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Rhimi W, Chebil W, Ugochukwu ICI, Babba H, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Comparison of virulence factors and susceptibility profiles of Malassezia furfur from pityriasis versicolor patients and bloodstream infections of preterm infants. Med Mycol 2022; 61:6982906. [PMID: 36626926 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the increasing medical interest in Malassezia yeasts, the virulence factors of Malassezia furfur causing bloodstream infections (BSI) were never investigated. Therefore, phospholipase (Pz), lipase (Lz), hemolysin (Hz), biofilm production, and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles were evaluated in M. furfur strains, isolated from both pityriasis versicolor (PV) patients (n = 18; Group 1) or from preterm infants BSI (n = 21; Group 2). All the test stains exhibited Pz activity, whereas 92.3% and 97.4% of strains exhibited Lz and Hz activities, respectively. Pz, Lz, and Hz activities were higher (i.e., lower values) within Group 1 strains (i.e., 0.48, 0.40, and 0.77) than those within Group 2 (i.e., 0.54, 0.54, and 0.81). The biofilm production was higher within Malassezia isolates from Group 2 (0.95 ± 0.3) than from Group 1 (0.72 ± 0.4). Itraconazole and posaconazole were the most active drugs against M. furfur, followed by amphotericin B and fluconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values varied according to the origin of M. furfur strains being statistically lower in M. furfur from Group 1 than from Group 2. This study suggests that M. furfur strains produce hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm when causing PV and BSI. Data show that the phospholipase activity, biofilm production, and a reduced antifungal susceptibility profile might favor M. furfur BSI, whereas lipase and hemolytic activities might display a synergic role in skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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2
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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3
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Tetsuka N, Muramatsu H, Iguchi M, Oka K, Morioka H, Takahashi Y, Yagi T. Difficulties in diagnosing Malassezia furfur bloodstream infection and possibility of spontaneous resolution in a patient undergoing chemotherapy for neuroblastoma: A case report. J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:987-990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A CLOSER LOOK AT THE MYCOBIOME IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: FUNGAL SPECIES, PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSION. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1291-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
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5
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The human fungal pathogen Malassezia and its role in cancer. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Laokor N, Juntachai W. Exploring the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of Zingiberaceae rhizome extracts against Malassezia furfur. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114354. [PMID: 34157325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhizomes from members of Zingiberaceae have long been used in Thai traditional medicine to treat cutaneous fungal infections, including Malassezia-related skin disorders. Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa, Zingiber cassumunar, and Zingiber officinale are particularly popular in folk remedies. AIM OF THE STUDY On account of the application background in traditional medicine, the present study aims to screen and determine the composition and possible mechanism of the rhizome extracts of selected Zingiberaceae and corresponding fractions against M. furfur. MATERIALS AND METHODS All solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane) obtained from each plant were screened for anti-Malassezia activity by agar disc diffusion assay. The MIC and MFC values of the potent rhizome extract and its bioactive fraction isolated by TLC were determined using broth dilution assay followed by chemical characterization using GC-MS. The anti-Malassezia mechanism was investigated by macroscopic and microscopic observation of cells grown in the yeast phase and hyphal phase. RESULTS The primary screening results showed that the n-hexane extract from A. galanga possessed the most significant anti-Malassezia activity. The MIC and MFC values of this extract were in a range of 0.04-0.08 mg/mL and 0.04-0.16 mg/mL, respectively. The TLC purification of the n-hexane extract from A. galanga gave a total of nine fractions, of which only a single exhibited anti-Malassezia activity. The GC-MS analysis of the rhizome extract and the derivative fraction revealed that the major constituents were (2,6-dimethylphenyl)borate followed by a trace content of 1,8-cineol and hydrocarbons. For the antifungal mechanism of the fraction, treatments of the fraction led to morphological changes in cell size and shape, exerted massive vacuoles in yeast form, and inhibited the transition to hyphae but not likely affected chitin contents of the cell wall of M. furfur. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, the n-hexane extract of A. galanga rhizome exhibits promising anti-Malassezia potential. The inhibitory effect on virulent hyphal growth supports that A. galanga is a valuable source of natural antifungal agents for further pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthavadh Laokor
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Juntachai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Cao B, Haelewaters D, Schoutteten N, Begerow D, Boekhout T, Giachini AJ, Gorjón SP, Gunde-Cimerman N, Hyde KD, Kemler M, Li GJ, Liu DM, Liu XZ, Nuytinck J, Papp V, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Tedersoo L, Theelen B, Thines M, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Urón JP, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Yurkov AM, Zamora JC, Zhao RL. Delimiting species in Basidiomycota: a review. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Invasive infections with emerging yeasts such as Geotrichum, Saprochaete/Magnusiomyces, Trichosporon, and other species are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Due to the rarity and heterogeneity of these yeasts, medical mycology has lacked guidance in critical areas affecting patient management. Now, physicians and life scientists from multiple disciplines and all world regions have united their expertise to create the "Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare yeast infections: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology and the American Society for Microbiology." Recommendations are stratified for high- and low-resource settings and are therefore applicable worldwide. The advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods and treatment options are outlined. This guideline reflects the current best-practice management for invasive rare yeast infections in a range of settings, with the intent of establishing a global standard of care for laboratorians and clinicians alike.
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Duy Nguyen B, Thi Thanh Vo H, Dinh Thi Thanh M, Van Vu T, Thi Thanh Lai T, Thi Nguyen M, Thi Hong Bui A, Van Trinh K, Ba Cao L, Tien Trieu S, Thi Kim Le D, Cao Hoang S, Tran Le A, Khac Nguyen L, Ngoc Do A. Epidemiological characterization of pityriasis versicolor and distribution of Malassezia species among students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 6:11-17. [PMID: 33628976 PMCID: PMC7888515 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.6.2.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a common fungal skin infection caused by Malassezia species. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of PV is influenced by geographic factors. The aim of the current study was to find the epidemiological characteristics of PV and distribution of Malassezia species in the secondary school students living in Hai Phong city, Vietnam. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 1357 students within the age range of 10 - 16 years selected from four secondary schools in Hai Phong city. The students were screened for PV skin lesions from August 2016 to December 2017. The isolates of Malassezia from PV patients were analyzed by performing direct microscopy and culturing on modified Dixon agar plates, containing gentamicin, at 32oC for 7 days. In the next stage, the fungal strains obtained from patients with positive fungal cultures were identified using the CHROMagarTM Malassezia medium, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques, and D1/D2 rDNA genome sequencing. Results: Pityriasis versicolor was diagnosed in 305 (22.48%) students and confirmed by clinical appearance and direct examination.
A total of 293 (96.07%) samples grew on modified Dixon agar. With regard to demographic characteristics,
50.49% of the PV cases were female, and 57.38% of cases resided in urban areas. Furthermore, 88.52% of the subjects had the illness
duration of more than 6 months. Hypopigmented and erythematous skin lesions were also observed in the research participants,
with hypopigmentation being the most frequent condition (97.05%). Most of the Malassezia fungal strains were isolated from the back (39.56%),
face (23.99%), and chest (16.51%). Malassezia furfur and M. japonica accounted
for PV in 96.25% and 3.75% of the cases, respectively. Furthermore, Malassezia furfur was distributed
in both rural and urban areas, while M. japonica was found only in the urban areas. Conclusion: The findings of the present study were indicative of the high prevalence of Malassezia yeasts, mostly M. furfur,
among the students in Hai Phong city, Vietnam
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Affiliation(s)
- Bac Duy Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute for Military Medical Research, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thi Thanh Vo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Mai Dinh Thi Thanh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Thai Van Vu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Lai
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Mui Thi Nguyen
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Hong Bui
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Khuong Van Trinh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Loi Ba Cao
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, National Institute of Malaria Parasitology and Entomology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Sang Tien Trieu
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Thi Kim Le
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Sa Cao Hoang
- Ha Noi University of Public Health, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Tran Le
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Luc Khac Nguyen
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Do
- Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute for Military Medical Research, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Military Medical University, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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10
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Use of Essential Oils in Veterinary Medicine to Combat Bacterial and Fungal Infections. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E193. [PMID: 33266079 PMCID: PMC7712454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites of plants employed in folk medicine for a long time thanks to their multiple properties. In the last years, their use has been introduced in veterinary medicine, too. The study of the antibacterial properties of EOs is of increasing interest, because therapies with alternative drugs are welcome to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Other issues could be resolved by EOs employment, such as the presence of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin and in environment. Although the in vitro antimicrobial activity of EOs has been frequently demonstrated in studies carried out on bacterial and fungal strains of different origins, there is a lack of information about their effectiveness in treating infections in animals. The scientific literature reports some studies about in vitro EOs' activity against animal clinical bacterial and fungal isolates, but in vivo studies are very scanty. The use of EOs in therapy of companion and farm animals should follow careful studies on the toxicity of these natural products in relation to animal species and route of administration. Moreover, considering the different behavior of EOs in relation to both species and strain pathogen, before starting a therapy, an aromatogram should be executed to choose the oil with the best antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Torres M, de Cock H, Celis Ramírez AM. In Vitro or In Vivo Models, the Next Frontier for Unraveling Interactions between Malassezia spp. and Hosts. How Much Do We Know? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030155. [PMID: 32872112 PMCID: PMC7558575 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is a lipid-dependent genus of yeasts known for being an important part of the skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with the development of skin disorders and cataloged as a causal agent of systemic infections under specific conditions, making them opportunistic pathogens. Little is known about the host-microbe interactions of Malassezia spp., and unraveling this implies the implementation of infection models. In this mini review, we present different models that have been implemented in fungal infections studies with greater attention to Malassezia spp. infections. These models range from in vitro (cell cultures and ex vivo tissue), to in vivo (murine models, rabbits, guinea pigs, insects, nematodes, and amoebas). We additionally highlight the alternative models that reduce the use of mammals as model organisms, which have been gaining importance in the study of fungal host-microbe interactions. This is due to the fact that these systems have been shown to have reliable results, which correlate with those obtained from mammalian models. Examples of alternative models are Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Tenebrio molitor, and Galleria mellonella. These are invertebrates that have been implemented in the study of Malassezia spp. infections in order to identify differences in virulence between Malassezia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 N° 18A—12, Bogotá, Bogotá D.C. 11711, Colombia;
| | - Hans de Cock
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 N° 18A—12, Bogotá, Bogotá D.C. 11711, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Rhimi W, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Malassezia spp. Yeasts of Emerging Concern in Fungemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:370. [PMID: 32850475 PMCID: PMC7399178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are lipid-dependent yeasts, inhabiting the skin and mucosa of humans and animals. They are involved in a variety of skin disorders in humans and animals and may cause bloodstream infections in severely immunocompromised patients. Despite a tremendous increase in scientific knowledge of these yeasts during the last two decades, the epidemiology of Malassezia spp. related to fungemia remains largely underestimated most likely due to the difficulty in the isolation of these yeasts species due to their lipid-dependence. This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on Malassezia spp. infection and fungemia, its occurrence, pathogenicity mechanisms, diagnostic methods, in vitro susceptibility testing and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Bart Theelen
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.,The Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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13
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Rhimi W, Inyang Aneke C, Mosca A, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. In Vitro Azole and Amphotericin B Susceptibilities of Malassezia furfur from Bloodstream Infections Using E-Test and CLSI Broth Microdilution Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E361. [PMID: 32604712 PMCID: PMC7345317 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of reports of Malassezia furfur bloodstream infections is constantly increasing and there is a need for more simple antifungal susceptibility methods for their management. In this study, a total of 39 M. furfur isolates collected from hospitalized patients with fungemia were screened for antifungal susceptibility to azole and amphotericin B (AmB) using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution (CLSI BMD) and E-test in Sabouraud dextrose agar + 1% Tween80 (SDAt) and mDixon agar (DIX). Essential agreement (EA) and discrepancies between the two methods were evaluated after 48 h and 72 h reading times. Itraconazole (ITZ) and posaconazole (POS) displayed the lowest MIC values whereas fluconazole (FLZ) and AmB the highest, regardless of the methods and the reading time. The EA between BMD was >95% for FLZ and voriconazole (VOR) regardless of the media in the E-tests and reading time. The EA between BMD with E-test for AmB was >97% only when E-test in SDAt was used. The EA between BMD and E-test for ITZ and POS varied according to the media in E-test procedures and the reading time and was higher than 66.6% (POS) or 72% (ITZ) only when SABt was used. Substantial discrepancies for ITZ and POS were >5.1% regardless of the media and the reading time. This study suggests that the E-test in SABt represents an alternative method to CLSI BMD to evaluate the susceptibility of M. furfur to FLZ, VOR and AmB and not for ITZ and POS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Adriana Mosca
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Bari, Italy
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14
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Spatz M, Richard ML. Overview of the Potential Role of Malassezia in Gut Health and Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:201. [PMID: 32528901 PMCID: PMC7265801 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia is the most prevalent fungus identified in the human skin microbiota; originally described at the end of the nineteenth century, this genus is composed of at least 14 species. The role of Malassezia on the skin remains controversial because this genus has been associated with both healthy skin and pathologies (dermatitis, eczema, etc.). However, with the recent development of next-generation sequencing methods, allowing the description of the fungal diversity of various microbiota, Malassezia has also been identified as a resident fungus of diverse niches such as the gut or breast milk. A potential role for Malassezia in gut inflammation and cancer has also been suggested by recent studies. The aim of this review is to describe the findings on Malassezia in these unusual niches, to investigate what is known of the adaptation of Malassezia to the gut environment and to speculate on the role of this yeast in the host physiology specifically related to the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Spatz
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Torres M, Pinzón EN, Rey FM, Martinez H, Parra Giraldo CM, Celis Ramírez AM. Galleria mellonella as a Novelty in vivo Model of Host-Pathogen Interaction for Malassezia furfur CBS 1878 and Malassezia pachydermatis CBS 1879. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:199. [PMID: 32432057 PMCID: PMC7214729 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia furfur and Malassezia pachydermatis are lipophilic and lipid dependent yeasts, associated with the skin microbiota in humans and domestic animals, respectively. Although they are commensals, under specific conditions they become pathogens, causing skin conditions, such as pityriasis versicolor, dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis in humans, and dermatitis and otitis in dogs. Additionally, these species are associated with fungemia in immunocompromised patients and low-weight neonates in intensive care units with intravenous catheters or with parenteral nutrition and that are under-treatment of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The host-pathogen interaction mechanism in these yeasts is still unclear; for this reason, it is necessary to implement suitable new host systems, such as Galleria mellonella. This infection model has been widely used to assess virulence, host-pathogen interaction, and antimicrobial activity in bacteria and fungi. Some advantages of the G. mellonella model are: (1) the immune response has phagocytic cells and antimicrobial peptides that are similar to those in the innate immune response of human beings; (2) no ethical implications; (3) low cost; and (4) easy to handle and inoculate. This study aims to establish G. mellonella as an in vivo infection model for M. furfur and M. pachydermatis. To achieve this objective, first, G. mellonella larvae were first inoculated with different inoculum concentrations of these two Malassezia species, 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL, 1.5 × 107 CFU/mL, 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL, and 11.5 × 109 CFU/mL, and incubated at 33 and 37°C. Then, for 15 days, the mortality and melanization were evaluated daily. Finally, the characterization of hemocytes and fungal burden assessment were as carried out. It was found that at 33 and 37°C both M. furfur and M. pachydermatis successfully established a systemic infection in G. mellonella. M. pachydermatis proved to be slightly more virulent than M. furfur at a temperature of 37°C. The results suggest that larvae mortality and melanization is dependent on the specie of Malassezia, the inoculum concentration and the temperature. According to the findings, G. mellonella can be used as an in vivo model of infection to conduct easy and reliable approaches to boost our knowledge of the Malassezia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elkin Nicolás Pinzón
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flor Maria Rey
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Heydys Martinez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Marcela Parra Giraldo
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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