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Prolonged On-Vine vs. Cold of Actinidia eriantha: Differences in Fruit Quality and Aroma Substances during Soft Ripening Stage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182860. [PMID: 36140991 PMCID: PMC9497916 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find an efficient, economical and feasible method for soft ripening storage of kiwifruit, two softening methods (on-vine, cold) were utilized for the ‘Ganlv-2’ kiwifruit (Actinidia. eriantha) cultivar. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the quality changes in ‘Ganlv-2’ under different methods after fruit ripening by principal component analysis and mathematical modeling. Compared to kiwifruit under cold softening, kiwifruit treated with on-vine soft ripening had slightly greater sugar-acid ratios and flesh firmness and higher contents of dry matter, soluble solids, and soluble sugar. The titratable acid content was slightly lower in the on-vine group than in the cold group. The sensory evaluation results manifested little difference in fruit flavor between the two groups. However, at the end of the trial, the overripe taste of the on-vine group was lighter and the taste was sweeter than those of the cold group. More aromatic substances were emitted from the kiwifruit in the on-vine group. According to the mathematic model, there was no significant difference in fruit quality and flavor between the on-vine and traditional cold groups. The fruit in the on-vine group had a stronger flavor and lighter overripe flavor when they reached the edible state. This paper provided a novel storage method of A. eriantha, it can reduce the cost of traditional cold storage and reduce the pressure on centralized harvesting, and the feasibility of this method was verified from the fruit quality.
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Simon J, Baptiste C, Lartaud M, Verdeil JL, Brunel B, Vercambre G, Génard M, Cardoso M, Alibert E, Goze-Bac C, Bertin N. Pedicel anatomy and histology in tomato vary according to genotype and water-deficit environment, affecting fruit mass. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111313. [PMID: 35696913 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth and composition of fleshy fruits depend on resource acquisition and distribution in the plant. In tomato, the pedicel serves as the final connection between plant and fruit. However, very few quantitative data are available for the conducting tissues of the pedicel, nor is their genetic variability known. In the present study, a histological approach was combined with process-based modeling to evaluate the potential contribution made by the anatomy and histology of the pedicel to variations in fruit mass. Eleven genotypes were characterized and the impact of water deficit was studied for a single genotype using stress intensity and stage of application as variables. The results highlighted extensive variations in the relative proportions of the different pedicel tissues and in the absolute areas of xylem and phloem between genotypes. The model suggests that the variations in the area of the pedicel's vascular tissues induced by differences in genotype and water-deficit environments partly contributed to fruit mass variability. They therefore warrant phenotyping for use in the development of plant strains adapted to future environmental constraints. The results also demonstrated the need to develop non-invasive in vivo measurement methods to establish the number and size of active vessels and the flow rates in these vessels to improve prediction of water fluxes in plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Simon
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France; Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | - Béatrice Brunel
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Michel Génard
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
| | - Maïda Cardoso
- Université Montpellier, BNIF Imaging Facility, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Eric Alibert
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Christophe Goze-Bac
- Université Montpellier-CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb UMR 5221, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France.
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Chen J, Beauvoit B, Génard M, Colombié S, Moing A, Vercambre G, Gomès E, Gibon Y, Dai Z. Modelling predicts tomatoes can be bigger and sweeter if biophysical factors and transmembrane transports are fine-tuned during fruit development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1489-1502. [PMID: 33550584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between yield and quality, a major problem for the production of fleshy fruits, involves fruit expansive growth and sugar metabolism. Here we developed an integrative model by coupling a biophysical model of fleshy fruit growth processes, including water and carbon fluxes and organ expansion, with an enzyme-based kinetic model of sugar metabolism to better understand the interactions between these two processes. The integrative model was initially tested on tomato fruit, a model system for fleshy fruit. The integrative model closely simulated the biomass and major carbon metabolites of tomato fruit developing under optimal or stress conditions. The model also performed robustly when simulating the fruit size and sugar concentrations of different tomato genotypes including wild species. The validated model was used to explore ways of uncoupling the size-sweetness trade-off in fruit. Model-based virtual experiments suggested that larger sweeter tomatoes could be obtained by simultaneously manipulating certain biophysical factors and transmembrane transports. The integrative fleshy fruit model provides a promising tool to facilitate the targeted bioengineering and breeding of tomatoes and other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Michel Génard
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Annick Moing
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon Cedex 9, F-84914, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- INRAE, Bordeaux Science Agro, EGFV, UMR 1287, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Grape Science and Enology and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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van den Herik B, Bergonzi S, Bachem CWB, ten Tusscher K. Modelling the physiological relevance of sucrose export repression by an Flowering Time homolog in the long-distance phloem of potato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:792-806. [PMID: 33314152 PMCID: PMC7986384 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Yield of harvestable plant organs depends on photosynthetic assimilate production in source leaves, long-distance sucrose transport and sink-strength. While photosynthesis optimization has received considerable interest for optimizing plant yield, the potential for improving long-distance sucrose transport has received far less attention. Interestingly, a recent potato study demonstrates that the tuberigen StSP6A binds to and reduces activity of the StSWEET11 sucrose exporter. While the study suggested that reducing phloem sucrose efflux may enhance tuber yield, the precise mechanism and physiological relevance of this effect remained an open question. Here, we develop the first mechanistic model for sucrose transport, parameterized for potato plants. The model incorporates SWEET-mediated sucrose export, SUT-mediated sucrose retrieval from the apoplast and StSP6A-StSWEET11 interactions. Using this model, we were able to substantiate the physiological relevance of the StSP6A-StSWEET11 interaction in the long-distance phloem for potato tuber yield, as well as to show the non-linear nature of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van den Herik
- Computational Developmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sara Bergonzi
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Tijskens LMM, van Mourik S, Dieleman JA, Schouten RE. Size development of tomatoes growing in trusses: linking time of fruit set to diameter. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4020-4028. [PMID: 32338374 PMCID: PMC7384071 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Size of fruit is an important issue in determining yield at harvest. Even under controlled conditions, variation between fruit and trusses can be considerable. As an easy to measure indication of size, the diameter of tomatoes growing in trusses was assessed in three experiments with different number of tomatoes per truss, as well as cultivars, and also by varying the level of ions in the recirculated drain water. RESULTS By applying the von Bertalanffy growth model, more than 99% of the variation present could be explained by the time of fruit set for all tomatoes growing anywhere in the trusses. A linear relationship between time of fruit set and the biological shift factor, an indication of developmental age, was observed. Integrating this linear relationship in the analysis of the diameter data removed one stochastic variable (biological shift factor), effectively halving the number of parameters to be estimated. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that the major part of the variation present in the diameter of tomatoes growing in trusses is the result of variation in the time of fruit set of individual fruits. The position within the greenhouse (i.e. local differences in assimilates supply) exerted only a minor effect on diameter development. Accordingly, the time of fruit set largely determines fruit size. Likely, growing conditions before fruit set are crucial for final fruit size. The time of fruit set of each tomato in the truss and the local growing conditions within the greenhouse that affect assimilate supply need to be assessed accurately for a reliable size prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M M Tijskens
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - S van Mourik
- Farm TechnologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - J A Dieleman
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - R E Schouten
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Constantinescu D, Vercambre G, Génard M. Model-assisted analysis of the peach pedicel-fruit system suggests regulation of sugar uptake and a water-saving strategy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3463-3474. [PMID: 32420599 PMCID: PMC7307860 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a model based on the biophysical representation of water and sugar flows between the pedicel, fruit xylem and phloem, and the fruit apoplast and symplast in order to identify diurnal patterns of transport in the pedicel-fruit system of peach. The model predicts that during the night water is mainly imported to the fruit through the xylem, and that fruit phloem-xylem transfer of water allows sugar concentrations in the phloem to be higher in the fruit than in the pedicel. This results in relatively high sugar transport to the fruit apoplast, leading to relatively high sugar uptake by the fruit symplast despite low sugar concentrations in the pedicel. At midday, the model predicts a xylem backflow of water driven by a lower pressure potential in the xylem than in the fruit apoplast. In addition, fruit xylem-to-phloem transfer of water decreases the fruit phloem sugar concentration, resulting in moderate sugar uptake by the fruit symplast, despite the high sugar concentration in the pedicel. Globally, the predicted fruit xylem-phloem water transfers buffer the sugar concentrations in the fruit phloem and apoplast, leading to a diurnally regulated uptake of sugar. A possible fruit xylem-to-apoplast recirculation of water through the fruit phloem reduces water lost by xylem backflow at midday.
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Roch L, Dai Z, Gomès E, Bernillon S, Wang J, Gibon Y, Moing A. Fruit Salad in the Lab: Comparing Botanical Species to Help Deciphering Fruit Primary Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:836. [PMID: 31354750 PMCID: PMC6632546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although fleshy fruit species are economically important worldwide and crucial for human nutrition, the regulation of their fruit metabolism remains to be described finely. Fruit species differ in the origin of the tissue constituting the flesh, duration of fruit development, coordination of ripening changes (climacteric vs. non-climacteric type) and biochemical composition at ripeness is linked to sweetness and acidity. The main constituents of mature fruit result from different strategies of carbon transport and metabolism. Thus, the timing and nature of phloem loading and unloading can largely differ from one species to another. Furthermore, accumulations and transformations of major soluble sugars, organic acids, amino acids, starch and cell walls are very variable among fruit species. Comparing fruit species therefore appears as a valuable way to get a better understanding of metabolism. On the one hand, the comparison of results of studies about species of different botanical families allows pointing the drivers of sugar or organic acid accumulation but this kind of comparison is often hampered by heterogeneous analysis approaches applied in each study and incomplete dataset. On the other hand, cross-species studies remain rare but have brought new insights into key aspects of primary metabolism regulation. In addition, new tools for multi-species comparisons are currently emerging, including meta-analyses or re-use of shared metabolic or genomic data, and comparative metabolic flux or process-based modeling. All these approaches contribute to the identification of the metabolic factors that influence fruit growth and quality, in order to adjust their levels with breeding or cultural practices, with respect to improving fruit traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Roch
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Gomès
- UMR 1287 EGFV, INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Plateforme Métabolome Bordeaux, CGFB, MetaboHUB-PHENOME, IBVM, Centre INRA de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Zhu J, Génard M, Poni S, Gambetta GA, Vivin P, Vercambre G, Trought MCT, Ollat N, Delrot S, Dai Z. Modelling grape growth in relation to whole-plant carbon and water fluxes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2505-2521. [PMID: 30357362 PMCID: PMC6487596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth of fleshy fruits is still poorly understood as a result of the complex integration of water and solute fluxes, cell structural properties, and the regulation of whole plant source-sink relationships. To unravel the contribution of these processes to berry growth, a biophysical grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry growth module was developed and integrated with a whole-plant functional-structural model, and was calibrated on two varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sangiovese. The model captured well the variations in growth and sugar accumulation caused by environmental conditions, changes in leaf-to-fruit ratio, plant water status, and varietal differences, with obvious future application in predicting yield and maturity under a variety of production contexts and regional climates. Our analyses illustrated that grapevines strive to maintain proper ripening by partially compensating for a reduced source-sink ratio, and that under drought an enhanced berry sucrose uptake capacity can reverse berry shrinkage. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the importance of phloem hydraulic conductance, sugar uptake, and surface transpiration on growth, while suggesting that cell wall extensibility and the turgor threshold for cell expansion had minor effects. This study demonstrates that this integrated model is a useful tool in understanding the integration and relative importance of different processes in driving fleshy fruit growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhu
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR) Marlborough, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Michel Génard
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Stefano Poni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Vivin
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Avignon, France
| | - Michael C T Trought
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR) Marlborough, Blenheim, New Zealand
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Zhanwu Dai
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Commisso M, Negri S, Bianconi M, Gambini S, Avesani S, Ceoldo S, Avesani L, Guzzo F. Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics and Tryptophan Decarboxylase In Vivo Characterization Provide Novel Insight on the Development of Kiwifruits ( Actinidia deliciosa). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E897. [PMID: 30791398 PMCID: PMC6413197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) is a commercially important crop with highly nutritional green fleshy fruits. The post-harvest maturation of the fruits is well characterized, but little is known about the metabolic changes that occur during fruit development. Here we used untargeted metabolomics to characterize the non-volatile metabolite profile of kiwifruits collected at different time points after anthesis, revealing profound metabolic changes before the onset of ripening including the depletion of many classes of phenolic compounds. In contrast, the phytohormone abscisic acid accumulated during development and ripening, along with two indolamines (serotonin and its precursor tryptamine), and these were monitored in greater detail by targeted metabolomics. The role of indolamines in kiwifruit development is completely unknown, so we also characterized the identity of genes encoding tryptophan decarboxylase in A. deliciosa and its close relative A. chinensis to provide insight into the corresponding biological processes. Our results indicate that abscisic acid and indolamines fulfill unrecognized functions in the development and ripening of kiwifruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Demethra Biotech, Strada dell'Innovazione 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043 Vicenza, Italy.
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Martino Bianconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Demethra Biotech, Strada dell'Innovazione 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043 Vicenza, Italy.
| | - Sofia Gambini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ceoldo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Finite Element Analysis of Coffea arabica L. var. Colombia Fruits for Selective Detachment Using Forced Vibrations. VIBRATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/vibration1010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a forced vibration analysis to evaluate the stresses at the pedicel interfaces of the fruit-peduncle system of Coffea arabica L. var. Colombia by means of finite element analysis. The real topology of the fruit-peduncle system was developed from a proposed numerical procedure to complete a dynamic analysis. The Young’s modulus of the fruit was approximated from firmness indices for all stages of ripening. Numerical computations were performed in the frequency range of 0 to 400 Hz and three vibration modes were identified in this bandwidth. Results show that the second natural frequency (128 Hz) is acceptable for stimulating the detachment of ripe fruits because the fruit-pedicel-peduncle system induces bending in the fruit interface. As a final conclusion, we determine that dynamic excitations between 120 and 150 Hz could permit selective stimulus of ripe fruits, since other ripening stages were not stimulated in this frequency range.
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11
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Constantinescu D, Memmah MM, Vercambre G, Génard M, Baldazzi V, Causse M, Albert E, Brunel B, Valsesia P, Bertin N. Model-Assisted Estimation of the Genetic Variability in Physiological Parameters Related to Tomato Fruit Growth under Contrasted Water Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1841. [PMID: 28018381 PMCID: PMC5145867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major abiotic stress threatening plant and crop productivity. In case of fleshy fruits, understanding mechanisms governing water and carbon accumulations and identifying genes, QTLs and phenotypes, that will enable trade-offs between fruit growth and quality under Water Deficit (WD) condition is a crucial challenge for breeders and growers. In the present work, 117 recombinant inbred lines of a population of Solanum lycopersicum were phenotyped under control and WD conditions. Plant water status, fruit growth and composition were measured and data were used to calibrate a process-based model describing water and carbon fluxes in a growing fruit as a function of plant and environment. Eight genotype-dependent model parameters were estimated using a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm in order to minimize the prediction errors of fruit dry and fresh mass throughout fruit development. WD increased the fruit dry matter content (up to 85%) and decreased its fresh weight (up to 60%), big fruit size genotypes being the most sensitive. The mean normalized root mean squared errors of the predictions ranged between 16-18% in the population. Variability in model genotypic parameters allowed us to explore diverse genetic strategies in response to WD. An interesting group of genotypes could be discriminated in which (i) the low loss of fresh mass under WD was associated with high active uptake of sugars and low value of the maximum cell wall extensibility, and (ii) the high dry matter content in control treatment (C) was associated with a slow decrease of mass flow. Using 501 SNP markers genotyped across the genome, a QTL analysis of model parameters allowed to detect three main QTLs related to xylem and phloem conductivities, on chromosomes 2, 4, and 8. The model was then applied to design ideotypes with high dry matter content in C condition and low fresh mass loss in WD condition. The ideotypes outperformed the RILs especially for large and medium fruit-size genotypes, by combining high pedicel conductance and high active uptake of sugars. Interestingly, five small fruit-size RILs were close to the selected ideotypes, and likely bear interesting traits and alleles for adaptation to WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Constantinescu
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Mohamed-Mahmoud Memmah
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Michel Génard
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Valentina Baldazzi
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- Unité Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Centre PACAMontfavet, France
| | - Elise Albert
- Unité Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique – Centre PACAMontfavet, France
| | - Béatrice Brunel
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Pierre Valsesia
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
| | - Nadia Bertin
- Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Centre PACAAvignon, France
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Savage JA, Clearwater MJ, Haines DF, Klein T, Mencuccini M, Sevanto S, Turgeon R, Zhang C. Allocation, stress tolerance and carbon transport in plants: how does phloem physiology affect plant ecology? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:709-25. [PMID: 26147312 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of carbon transport in whole plant physiology and its impact on plant-environment interactions and ecosystem function, relatively little research has tried to examine how phloem physiology impacts plant ecology. In this review, we highlight several areas of active research where inquiry into phloem physiology has increased our understanding of whole plant function and ecological processes. We consider how xylem-phloem interactions impact plant drought tolerance and reproduction, how phloem transport influences carbon allocation in trees and carbon cycling in ecosystems and how phloem function mediates plant relations with insects, pests, microbes and symbiotes. We argue that in spite of challenges that exist in studying phloem physiology, it is critical that we consider the role of this dynamic vascular system when examining the relationship between plants and their biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | | | - Dustin F Haines
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, EH9 3JN, Edinburgh, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, Campus de UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08023, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Knipfer T, Fei J, Gambetta GA, McElrone AJ, Shackel KA, Matthews MA. Water Transport Properties of the Grape Pedicel during Fruit Development: Insights into Xylem Anatomy and Function Using Microtomography. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1590-602. [PMID: 26077763 PMCID: PMC4528730 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Xylem flow of water into fruits declines during fruit development, and the literature indicates a corresponding increase in hydraulic resistance in the pedicel. However, it is unknown how pedicel hydraulics change developmentally in relation to xylem anatomy and function. In this study on grape (Vitis vinifera), we determined pedicel hydraulic conductivity (kh) from pressure-flow relationships using hydrostatic and osmotic forces and investigated xylem anatomy and function using fluorescent light microscopy and x-ray computed microtomography. Hydrostatic kh (xylem pathway) was consistently 4 orders of magnitude greater than osmotic kh (intracellular pathway), but both declined before veraison by approximately 40% and substantially over fruit development. Hydrostatic kh declined most gradually for low (less than 0.08 MPa) pressures and for water inflow and outflow conditions. Specific kh (per xylem area) decreased in a similar fashion to kh despite substantial increases in xylem area. X-ray computed microtomography images provided direct evidence that losses in pedicel kh were associated with blockages in vessel elements, whereas air embolisms were negligible. However, vessel elements were interconnected and some remained continuous postveraison, suggesting that across the grape pedicel, a xylem pathway of reduced kh remains functional late into berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Jiong Fei
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Kenneth A Shackel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
| | - Mark A Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology (T.K., J.F., G.A.G., A.J.M., M.A.M.) and Department of Plant Sciences/Pomology (K.A.S.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andUnited States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95616 (A.J.M.)
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Hanssens J, DE Swaef T, Steppe K. High light decreases xylem contribution to fruit growth in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:487-98. [PMID: 25039478 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, contradicting evidence has been reported on the contribution of xylem and phloem influx into tomato fruits, urging the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in fruit growth. So far, little research has been performed on quantifying the effect of light intensity on the different contributors to the fruit water balance. However, as light intensity affects both transpiration and photosynthesis, it might be expected to induce important changes in the fruit water balance. In this study, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in light and shade conditions and the fruit water balance was studied by measuring fruit growth of girdled and intact fruits with linear variable displacement transducers combined with a model-based approach. Results indicated that the relative xylem contribution significantly increased when shading lowered light intensity. This resulted from both a higher xylem influx and a lower phloem influx during the daytime. Plants from the shade treatment were able to maintain a stronger gradient in total water potential between stem and fruits during daytime, thereby promoting xylem influx. It appeared that the xylem pathway was still functional at 35 days after anthesis and that relative xylem contribution was strongly affected by environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Hanssens
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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