH and BPA. Of these, BPA in particular shows promise in breast cancer given that is taken up by the LAT-1 amino acid transporter that is highly overexpressed in breast cancer cells. As the efficacy of BNCT is directly dependent on the extent of boron accumulation in tumors, extensive preclinical efforts to develop novel boron delivery agents have been undertaken in recent years. Preclinical studies have shown promise in antibody linked boron compounds targeting ER/HER2 receptors, boron encapsulating liposomes, and nanoparticle-based boron delivery systems. This review aims to summarize the physical and biological basis of BNCT, the preclinical and limited clinical data available to date, and discuss its potential to be utilized for the successful treatment of various breast cancer disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danushka Seneviratne
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.S.); (D.M.T.); (C.J.B.); (A.F.B.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Pooja Advani
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel M. Trifiletti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.S.); (D.M.T.); (C.J.B.); (A.F.B.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Saranya Chumsri
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Chris J. Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.S.); (D.M.T.); (C.J.B.); (A.F.B.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Aaron F. Bush
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.S.); (D.M.T.); (C.J.B.); (A.F.B.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Laura A. Vallow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (D.S.); (D.M.T.); (C.J.B.); (A.F.B.); (L.A.V.)
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He H, Li J, Jiang P, Tian S, Wang H, Fan R, Liu J, Yang Y, Liu Z, Wang J. The basis and advances in clinical application of boron neutron capture therapy. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:216. [PMID: 34743756 PMCID: PMC8573925 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) was first proposed as early as 1936, and research on BNCT has progressed relatively slowly but steadily. BNCT is a potentially useful tool for cancer treatment that selectively damages cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. BNCT is based on the nuclear reaction that occurs when 10B capture low-energy thermal neutrons to yield high-linear energy transfer (LET) α particles and recoiling 7Li nuclei. A large number of 10B atoms have to be localized within the tumor cells for BNCT to be effective, and an adequate number of thermal neutrons need to be absorbed by the 10B atoms to generate lethal 10B (n, α)7Li reactions. Effective boron neutron capture therapy cannot be achieved without appropriate boron carriers. Improvement in boron delivery and the development of the best dosing paradigms for both boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH) are of major importance, yet these still have not been optimized. Here, we present a review of this treatment modality from the perspectives of radiation oncology, biology, and physics. This manuscript provides a brief introduction of the mechanism of cancer-cell-selective killing by BNCT, radiobiological factors, and progress in the development of boron carriers and neutron sources as well as the results of clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Suqing Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Response of Normal Tissues to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) with 10B-Borocaptate Sodium (BSH) and 10B-Paraboronophenylalanine (BPA). Cells 2021; 10:cells10112883. [PMID: 34831105 PMCID: PMC8616460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a cancer-selective radiotherapy that utilizes the cancer targeting 10B-compound. Cancer cells that take up the compound are substantially damaged by the high liner energy transfer (LET) particles emitted mainly from the 10B(n, α7Li reaction. BNCT can minimize the dose to normal tissues, but it must be performed within the tolerable range of normal tissues. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the response of normal tissues to BNCT. Since BNCT yields a mixture of high and low LET radiations that make it difficult to understand the radiobiological basis of BNCT, it is important to evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and compound biological effectiveness (CBE) factors for assessing the responses of normal tissues to BNCT. BSH and BPA are the only 10B-compounds that can be used for clinical BNCT. Their biological behavior and cancer targeting mechanisms are different; therefore, they affect the CBE values differently. In this review, we present the RBE and CBE values of BPA or BSH for normal tissue damage by BNCT irradiation. The skin, brain (spinal cord), mucosa, lung, and liver are included as normal tissues. The CBE values of BPA and BSH for tumor control are also discussed.
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Sato T, Hashimoto S, Inaniwa T, Takada K, Kumada H. Implementation of simplified stochastic microdosimetric kinetic models into PHITS for application to radiation treatment planning. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1450-1460. [PMID: 34328809 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1956003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The stochastic microdosimetric kinetic (SMK) model is one of the most sophisticated and precise models used in the estimation of the relative biological effectiveness of carbon-ion radiotherapy (CRT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). However, because of its complicated and time-consuming calculation procedures, it is nearly impractical to directly incorporate this model into a radiation treatment-planning system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through the introduction of Taylor expansion (TE) or fast Fourier transform (FFT), we developed two simplified SMK models and implemented them into the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). To verify the implementation, we calculated the photon isoeffective doses in a cylindrical phantom placed in the radiation fields of passive CRT and accelerator-based BNCT. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our calculation suggested that both TE-based and FFT-based SMK models can reproduce the data obtained from the original SMK model very well for absorbed doses approximately below 5 Gy, whereas the TE-based SMK model overestimates the original data at higher doses. In terms of computational efficiency, the TE-based SMK model is much faster than the FFT-based SMK model. CONCLUSION This study enables the instantaneous calculation of the photo isoeffective dose for CRT and BNCT, considering their cellular-scale dose heterogeneities. Treatment-planning systems that use the improved PHITS as a dose-calculation engine are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan.,Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hashimoto
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan
| | - Taku Inaniwa
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenta Takada
- Graduate School of Radiological Technology, Gunma Prefectural College of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kumada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Salvage Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumor Patients in Compliance with Emergency and Compassionate Use: Evaluation of 34 Cases in Taiwan. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040334. [PMID: 33920984 PMCID: PMC8071294 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising therapeutic approach for malignant brain tumors, the optimal BNCT parameters for patients with life-threatening, end-stage brain tumors remain unclear. The results of this study show that for life-threatening, end-stage brain tumor patients, BNCT is a promising therapeutic modality that is associated with an overall survival time of 7.25 months and no severe adverse events (grade ≥ 3). Remarkably, patients who achieved a complete response had overall survival times and cancer-specific survival times of up to 17.66 and 22.5 months, respectively. In addition, since these patients are usually physically weak and already on the verge of life-threatening conditions, reducing the BNCT dose still has good therapeutic outcomes. Statistical analysis revealed the optimal BNCT parameters and tumor characteristics, including a tumor-to-normal tissue (T/N) uptake ratio of ≥4, a tumor volume of <20 mL, a mean tumor dose of ≥25 Gy-E, MIB-1 ≤ 40, and a lower recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class. The results of this study provide a reference for other clinicians or radiation oncologists conducting BNCT treatment for such patients. Abstract Although boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising treatment option for malignant brain tumors, the optimal BNCT parameters for patients with immediately life-threatening, end-stage brain tumors remain unclear. We performed BNCT on 34 patients with life-threatening, end-stage brain tumors and analyzed the relationship between survival outcomes and BNCT parameters. Before BNCT, MRI and 18F-BPA-PET analyses were conducted to identify the tumor location/distribution and the tumor-to-normal tissue uptake ratio (T/N ratio) of 18F-BPA. No severe adverse events were observed (grade ≥ 3). The objective response rate and disease control rate were 50.0% and 85.3%, respectively. The mean overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) times were 7.25, 7.80, and 4.18 months, respectively. Remarkably, the mean OS, CSS, and RFS of patients who achieved a complete response were 17.66, 22.5, and 7.50 months, respectively. Kaplan–Meier analysis identified the optimal BNCT parameters and tumor characteristics of these patients, including a T/N ratio ≥ 4, tumor volume < 20 mL, mean tumor dose ≥ 25 Gy-E, MIB-1 ≤ 40, and a lower recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class. In conclusion, for malignant brain tumor patients who have exhausted all available treatment options and who are in an immediately life-threatening condition, BNCT may be considered as a therapeutic approach to prolong survival.
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BNCT for primary synovial sarcoma. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 169:109407. [PMID: 33444907 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is a rare tumor requiring new treatment methods. A 46-year-old woman with primary monophasic synovial sarcoma in the left thigh involving the sciatic nerve, declining surgery because of potential dysfunction of the affected limbs, received two courses of BNCT. The tumor thus reduced was completely resected with no subsequent recurrence. The patient is now able to walk unassisted, and no local recurrence has been observed, demonstrating the applicability of BNCT as adjuvant therapy for synovial sarcoma. Further study and analysis with more experience accumulation are needed to confirm the real impact of BNCT efficacy for its application to synovial sarcoma.
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Colocalization of tracks from boron neutron capture reactions and images of isolated cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 167:109353. [PMID: 33039761 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, the boronated drug plays a leading role in delivering a lethal dose to the tumour. The effectiveness depends on the boron macroscopic concentration and on its distribution at sub-cellular level. This work shows a way to colocalize alpha particles and lithium ions tracks with cells. A neutron autoradiography technique is used, which combines images of cells with images of tracks produced in a solid-state nuclear track detector.
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Fujimoto T, Suzuki M, Sudo T, Fujita I, Sakuma T, Sakurai Y, Hirose T, Morishita M, Takata T, Tamari Y, Tanaka H, Andoh T, Kawamoto T, Hara H, Fukase N, Kawakami Y, Shigemoto R, Matsumoto T, Ichikawa H, Ono K, Kuroda R, Akisue T. Boron neutron capture therapy for clear cell sarcoma. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109324. [PMID: 32861973 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (CCS) is a rare, malignant tumor arising in lower extremities with no effective treatment other than wide surgical resection. Here described is a case of primary CCS in the peroneal tendon of the right foot of a 54-year-old woman enrolled to undergo BNCT. The tumor mass post-BNCT disappeared totally without damage to other normal tissue, demonstrating, for the first time, the potential efficacy of BNCT in complete local control of CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiko Sakuma
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morishita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Takushi Takata
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamari
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Tooru Andoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Teruya Kawamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University International Clinical Cancer Research Center, 1-5-1 Minatojimaminami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naomasa Fukase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Rika Shigemoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaouji-cho, Akashi, 673-8558, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hideki Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kansai BNCT Medical Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akisue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10- 2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan
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13
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Dodecaboranethiol Containing Kojic Acid (KA-BSH) as a Novel Agent for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061551. [PMID: 32630612 PMCID: PMC7349888 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of tumor-cell selective particle irradiation using low-energy neutron irradiation of boron-10 (10B) to produce high-linear energy transfer (LET) alpha particles and recoiling 7Li nuclei (10B [n, alpha] 7Li) in tumor cells. Therefore, it is important to achieve the selective delivery of large amounts of 10B to tumor cells, with only small amounts of 10B to normal tissues. To develop practical materials utilizing 10B carriers, we designed and synthesized novel dodecaboranethiol (BSH)-containing kojic acid (KA-BSH). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of this novel 10B carrier on cytotoxicity, 10B concentrations in F98 rat glioma cells, and micro-distribution of KA-BSH in vitro. Furthermore, biodistribution studies were performed in a rat brain tumor model. The tumor boron concentrations showed the highest concentrations at 1 h after the termination of administration. Based on these results, neutron irradiation was evaluated at the Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI) with KA-BSH. Median survival times (MSTs) of untreated and irradiated control rats were 29.5 and 30.5 days, respectively, while animals that received KA-BSH, followed by neutron irradiation, had an MST of 36.0 days (p = 0.0027, 0.0053). Based on these findings, further studies are warranted in using KA-BSH as a new B compound for malignant glioma.
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Hung YH, Lin YC, Lin YT, Shih GW, Liao JW, Chen KS, Liu HM, Chen YW, Chuang YJ, Yang CM, Peir JJ, Yang CH, Chou FI. Suitability of boric acid as a boron drug for boron neutron capture therapy for hepatoma. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 164:109254. [PMID: 32554126 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoma is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to the poor outcomes of patients with late diagnosis, newer treatments for hepatoma are still needed. As an emerging therapy, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) may be an effective solution in hepatoma management. In this study, boric acid (BA) was used as the boron drug for in vivo analysis of action mechanism. The N1S1 single liver tumor-bearing rat and the VX2 multifocal liver tumor-bearing rabbit models were used to investigate the retention status of BA in the tumor regions during BNCT. The autoradiographic examination showed BA can localize specifically not only in the hepatoma cells but also in tumor blood vessels. Our findings indicate that superior hepatoma targeting could be achieved in BA-mediated BNCT, which supports BA to be a suitable boron drug for BNCT for hepatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hung
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Wen Shih
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Sheng Chen
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ming Liu
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Jer Peir
- Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hua Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Radiology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-In Chou
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Nuclear Science and Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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15
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Fukunaga H, Matsuya Y, Tokuuye K, Omura M. Implications of radiation microdosimetry for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy: a radiobiological perspective. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200311. [PMID: 32374629 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has great potential to selectively destroy cancer cells while sparing surrounding normal cells. The basic concept of BNCT was developed in the 1930s, but it has not yet been commonly used in clinical practice, even though there is now a large number of experimental and translational studies demonstrating its marked therapeutic potential. With the development of neutron accelerators that can be installed in medical institutions, accelerator-based BNCT is expected to become available at several medical institutes around the world in the near future. In this commentary, from the point of view of radiation microdosimetry, we discuss the biological effects of BNCT, especially the underlying mechanisms of compound biological effectiveness. Radiobiological perspectives provide insight into the effectiveness of BNCT in creating a synergy effect in the field of clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8533, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Koichi Tokuuye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8533, Japan
| | - Motoko Omura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, 1370-1 Okamoto, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8533, Japan
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16
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Nomoto T, Inoue Y, Yao Y, Suzuki M, Kanamori K, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Tomoda K, Nishiyama N. Poly(vinyl alcohol) boosting therapeutic potential of p-boronophenylalanine in neutron capture therapy by modulating metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1722. [PMID: 32010792 PMCID: PMC6976296 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current clinical boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) has been the most powerful drug owing to its ability to accumulate selectively within cancers through cancer-related amino acid transporters including LAT1. However, the therapeutic success of BPA has been sometimes compromised by its unfavorable efflux from cytosol due to their antiport mechanism. Here, we report that poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can form complexes with BPA through reversible boronate esters in aqueous solution, and the complex termed PVA-BPA can be internalized into cancer cells through LAT1-mediated endocytosis, thereby enhancing cellular uptake and slowing the untoward efflux. In in vivo study, compared with clinically used fructose-BPA complexes, PVA-BPA exhibited efficient tumor accumulation and prolonged tumor retention with quick clearance from bloodstream and normal organs. Ultimately, PVA-BPA showed critically enhanced antitumor activity in BNCT. The facile technique proposed in this study offers an approach for drug delivery focusing on drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Yukiya Inoue
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ying Yao
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Division of Particle Radiation Oncology, Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kaito Kanamori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keishiro Tomoda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
- Corresponding author. (T.N.); (N.N.)
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17
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Sato T, Masunaga SI, Kumada H, Hamada N. DEPTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF RBE-WEIGHTED DOSE and PHOTON-ISOEFFECTIVE DOSE FOR BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 183:247-250. [PMID: 30535354 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two types of dose were proposed for use in the treatment planning of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for expressing its high relative biological effectiveness (RBE). On one hand, the RBE-weighted dose is the sum of the absorbed doses weighted by fixed RBE for each dose component of BNCT. On the other hand, photon-isoeffective dose is the photon dose to give the same biological effect calculated considering the dose dependence of RBE and the synergetic effect between different types of radiation. In this study, the depth distributions of the two types of dose in a phantom placed at an accelerator-based BNCT field were calculated using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, coupled with an extended stochastic microdosimetric kinetic model. Compared with the corresponding RBE-weighted dose, the calculated photon-isoeffective dose was larger at lower absorbed dose and was smaller at higher absorbed dose, primarily due to the consideration of the dose dependence of RBE. In addition, our calculation revealed that the large variance of the intercellular 10B concentration greatly reduces the photon-isoeffective doses. These results suggest that the considerations of the dose dependence of RBE as well as the intercellular heterogeneity in 10B distribution are indispensable for the precise estimate of the biological effect of BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Shirakata 2-4, Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kumada
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Kanemitsu T, Kawabata S, Fukumura M, Futamura G, Hiramatsu R, Nonoguchi N, Nakagawa F, Takata T, Tanaka H, Suzuki M, Masunaga SI, Ono K, Miyatake SI, Nakamura H, Kuroiwa T. Folate receptor-targeted novel boron compound for boron neutron capture therapy on F98 glioma-bearing rats. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:59-67. [PMID: 30474719 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-018-0765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) has high affinity for the folate receptor (FR), which is limited expressed in normal human tissues, but over-expressed in several tumor cells, including glioblastoma cells. In the present work, a novel pteroyl-closo-dodecaborate conjugate (PBC) was developed, in which the pteroyl group interacts with FR, and the efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) using PBC was investigated. Thus, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed using F98 rat glioma cells and F98 glioma-bearing rats. For the in vivo study, boronophenylalanine (BPA) was intravenously administered, while PBC was administered by convection-enhanced delivery (CED)-a method for direct local drug infusion into the brain of rats. Furthermore, a combination of PBC administered by CED and BPA administered by intravenous (i.v.) injection was also investigated. In the biodistribution experiment, PBC administration at 6 h after CED termination showed the highest cellular boron concentrations (64.6 ± 29.6 µg B/g). Median survival time (MST) of untreated controls was 23.0 days (range 21-24 days). MST of rats administered PBC (CED) followed by neutron irradiation was 31 days (range 26-36 days), which was similar to that of rats administered i.v. BPA (30 days; range 25-37 days). Moreover, the combination group [PBC (CED) and i.v. BPA] showed the longest MST (38 days; range 28-40 days). It is concluded that a significant MST increase was noted in the survival time of the combination group of PBC (CED) and i.v. BPA compared to that in the single-boron agent groups. These findings suggest that the combination use of PBC (CED) has additional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kanemitsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Masao Fukumura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Gen Futamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryo Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Fumiko Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takushi Takata
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kansai BNCT Medical Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyatake
- Section for Advanced Medical Development, Cancer Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki City, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Safavi-Naeini M, Chacon A, Guatelli S, Franklin DR, Bambery K, Gregoire MC, Rosenfeld A. Opportunistic dose amplification for proton and carbon ion therapy via capture of internally generated thermal neutrons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16257. [PMID: 30390002 PMCID: PMC6215016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents Neutron Capture Enhanced Particle Therapy (NCEPT), a method for enhancing the radiation dose delivered to a tumour relative to surrounding healthy tissues during proton and carbon ion therapy by capturing thermal neutrons produced inside the treatment volume during irradiation. NCEPT utilises extant and in-development boron-10 and gadolinium-157-based drugs from the related field of neutron capture therapy. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that a typical proton or carbon ion therapy treatment plan generates an approximately uniform thermal neutron field within the target volume, centred around the beam path. The tissue concentrations of neutron capture agents required to obtain an arbitrary 10% increase in biological effective dose are estimated for realistic treatment plans, and compared to concentrations previously reported in the literature. We conclude that the proposed method is theoretically feasible, and can provide a worthwhile improvement in the dose delivered to the tumour relative to healthy tissue with readily achievable concentrations of neutron capture enhancement drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Safavi-Naeini
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, Australia.
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Andrew Chacon
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susanna Guatelli
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel R Franklin
- Faculty of Engineering & IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Keith Bambery
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie-Claude Gregoire
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anatoly Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
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Sato T, Masunaga SI, Kumada H, Hamada N. Microdosimetric Modeling of Biological Effectiveness for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Considering Intra- and Intercellular Heterogeneity in 10B Distribution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:988. [PMID: 29343841 PMCID: PMC5772701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We here propose a new model for estimating the biological effectiveness for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) considering intra- and intercellular heterogeneity in 10B distribution. The new model was developed from our previously established stochastic microdosimetric kinetic model that determines the surviving fraction of cells irradiated with any radiations. In the model, the probability density of the absorbed doses in microscopic scales is the fundamental physical index for characterizing the radiation fields. A new computational method was established to determine the probability density for application to BNCT using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System PHITS. The parameters used in the model were determined from the measured surviving fraction of tumor cells administrated with two kinds of 10B compounds. The model quantitatively highlighted the indispensable need to consider the synergetic effect and the dose dependence of the biological effectiveness in the estimate of the therapeutic effect of BNCT. The model can predict the biological effectiveness of newly developed 10B compounds based on their intra- and intercellular distributions, and thus, it can play important roles not only in treatment planning but also in drug discovery research for future BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Particle Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Life and Medical Science, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kumada
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
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21
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Seki R, Wakisaka Y, Morimoto N, Takashina M, Koizumi M, Toki H, Fukuda M. Physics of epi-thermal boron neutron capture therapy (epi-thermal BNCT). Radiol Phys Technol 2017; 10:387-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-017-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Futamura G, Kawabata S, Nonoguchi N, Hiramatsu R, Toho T, Tanaka H, Masunaga SI, Hattori Y, Kirihata M, Ono K, Kuroiwa T, Miyatake SI. Evaluation of a novel sodium borocaptate-containing unnatural amino acid as a boron delivery agent for neutron capture therapy of the F98 rat glioma. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:26. [PMID: 28114947 PMCID: PMC5260095 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-017-0765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a unique particle radiation therapy based on the nuclear capture reactions in boron-10. We developed a novel boron-10 containing sodium borocaptate (BSH) derivative, 1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (ACBC)-BSH. ACBC is a tumor selective synthetic amino acid. The purpose of this study was to assess the biodistribution of ACBC-BSH and its therapeutic efficacy following Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) of the F98 rat glioma. METHODS We evaluated the biodistribution of three boron-10 compounds, ACBC-BSH, BSH and boronophenylalanine (BPA), in vitro and in vivo, following intravenous (i.v.) administration and intratumoral (i.t.) convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in F98 rat glioma bearing rats. For BNCT studies, rats were stratified into five groups: untreated controls, neutron-irradiation controls, BNCT with BPA/i.v., BNCT with ACBC-BSH/CED, and BNCT concomitantly using BPA/i.v. and ACBC-BSH/CED. RESULTS In vitro, ACBC-BSH attained higher cellular uptake F98 rat glioma cells compared with BSH. In vivo biodistribution studies following i.v. administration and i.t. CED of ACBC-BSH attained significantly higher boron concentrations than that of BSH, but much lower than that of BPA. However, following convection enhanced delivery (CED), ACBC-BSH attained significantly higher tumor concentrations than BPA. The i.t. boron-10 concentrations were almost equal between the ACBC-BSH/CED group and BPA/i.v. group of rats. The tumor/brain boron-10 concentration ratio was higher with ACBC-BSH/CED than that of BPA/i.v. group. Based on these data, BNCT studies were carried out in F98 glioma bearing rats using BPA/i.v. and ACBC-BSH/CED as the delivery agents. The corresponding mean survival times were 37.4 ± 2.6d and 44.3 ± 8.0d, respectively, and although modest, these differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate ACBC-BSH/CED as a boron delivery agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Futamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawabata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naosuke Nonoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichiro Toho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Kyoto university research reactor institute, 2, Asahiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Kyoto university research reactor institute, 2, Asahiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hattori
- Reserch Organization for the 21th Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kirihata
- Reserch Organization for the 21th Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kyoto university research reactor institute, 2, Asahiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyatake
- Division for Advanced Medical Development, Cancer Center, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatuki-shi, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Watanabe T, Hattori Y, Ohta Y, Ishimura M, Nakagawa Y, Sanada Y, Tanaka H, Fukutani S, Masunaga SI, Hiraoka M, Ono K, Suzuki M, Kirihata M. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics between L-BPA and L-FBPA using the same administration dose and protocol: a validation study for the theranostic approach using [ 18F]-L-FBPA positron emission tomography in boron neutron capture therapy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:859. [PMID: 27821116 PMCID: PMC5100278 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a cellular-level particle radiation therapy that combines the selective delivery of boron compounds to tumour tissue with neutron irradiation. L-p-Boronophenylalanine (L-BPA) is a boron compound now widely used in clinical situations. Determination of the boron distribution is required for successful BNCT prior to neutron irradiation. Thus, positron emission tomography with [18F]-L-FBPA, an 18F-labelled radiopharmaceutical analogue of L-BPA, was developed. However, several differences between L-BPA and [18F]-L-FBPA have been highlighted, including the different injection doses and administration protocols. The purpose of this study was to clarify the equivalence between L-BPA and [19F]-L-FBPA as alternatives to [18F]-L-FBPA. Methods SCC-VII was subcutaneously inoculated into the legs of C3H/He mice. The same dose of L-BPA or [19F]-L-FBPA was subcutaneously injected. The time courses of the boron concentrations in blood, tumour tissue, and normal tissue were compared between the groups. Next, we administered the therapeutic dose of L-BPA or the same dose of [19F]-L-FBPA by continuous infusion and compared the effects of the administration protocol on boron accumulation in tissues. Results There were no differences between L-BPA and [19F]-L-FBPA in the transition of boron concentrations in blood, tumour tissue, and normal tissue using the same administration protocol. However, the normal tissue to blood ratio of the boron concentrations in the continuous-infusion group was lower than that in the subcutaneous injection group. Conclusions No difference was noted in the time course of the boron concentrations in tumour tissue and normal tissues between L-BPA and [19F]-L-FBPA. However, the administration protocol had effects on the normal tissue to blood ratio of the boron concentration. In estimating the BNCT dose in normal tissue by positron emission tomography (PET), we should consider the possible overestimation of the normal tissue to blood ratio of the boron concentrations derived from the values measured by PET on dose calculation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2913-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Watanabe
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hattori
- Research Center of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youichiro Ohta
- Research Center of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Ishimura
- Research Center of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakagawa
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Yu Sanada
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukutani
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Masunaga
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiraoka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Ono
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, 2-1010 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kirihata
- Research Center of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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24
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Shimosegawa E, Isohashi K, Naka S, Horitsugi G, Hatazawa J. Assessment of 10B concentration in boron neutron capture therapy: potential of image-guided therapy using 18FBPA PET. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 30:749-755. [PMID: 27586407 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for cancer, the accurate estimation of 10B tissue concentrations, especially in neighboring normal organs, is important to avoid adverse effects. The 10B concentration in normal organs after loading with 10B, however, has not been established in humans. In this study, we performed 4-borono-2-[18F]-fluoro-phenylalanine (18FBPA) PET in healthy volunteers and estimated the chronological changes in the 10B concentrations of normal organs. METHODS In 6 healthy volunteers, whole-body 18FBPA PET scans were repeated 7 times during 1 h, and the mean 18FBPA distributions of 13 organs were measured. Based on the 18FBPA PET data, we then estimated the changes in the 10B concentrations of the organs when the injection of a therapeutic dose of 10BPA-fructose complex (10BPA-fr; 30 g, 500 mg/kg body weight) was assumed. RESULTS The maximum mean 18FBPA concentrations were reached at 2-6 min after injection in all the organs except the brain and urinary bladder. The mean 18FBPA concentration in normal brain plateaued at 24 min after injection. When the injection of a therapeutic dose of 10BPA-fr was assumed, the estimated mean 10B concentration in the kidney increased to 126.1 ± 24.2 ppm at 3 min after injection and then rapidly decreased to 30.9 ± 7.4 ppm at 53 min. The estimated mean 10B concentration in the bladder gradually increased and reached 383.6 ± 214.7 ppm at 51 min. The mean 10B concentration in the brain was estimated to be 7.6 ± 1.5 ppm at 57 min. CONCLUSIONS 18FBPA PET has a potential to estimate 10B concentration of normal organs before neutron irradiation of BNCT when several assumptions are validated in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eku Shimosegawa
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
| | - Kayako Isohashi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | - Jun Hatazawa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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25
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Kikuchi S, Kanoh D, Sato S, Sakurai Y, Suzuki M, Nakamura H. Maleimide-functionalized closo-dodecaborate albumin conjugates (MID-AC): Unique ligation at cysteine and lysine residues enables efficient boron delivery to tumor for neutron capture therapy. J Control Release 2016; 237:160-7. [PMID: 27422608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maleimide-conjugating closo-dodecaborate sodium form 5c (MID) synthesized by the nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of closo-dodecaborate-1,4-dioxane complex 2 with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) azide was found to conjugate to free SH of cysteine and lysine residues in BSA under physiological conditions, forming highly boronated BSA that showed high and selective accumulation in tumor and significant tumor growth inhibition in colon 26 tumor-bearing mice subjected to thermal neutron irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kikuchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sakurai
- Department of Radiation Life Science and Radiation Medical Science, Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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