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Water- and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates of temperate grass pastures: a review of factors affecting concentration and composition. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 110:103866. [PMID: 35017041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperate grasses contain both water- and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates. Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) of temperate grasses include glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans (fructose polymers) of varying lengths. Ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESCs) consist of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and shorter fructans. WSCs and ESCs have been implicated in equine pasture-associated laminitis and other metabolic disorders. In this paper, the peer-reviewed literature of the past decade was summarized for selected factors influencing concentrations and composition of WSCs and ESCs in temperate grasses. WSC concentrations tended to increase under cool temperatures and during cooler seasons. WSC and ESC concentrations generally increased from morning to evening with a range of -20 to 74 g/kg DM for WSCs. Cultivar choice had variable effects on WSC concentrations. Frequent defoliation usually lowered WSC and fructan concentrations. Nitrogen application increased or decreased WSC concentrations, depending on the amount applied and the grass cultivars. Water stress had variable effects on WSC concentration and composition. Multiple factors should be considered before assuming how certain management or environmental conditions will affect WSCs, ESCs, or individual carbohydrates.
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Kagan IA. Soluble phenolic compounds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.): Potential effects on animal performance, and challenges in determining profiles and concentrations. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Singh R, Upadhyay A, Singh DV, Singh JS, Singh D. Photosynthetic performance, nutrient status and lipid yield of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorococcum humicola under UV-B exposure. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Tripp EA, Zhuang Y, Schreiber M, Stone H, Berardi AE. Evolutionary and ecological drivers of plant flavonoids across a large latitudinal gradient. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 128:147-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang ZS, Jin LQ, Li YT, Tikkanen M, Li QM, Ai XZ, Gao HY. Ultraviolet-B Radiation (UV-B) Relieves Chilling-Light-Induced PSI Photoinhibition And Accelerates The Recovery Of CO 2 Assimilation In Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Leaves. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34455. [PMID: 27686324 PMCID: PMC5043378 DOI: 10.1038/srep34455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is generally considered to negatively impact the photosynthetic apparatus and plant growth. UV-B damages PSII but does not directly influence PSI. However, PSI and PSII successively drive photosynthetic electron transfer, therefore, the interaction between these systems is unavoidable. So we speculated that UV-B could indirectly affect PSI under chilling-light conditions. To test this hypothesis, the cucumber leaves were illuminated by UV-B prior or during the chilling-light treatment, and the leaves were then transferred to 25 °C and low-light conditions for recovery. The results showed that UV-B decreased the electron transfer to PSI by inactivating the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), thereby protecting PSI from chilling-light-induced photoinhibition. This effect advantages the recoveries of PSI and CO2 assimilation after chilling-light stress, therefore should minimize the yield loss caused by chilling-light stress. Because sunlight consists of both UV-B and visible light, we suggest that UV-B-induced OEC inactivation is critical for chilling-light-induced PSI photoinhibition in field. Moreover, additional UV-B irradiation is an effective strategy to relieve PSI photoinhibition and yield loss in protected cultivation during winter. This study also demonstrates that minimizing the photoinhibition of PSI rather than that of PSII is essential for the chilling-light tolerance of the plant photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Shan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li-Qiao Jin
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ting Li
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Qing-Ming Li
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xi-Zhen Ai
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- State Key Lab of Crop Biology, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Kataria S, Jajoo A, Guruprasad KN. Impact of increasing Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthetic processes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 137:55-66. [PMID: 24725638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased UV-B radiation on the earth's surface due to depletion of stratospheric ozone layer is one of the changes of current climate-change pattern. The deleterious effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and photosynthetic productivity of plants are reviewed. Perusal of relevant literature reveals that UV-B radiation inflicts damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of green plants at multiple sites. The sites of damage include oxygen evolving complex, D1/D2 reaction center proteins and other components on the donor and acceptor sides of PS II. The radiation inactivates light harvesting complex II and alters gene expression for synthesis of PS II reaction center proteins. Mn cluster of water oxidation complex is the most important primary target of UV-B stress whereas D1 and D2 proteins, quinone molecules and cytochrome b are the subsequent targets of UV-B. In addition, photosynthetic carbon reduction is also sensitive to UV-B radiation which has a direct effect on the activity and content of Rubisco. Some indirect effects of UV-B radiation include changes in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and leaf and canopy morphology. The failure of protective mechanisms makes PS II further vulnerable to the UV-B radiation. Reactive oxygen species are involved in UV-B induced responses in plants, both as signaling and damaging agents. Exclusion of ambient UV components under field conditions results in the enhancement of the rate of photosynthesis, PS II efficiency and subsequently increases the biomass accumulation and crop yield. It is concluded that predicted future increase in UV-B irradiation will have significant impact on the photosynthetic efficiency and the productivity of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Kataria
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India.
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
| | - Kadur N Guruprasad
- School of Life Science, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
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Willems H, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid in meat and adipose tissue of grazing lambs differ among alpine pasture types with contrasting plant species and phenolic compound composition. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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