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Moustakas H, Date MS, Kumar M, Schultz TW, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Salvito DT, Api AM. An End Point-Specific Framework for Read-Across Analog Selection for Human Health Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2324-2334. [PMID: 36458907 PMCID: PMC9768807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Integrating computational chemistry and toxicology can improve the read-across analog approach to fill data gaps in chemical safety assessment. In read-across, structure-related parameters are compared between a target chemical with insufficient test data and one or more materials with sufficient data. Recent advances have focused on enhancing the grouping or clustering of chemicals to facilitate toxicity prediction via read-across. Analog selection ascertains relevant features, such as physical-chemical properties, toxicokinetic-related properties (bioavailability, metabolism, and degradation pathways), and toxicodynamic properties of chemicals with an emphasis on mechanisms or modes of action. However, each human health end point (genotoxicity, skin sensitization, phototoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and local respiratory toxicity) provides a different critical context for analog selection. Here six end point-specific, rule-based schemes are described. Each scheme creates an end point-specific workflow for filling the target material data gap by read-across. These schemes are intended to create a transparent rationale that supports the selected read-across analog(s) for the specific end point under study. This framework can systematically drive the selection of read-across analogs for each end point, thereby accelerating the safety assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Moustakas
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States,
| | - Mihir S. Date
- Roivant
Sciences, 151 W 42 St, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United
States
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Mars
Advanced Research Institute, Mars Incorporated, 110 Edison Pl, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Terry W. Schultz
- The
University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary
Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4500, United States
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, B3301A Medical Center North 465
21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6350, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Center
of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1315 Biomedical Research Building
(BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3083, United States
| | - Daniel T. Salvito
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
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Yang J, Liu D, Song X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Rao L, Fu L, Wang Z, Yang X, Li Y, Liu Y. Recent Progress of Cellulose-Based Hydrogel Photocatalysts and Their Applications. Gels 2022; 8:270. [PMID: 35621568 PMCID: PMC9141161 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of science and technology, photocatalytic technology is of great interest. Nanosized photocatalysts are easy to agglomerate in an aqueous solution, which is unfavorable for recycling. Therefore, hydrogel-based photocatalytic composites were born. Compared with other photocatalytic carriers, hydrogels have a three-dimensional network structure, high water absorption, and a controllable shape. Meanwhile, the high permeability of these composites is an effective way to promote photocatalysis technology by inhibiting nanoparticle photo corrosion, while significantly ensuring the catalytic activity of the photocatalysts. With the growing energy crisis and limited reserves of traditional energy sources such as oil, the attention of researchers was drawn to natural polymers. Like almost all abundant natural polymer compounds in the world, cellulose has the advantages of non-toxicity, degradability, and biocompatibility. It is used as a class of reproducible crude material for the preparation of hydrogel photocatalytic composites. The network structure and high hydroxyl active sites of cellulose-based hydrogels improve the adsorption performance of catalysts and avoid nanoparticle collisions, indirectly enhancing their photocatalytic performance. In this paper, we sum up the current research progress of cellulose-based hydrogels. After briefly discussing the properties and preparation methods of cellulose and its descendant hydrogels, we explore the effects of hydrogels on photocatalytic properties. Next, the cellulose-based hydrogel photocatalytic composites are classified according to the type of catalyst, and the research progress in different fields is reviewed. Finally, the challenges they will face are summarized, and the development trends are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaofang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yayang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Lu Rao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Lili Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Non-Power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (J.Y.); (D.L.); (X.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.R.); (L.F.); (Z.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Shao X, Cao HY, Zhao F, Peng M, Wang P, Li CY, Shi WL, Wei TD, Yuan Z, Zhang XH, Chen XL, Todd JD, Zhang YZ. Mechanistic insight into 3-methylmercaptopropionate metabolism and kinetical regulation of demethylation pathway in marine dimethylsulfoniopropionate-catabolizing bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1057-1073. [PMID: 30677184 PMCID: PMC6850173 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of oceanic dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is thought to be catabolized by bacteria via the DMSP demethylation pathway. This pathway contains four enzymes termed DmdA, DmdB, DmdC and DmdD/AcuH, which together catabolize DMSP to acetylaldehyde and methanethiol as carbon and sulfur sources respectively. While molecular mechanisms for DmdA and DmdD have been proposed, little is known of the catalytic mechanisms of DmdB and DmdC, which are central to this pathway. Here, we undertake physiological, structural and biochemical analyses to elucidate the catalytic mechanisms of DmdB and DmdC. DmdB, a 3-methylmercaptopropionate (MMPA)-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase, undergoes two sequential conformational changes to catalyze the ligation of MMPA and CoA. DmdC, a MMPA-CoA dehydrogenase, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of MMPA-CoA to generate MTA-CoA with Glu435 as the catalytic base. Sequence alignment suggests that the proposed catalytic mechanisms of DmdB and DmdC are likely widely adopted by bacteria using the DMSP demethylation pathway. Analysis of the substrate affinities of involved enzymes indicates that Roseobacters kinetically regulate the DMSP demethylation pathway to ensure DMSP functioning and catabolism in their cells. Altogether, this study sheds novel lights on the catalytic and regulative mechanisms of bacterial DMSP demethylation, leading to a better understanding of bacterial DMSP catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.,College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wei-Ling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tian-Di Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zenglin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jonathan D Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.,College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Acmella oleracea (L) R. K. Jansen Reproductive Toxicity in Zebrafish: An In Vivo and In Silico Assessment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1237301. [PMID: 30941185 PMCID: PMC6421050 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1237301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The plant species Acmella oleracea L. is used in the north of Brazil for the treatment of a range of illnesses, such as tuberculosis, flu, cough, and rheumatism and as an anti-inflammatory agent; besides, hydroethanolic formulations with this species are popularly used as a female aphrodisiac agent. However, currently, there are no studies performed evaluating its effect on embryonic development. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of A. oleracea (EHFAo) on the reproductive performance (parental) and embryonic development (F1 generation) of zebrafish, at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/L. Histopathology of parental gonads after 21 days of exposure to EHFAo reveals few alterations in the ovaries and testes, not impairing the reproduction; an increase of eggs deposition was observed in animals treated with EHFAo at the highest concentrations. Nevertheless, concerning the embryonic development of F1, teratogenic effects were observed including tail deformation, cardiac and yolk edema, scoliosis, and growth retardation; these alterations were more prominent in the groups born from progenitors exposed to the highest concentrations (100 and 200 μg/L.); but only the occurrence of yolk and cardiac edema had a statistically significant difference when compared to the control group. The chromatographic analysis shows that spilanthol (affinin) was the primary compound found in the EHFAo. Hence, in silico assessment was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of this molecule and 37 metabolites derived from it. Overall, our data show that the treatment caused no detrimental changes in progenitors regarding their gonads or fertility but caused some potentially teratogenic activity in embryos, which may be due to the action of spilanthol's metabolites M3, M6, M7, M8, M16, M28, and M31.
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Thompson CM, Suh M, Proctor DM, Chappell G, Borghoff S, Ellis-Hutchings R, Wiench K, Finch L. Assessment of the mode of action underlying development of forestomach tumors in rodents following oral exposure to ethyl acrylate and relevance to humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 96:178-189. [PMID: 29738809 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic repeated gavage dosing of high concentrations of ethyl acrylate (EA) causes forestomach tumors in rats and mice. For two decades, there has been general consensus that these tumors are unique to rodents because of: i) lack of carcinogenicity in other organs, ii) specificity to the forestomach (an organ unique to rodents which humans do not possess), iii) lack of carcinogenicity by other routes of exposure, and iv) obvious site of contact toxicity at carcinogenic doses. In 1986, EA was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). However, by applying a MOA analyses and human relevance framework assessment, the weight-of-evidence supports a cytotoxic MOA with the following key events: i) bolus delivery of EA to forestomach lumen and subsequent absorption, ii) cytotoxicity likely due to saturation of enzymatic detoxification, iii) chronic regenerative hyperplasia, and iv) spontaneous mutation due to increased cell replication and cell population. Clonal expansion of initiated cells thus results in late onset tumorigenesis. The key events in this 'wound and healing' MOA provide high confidence in the MOA as assessed by evolved Bradford-Hill Criteria. The weight-of-evidence supported by the proposed MOA, combined with a unique tissue that does not exist in humans, indicates that EA is highly unlikely to pose a human cancer hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States
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Suh M, Proctor D, Chappell G, Rager J, Thompson C, Borghoff S, Finch L, Ellis-Hutchings R, Wiench K. A review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic potentials of several lower acrylates. Toxicology 2018; 402-403:50-67. [PMID: 29689363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lower alkyl acrylate monomers include methyl-, ethyl-, n-butyl-, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. These acrylates are used in the manufacture of acrylic polymers and copolymers for plastics, food packaging, adhesives, and cosmetic formulations. Although there is limited potential for human environmental exposure, occupational exposure can occur via inhalation and dermal contact. Recently, new genotoxicity data have been generated, along with in silico and in vitro read-cross analyses, for these acrylates. The availability of high-throughput screening (HTS) data through the ToxCast™/Tox21 databases allows for consideration of computational toxicology and organization of these data according to the ten key characteristics of carcinogens. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review to evaluate the mechanistic, toxicokinetic, animal, and human data, including HTS data, for characterizing the potential carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity of these acrylates. Toxicokinetic data demonstrate that these acrylates are metabolized rapidly by carboxylesterase hydrolysis and conjugation with glutathione. HTS data demonstrated an overall lack of bioactivity in cancer-related pathways. Overall, the genotoxicity and mutagenicity data support a cytotoxic, non-genotoxic mechanism for these acrylates. Cancer bioassay studies conducted by the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes in animal models with these acrylates did not show any increase in tumor incidence, with two exceptions. At high doses, and secondary to chronic site-of-contact irritation and corrosion, rodent forestomach tumors were induced by oral gavage dosing with ethyl acrylate, and skin tumors were observed following chronic dermal dosing with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate in C3H/HeJ inbred mice (a strain with deficiencies in wound healing), but not in the outbred NMRI strain. For both dermal and forestomach cancers, tumorigenesis is secondary to high doses and long-term tissue damage, shown to be reversible. With evidence that these chemicals are not genotoxic, and that they cause forestomach and dermal tumors through chronic irritation and regenerative proliferation mechanisms, these acrylates are unlikely to pose a human cancer hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92692, United States
| | | | | | - Julia Rager
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Austin, TX 78759, United States
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Volk J, Ziemann C, Leyhausen G, Geurtsen W. Genotoxic and mutagenic potential of camphorquinone in L5178/TK +/- mouse lymphoma cells. Dent Mater 2018; 34:519-530. [PMID: 29373133 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Camphorquinone (CQ) is the most important photoinitiator used in dental composite resins. Sparse data indicate a mutagenic potential of CQ. Therefore, it was aim of this study to evaluate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of CQ in L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma cells. METHODS L5178Y/TK+/- cells were exposed to different concentrations of non-irradiated CQ (0.25-2.5mM). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by propidium iodide assay, determination of suspension growth rate, relative total growth and the mitotic index. Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) were quantified by 2',7'-dichlorofluoresceine diacetate (DCFH-DA). Early induction of DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA base lesions was assessed using the 8-hydroxyguanine DNA-glycosylase 1 (hOGG1)-modified alkaline comet assay, whereas mutagenicity of CQ was determined in the mouse lymphoma TK assay (MLA), according to OECD Guideline No. 490. RESULTS CQ (0.5-2.5mM) induced concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth associated with increased ROS/RNS production, amounting to 2342%±1108% of controls after 90min at 2.5mM. Additionally, CQ concentration-dependently caused direct DNA-damage, i.e. formation of DNA strand breaks and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Whereas the MLA indicated lack of mutagenicity of CQ after a 4h of treatment, CQ concentration-dependently increased total mutant frequency (MF) after 24h (about 2-fold at 2.5mM). But, based on the global evaluation factor concept, increase in MF did not reach biologically relevance. SIGNIFICANCE CQ induced concentration-dependent, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in L5178Y/TK+/- cells, most likely due to oxidative stress, but without mediating obvious biological relevant mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Volk
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - C Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - G Leyhausen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Geurtsen
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Lv S, Zhang Y, Xu B, Xu H, Zhao Y, Chen J, Gao Z, Wu J, Xie J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Identification of New in Vitro Covalent DNA Adducts of Divinyl Sulfone, an Oxidative Metabolite of Sulfur Mustard. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1874-1882. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yumei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhongcai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology
and Medical Countermeasures and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
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9
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Regazzoni L, Colombo S, Mazzolari A, Vistoli G, Carini M. Serum albumin as a probe for testing the selectivity of irreversible cysteine protease inhibitors: The case of vinyl sulfones. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:294-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Li L, Wei D, Wei G, Du Y. Oxidation of cefazolin by potassium permanganate: Transformation products and plausible pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:279-285. [PMID: 26872071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cefazolin was demonstrated to exert high reactivity toward permanganate (Mn(VII)), a common oxidant in water pre-oxidation treatment. In this study, five transformation products were found to be classified into three categories according to the contained characteristic functional groups: three (di-)sulfoxide products, one sulfone product and one di-ketone product. Products analyses showed that two kinds of reactions including oxidation of thioether and the cleavage of unsaturated CC double bond occurred during transformation of cefazolin by Mn(VII). Subsequently, the plausible transformation pathways under different pH conditions were proposed based on the identified products and chemical reaction principles. More importantly, the simulation with real surface water matrix indicated that the proposed transformation pathways of cefazolin could be replayed in real water treatment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Dongbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Guohua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Kirkland D, Kasper P, Martus HJ, Müller L, van Benthem J, Madia F, Corvi R. Updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 795:7-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Liu Z, Song G, Zou C, Liu G, Wu W, Yuan T, Liu X. Acrylamide induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:42-53. [PMID: 25817051 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR), a potent neurotoxin, can be produced during food processing at high temperature. This study examined the redox-dependent apoptotic and inflammatory responses of ACR in an immortalized mouse microglia cell line BV2. The exposure of BV2 cells to ACR reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. ACR impaired cell energy metabolism by decreasing mitochondrial respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and lowering expression of the complex I, III, and IV subunits. Mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thus resulting in activation of the mitochondrion-driven apoptotic signaling. This was accompanied by (a) the modulation of redox-sensitive signaling, suppressed Akt activation and increased JNK and p38 activation, and (b) increased expression of NFκB and downstream inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide generation, thus supporting indirectly a proinflammatory effect of ACR. Nrf2 expression was also increased but not its translocation to the nucleus. Expectedly, the electrophilic attack of ACR on GSH resulted in substantial loss of GSH with a minor GSSG formation. These changes in the cell׳s redox status elicited by ACR resulted in increased H2O2 formation. The changes in mitochondrial functionality and complex subunit expression caused by ACR were reversed by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Likewise, NAC restored the cell׳s redox status by increasing GSH levels with concomitant attenuation of H2O2 generation; these effects resulted in decreased apoptotic cell death and inflammatory responses. ACR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction along with a more oxidized redox status seems to be critical events leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ge Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chen Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gongguan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wanqiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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13
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Bakaic E, Smeets NMB, Hoare T. Injectable hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) and derivatives as functional biomaterials. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The design criteria for injectable, in situ-gelling hydrogels are reviewed in conjunction with highlights on recent progress in the preparation of injectable PEG and PEG-analogue poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bakaic
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | | | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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14
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Gallorini M, Cataldi A, di Giacomo V. HEMA-induced cytotoxicity: oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis. Int Endod J 2014; 47:813-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
| | - A. Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
| | - V. di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; Chieti Italy
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15
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 72, Revision 1 (FGE.72Rev1): Consideration of aliphatic, branched‐chain saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters evaluated by the JECFA (61st meeting) structurally related to branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids, esters of these and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated alcohols evaluated by EFSA in FGE.05Rev2. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011; 721:27-73. [PMID: 21238603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 62 Rev1 (FGE.62 Rev1): Consideration of of linear and branched-chain aliphatic unsaturated, unconjugated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters evaluated by JECFA (61st and 68th meeting) structurally related to branched. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 2 (FGE.05Rev2): Branched- and straight-chain unsaturated carboxylic acids and esters of these with aliphatic saturated alcohols from chemical groups 1, 2, 3 and 5. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 72 (FGE.72): Consideration of aliphatic, branched-chain saturated and unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters evaluated by the JECFA (61st meeting) structurally related to branched- and straight-chain unsatur. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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20
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Mekenyan O, Patlewicz G, Dimitrova G, Kuseva C, Todorov M, Stoeva S, Kotov S, Donner EM. Use of Genotoxicity Information in the Development of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1519-40. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ovanes Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Gergana Dimitrova
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Chanita Kuseva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Milen Todorov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Stoyanka Stoeva
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - Stefan Kotov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
| | - E Maria Donner
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, “Prof. As. Zlatarov” University, Bourgas, Bulgaria, and DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711
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Arossi GA, Dihl RR, Lehmann M, Reguly ML, De Andrade HHR. Genetic Toxicology of Dental Composite Resin Extracts in Somatic Cells In Vivo. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:625-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 71: Consideration of aliphatic, linear, alpha, beta‐unsaturated carboxylic acids and related esters. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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23
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Pérez-Garrido A, Helguera AM, Rodríguez FG, Cordeiro MNDS. QSAR models to predict mutagenicity of acrylates, methacrylates and alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Dent Mater 2010; 26:397-415. [PMID: 20122717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to develop a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that can distinguish mutagenic from non-mutagenic species with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl moiety using two endpoints for this activity - Ames test and mammalian cell gene mutation test - and also to gather information about the molecular features that most contribute to eliminate the mutagenic effects of these chemicals. METHODS Two data sets were used for modeling the two mutagenicity endpoints: (1) Ames test and (2) mammalian cells mutagenesis. The first one comprised 220 molecules, while the second one 48 substances, ranging from acrylates, methacrylates to alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The QSAR models were developed by applying linear discriminant analysis (LDA) along with different sets of descriptors computed using the DRAGON software. RESULTS For both endpoints, there was a concordance of 89% in the prediction and 97% confidentiality by combining the three models for the Ames test mutagenicity. We have also identified several structural alerts to assist the design of new monomers. SIGNIFICANCE These individual models and especially their combination are attractive from the point of view of molecular modeling and could be used for the prediction and design of new monomers that do not pose a human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pérez-Garrido
- Enviromental Engineering and Toxicology Dpt., Catholic University of San Antonio, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
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24
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Pérez-Garrido A, Helguera AM, López GC, Cordeiro MNDS, Escudero AG. A topological substructural molecular design approach for predicting mutagenesis end-points of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Toxicology 2009; 268:64-77. [PMID: 20004227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemically reactive, alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are common environmental pollutants able to produce a wide range of adverse effects, including, e.g. mutagenicity. This toxic property can often be related to chemical structure, in particular to specific molecular substructures or fragments (alerts), which can then be used in specialized software or expert systems for predictive purposes. In the past, there have been many attempts to predict the mutagenicity of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds through quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) but considering only one exclusive endpoint: the Ames test. Besides, even though those studies give a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon, they do not provide substructural information that could be useful forward improving expert systems based on structural alerts (SAs). This work reports an evaluation of classification models to probe the mutagenic activity of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds over two endpoints--the Ames and mammalian cell gene mutation tests--based on linear discriminant analysis along with the topological Substructure molecular design (TOPS-MODE) approach. The obtained results showed the better ability of the TOPS-MODE approach in flagging structural alerts for the mutagenicity of these compounds compared to the expert system TOXTREE. Thus, the application of the present QSAR models can aid toxicologists in risk assessment and in prioritizing testing, as well as in the improvement of expert systems, such as the TOXTREE software, where SAs are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Pérez-Garrido
- Enviromental Engineering and Toxicology Dpt., Catholic University of San Antonio, Guadalupe, Murcia, C.P. 30107, Spain.
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Teti G, Mazzotti G, Zago M, Ortolani M, Breschi L, Pelotti S, Ruggeri A, Falconi M. HEMA down-regulates procollagen alpha1 type I in human gingival fibroblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:256-62. [PMID: 18496863 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) can be released from restorative materials and diffused into the tooth pulp over long periods of time. Although cytotoxicity due to high concentrations of monomers has been well studied, little is known about the risk of chronic toxicity resulting from low concentrations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of a minor toxic concentration of HEMA in the synthesis and expression of procollagen alpha1 type I produced by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). HGF were exposed to 3 mM HEMA from 24 to 96 h. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability while reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), and Western-blot analysis were carried out to evaluate the variability in the expression and synthesis of procollagen alpha1. Immunofluorescence was performed to detect the protein inside the cells. The results showed that there was a strong reduction of procollagen alpha 1 type I expression at 72 and 96 h. These findings demonstrate that, even if it does not reduce cell viability, 3 mM HEMA interferes both with the synthesis of the procollagen alpha 1 type I protein and its mRNA expression, suggesting that normal cell production and activity are modified by HEMA at concentrations below those which cause acute cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Teti
- Department of SAU and FAL, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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26
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Kim J, Park Y, Tae G, Lee KB, Hwang CM, Hwang SJ, Kim IS, Noh I, Sun K. Characterization of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel and differential stem cell responses in the hydrogel microenvironments. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:967-75. [PMID: 18384163 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid is a natural glycosaminoglycan involved in biological processes. Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (10 and 50 kDa)-based hydrogel was synthesized using derivatized hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid was acrylated by two steps: (1) introduction of an amine group using adipic acid dihydrazide, and (2) acrylation by N-acryloxysuccinimide. Injectable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel was prepared by using acrylated hyaluronic acid and poly(ethylene glycol) tetra-thiols via Michael-type addition reaction. Mechanical properties of the hydrogel were evaluated by varying the molecular weight of acrylated hyaluronic acid (10 and 50 kDa) and the weight percent of hydrogel. Hydrogel based on 50-kDa hyaluronic acid showed the shortest gelation time and the highest complex modulus. Next, human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in cell-adhesive RGD peptide-immobilized hydrogels together with bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). Cells cultured in the RGD/BMP-2-incorporated hydrogels showed proliferation rates higher than that of control or RGD-immobilized hydrogels. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the expression of osteoblast marker genes such as CBFalpha1 and alkaline phosphatase was increased in hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, and the expression level was dependent on the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid, RGD peptide, and BMP-2. This study indicates that low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel can be applied to tissue regeneration as differentiation guidance materials of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Kim
- Biomedical Engineering, Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University Medical College, Seoul, 136-705, Korea
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Evaluation of potential human carcinogenicity of the synthetic monomer ethyl acrylate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 53:6-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dong CH, Zolman BK, Bartel B, Lee BH, Stevenson B, Agarwal M, Zhu JK. Disruption of Arabidopsis CHY1 reveals an important role of metabolic status in plant cold stress signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:59-72. [PMID: 19529827 PMCID: PMC2639738 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To study cold signaling, we screened for Arabidopsis mutants with altered cold-induced transcription of a firefly luciferase reporter gene driven by the CBF3 promoter (CBF3-LUC). One mutant, chy1-10, displayed reduced cold-induction of CBF3-LUC luminescence. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that expression of endogenous CBFs also was reduced in the chy1 mutant. chy1-10 mutant plants are more sensitive to freezing treatment than wild-type after cold acclimation. Both the wild-type and chy1 mutant plants are sensitive to darkness-induced starvation at warm temperatures, although chy1 plants are slightly more sensitive. This dark-sensitivity is suppressed by cold temperature in the wild-type but not in chy1. Constitutive CBF3 expression partially rescues the sensitivity of chy1-10 plants to dark treatment in the cold. The chy1 mutant accumulates higher levels of reactive oxygen species, and application of hydrogen peroxide can reduce cold-induction of CBF3-LUC in wild-type. Map-based cloning of the gene defective in the mutant revealed a nonsense mutation in CHY1, which encodes a peroxisomal beta-hydroxyisobutyryl (HIBYL)-CoA hydrolase needed for valine catabolism and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Our results suggest a role for peroxisomal metabolism in cold stress signaling, and plant tolerance to cold stress and darkness-induced starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hai Dong
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bethany K. Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Byeong-ha Lee
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Present address: Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, South Korea
| | - Becky Stevenson
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Department of Botany and Plant Science, 2150 Batchelor Hall, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax 951-827-7115, tel. 951-827-7117
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Xue R, Lin Z, Deng C, Dong L, Liu T, Wang J, Shen X. A serum metabolomic investigation on hepatocellular carcinoma patients by chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3061-3068. [PMID: 18767022 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum metabolic difference between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 20) male patients and normal male subjects (n = 20). Serum metabolome was detected through chemical derivatization followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The acquired GC/MS data was analyzed by stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and support vector machine (SVM). The metabolites including butanoic acid, ethanimidic acid, glycerol, L-isoleucine, L-valine, aminomalonic acid, D-erythrose, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid in combination with each other gave the strongest segregation between the two groups. By applying these variables, our method provided a diagnostic model that could well discriminate between HCC patients and normal subjects. More importantly, the error count estimate for each group was 0%. The total classifying accuracy of the discriminant function tested by SVM 20-fold cross validation was 75%. This technique is different from traditional ones and appears to be a useful tool in the area of HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Xue
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 62 (FGE.62) Consideration of linear and branched-chain aliphatic unsaturated, unconjugated alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and related esters evaluated by JECFA (61st meeting) structurally related to esters of branched- and straigh. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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31
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Chiu BCH, Dave BJ, Ward MH, Fought AJ, Hou L, Jain S, Gapstur S, Evens AM, Zahm SH, Blair A, Weisenburger DD. Dietary factors and risk of t(14;18)-defined subgroups of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:859-67. [PMID: 18386141 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between diet and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) according to t(14;18) status, one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in NHL, as t(14;18)-positive NHL represents a genetically more homogeneous group than NHL overall. METHODS We determined the presence of the t(14;18)(q32;q21) by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 172 of 175 tumor blocks from a population-based, case-control study conducted in Nebraska during 1983-1986. Information on the frequency of consumption as an adult of 30 food items was derived from the parent case-control study. Dietary factors in 60 t(14;18)-positive and 87 t(14;18)-negative cases were compared with 1,075 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS The risk of t(14;18)-positive NHL for the highest versus the lowest approximate tertile of intake was elevated for milk (OR = 2.2; 1.0-5.0) and dietary nitrite (OR = 2.8; 1.3-6.1), whereas coffee consumption was inversely associated with risk (OR = 0.4; 0.2-0.7). We also found inverse associations between the intake of fish (OR = 0.5; 0.3-1.0) and carotene (OR = 0.5; 0.2-0.9) and risk of t(14;18)-negative NHL. There was no association between the intake of meats, vegetables, protein, or vitamin C and risk of either t(14;18)-positive or t(14;18)-negative NHL. CONCLUSION We observed differences in associations between diet and t(14;18)-defined subgroups of NHL. These findings should be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C-H Chiu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1102, Chicago, IL 60611-4402, USA.
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Mutagenicity assessment of acrylate and methacrylate compounds and implications for regulatory toxicology requirements. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 50:322-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC). EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Lee DH, Lim BS, Lee YK, Ahn SJ, Yang HC. Involvement of oxidative stress in mutagenicity and apoptosis caused by dental resin monomers in cell cultures. Dent Mater 2006; 22:1086-92. [PMID: 16376982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation studied the possibility that apoptosis as well as mutagenicity induced by resin monomers are mediated by oxidative stress. METHODS A range of dilutions of three resin monomers (GMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA) was added to culture medium (DMEM/10% FBS), of V79-4 fibroblasts and RPC-C2A pulp cells for 24 h. Their cytotoxic effects were measured by a colorimetric functional assay (MTT). Chromosomal aberration induced by the resin monomers was investigated by counting micronuclei in V79-4 cells. The effects of the resin monomers on DNA fragmentation were viewed by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA, isolated from RPC-C2A pulp cells that were treated by resin compounds. Resin monomer-induced apoptosis was further confirmed by flow cytometry (staining with both annexin V-FITC and PI). RESULTS All monomers exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, and the ranking of the cytotoxicity based on TC50 was GMA > TEGDMA > HEMA. The resin monomer-induced cytotoxicity was significantly decreased by co-treatment with N-acetylcystein (NAC), an antioxidant. The authors also confirmed a dose-dependent genotoxicity of the resin monomers that had induced micronucleated cells in V79-4 fibroblasts. Similar to the effects on cytotoxicity, NAC reduced the numbers of micronuclei in comparison with those generated by the resin monomers. The preventive effects of NAC were also observed in monomer-induced apoptosis in RPC-C2A cells. A DNA ladder pattern, characteristic of apoptosis, was shown at cytotoxic concentrations, but NAC blocked the resin monomer-mediated DNA fragmentation. The preventive effects of NAC on apoptosis were confirmed by Annexin V staining. Cells exposed to 300 microM GMA, 7 mM TEGDMA, or 14 mM HEMA for 24 h showed a significant increase in apoptotic cells, while NAC co-treatment caused a reduction in apoptotic cells compared to controls. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that glutathione depletion and oxidative stress are responsible for GMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA-induced mutagenicity and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Lee
- Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul 110-749, South Korea
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 5 (FGE.05); Esters of 23 branched- and straight-chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Kirpnick Z, Homiski M, Rubitski E, Repnevskaya M, Howlett N, Aubrecht J, Schiestl RH. Yeast DEL assay detects clastogens. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2005; 582:116-34. [PMID: 15781217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements, including DNA deletions are involved in carcinogenesis. The deletion (DEL) assay scoring for DNA deletions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to detect a wide range of carcinogens. Among approximately 60 compounds of known carcinogenic activity, the DEL assay detected 86% correctly whereas the Ames Salmonella assay detected only 30% correctly [R.J. Brennan, R.H. Schiestl, Detecting carcinogens with the yeast DEL assay, Methods Mol. Biol. 262 (2004) 111-124]. Since the DEL assay is highly inducible by DNA double strand breaks, this study examined the utility of the DEL assay for detecting clastogens. Ten model compounds, with varied mechanisms of genotoxicity, were examined for their effect on the frequency of DNA deletions with the DEL assay. The compounds tested were: actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, which are anticancer agents, noscapine and furosemide are therapeutics, acridine, methyl acrylate and resorcinol are industrial chemicals and diazinon is an insecticide. The in vitro micronucleus assay (IVMN) in CHO cells, a commonly used tool for detection of clastogens, was performed on the same compounds and the results of the two assays were compared. The results of our study show that there is 70% concordance in the presence of metabolic activation (rat liver S9) and 80% concordance in the absence of metabolic activation between the DEL assay and the standard in vitro micronucleus assay. The lack of cytotoxicity observed for four of the ten compounds examined indicates limited diffusion of lipophilic compounds across the yeast cell wall. Thus, the development of a more permeable yeast tester strain is expected to greatly improve concordance of the DEL assay with the IVMN assay. The yeast DEL assay is inexpensive, amenable to automation and requires less expertise to perform than the IVMN. Thus, it has a strong potential as a robust, fast and economical screen for detecting clastogens in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Kirpnick
- Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine and School of Public Health, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
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Lange PR, Eastmond PJ, Madagan K, Graham IA. An Arabidopsis mutant disrupted in valine catabolism is also compromised in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. FEBS Lett 2004; 571:147-53. [PMID: 15280033 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of the Arabidopsis dbr5 mutant, which was isolated on the basis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) resistance, revealed that it is disrupted in the CHY1 gene. CHY1 encodes a peroxisomal protein that is 43% identical to the mammalian beta-hydroxyisobutryl-CoA hydrolase of valine catabolism. We show that 2,4-DB resistance and the associated sucrose dependent seedling growth are due to a large activity decrease of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, which is involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. (14)C-feeding studies demonstrate that dbr5 and chy1 seedlings are reduced in valine catabolism. These data support the hypothesis that CHY1 plays a key role in peroxisomal valine catabolism and that disruption of this enzyme results in accumulation of a toxic intermediate, methacrylyl-CoA, that inhibits 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity and thus blocks peroxisomal beta-oxidation. We also show that CHY1 is repressed in seedlings grown on sugars, which suggests that branched chain amino acid catabolism is transcriptionally regulated by nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Lange
- Department of Biology, CNAP, Area 7, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK
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Pratt AB, Weber FE, Schmoekel HG, Müller R, Hubbell JA. Synthetic extracellular matrices for in situ tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 86:27-36. [PMID: 15007838 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell interactions with the extracellular matrix play important roles in guiding tissue morphogenesis. The matrix stimulates cells to influence such things as differentiation and the cells actively remodel the matrix via local proteolytic activity. We have designed synthetic hydrogel networks that participate in this interplay: They signal cells via bound adhesion and growth factors, and they also respond to the remodeling influence of cell-associated proteases. Poly(ethylene glycol)-bis-vinylsulfone was crosslinked by a Michael-type addition reaction with a peptide containing three cysteine residues, the peptide sequence being cleavable between each cysteine residue by the cell-associated protease plasmin. Cells were able to invade gel networks that contained adhesion peptides and were crosslinked by plasmin-sensitive peptides, while materials lacking either of these two characteristics resisted cell infiltration. Incorporated bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) induced bone healing in a rat model in materials that were both adhesive and plasmin-sensitive, while materials lacking plasmin sensitivity resisted formation of bone within the material. Furthermore, when a heparin bridge was incorporated as a BMP-2 affinity site, mimicking yet another characteristic of the extracellular matrix, statistically improved bone regeneration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Pratt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) and University of Zurich, Moussonstrasse 18, CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zondlo Fiume M. Final report on the safety assessment of Acrylates Copolymer and 33 related cosmetic ingredients. Int J Toxicol 2003; 21 Suppl 3:1-50. [PMID: 12537929 DOI: 10.1080/10915810290169800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ingredients in the Acrylates Copolymer group all contain the monomers acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or one of their salts or esters. These ingredients are considered similar in that they are uniformly produced in chemical reactions that leave very little residual monomer. Although residual acrylic acid may be as high as 1500 ppm, typical levels are 10 to 1000 ppm. There is sufficient odor if residual monomers are present to cause producers to keep levels as low as possible. These ingredients function in cosmetics as binders, film formers, hair fixatives, suspending agents, viscosity-increasing agents, and emulsion stabilizers. Concentrations may be as high as 25% if used as a binder, film former, or fixative; or as low as 0.5% if used as a viscosity-increasing agent, suspending agent, or emulsion stabilizer. These very large polymers exhibit little toxicity. In rabbits and guinea pigs, Acrylates Copolymer did produce irritation, but no evidence of sensitization was found. The principle concern regarding the use of these polymer ingredients is the presence of toxic residual monomers. In particular, although 2-ethylhexyl acrylate was not genotoxic, it was carcinogenic when applied at a concentration of 21% to the skin of C3H mice. Lower concentrations (2.5%) and stop-dose studies at high concentrations (43%) were not carcinogenic. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate was not carcinogenic in studies using NMRI mice. Whether an increase in carcinogenesis was seen or not, there was evidence of severe dermal irritation in these 2-ethylhexyl acrylate studies. Another concern regarding residual monomers was inhalation toxicity. Although the acrylic acid monomer is a nasal irritant, exposure to the monomer from use of these polymers in cosmetic formulations would always be less than the established occupational exposure limits for nasal irritation. Although there appears to be a huge variation in the mix of monomers used in the synthesis of these polymers, they are similar in that the polymers, except for dermal irritation, are not significantly toxic, and residual monomer levels are kept as low as possible. Although the monomers may be toxic, the levels that would be found in cosmetic formulations are not considered to present a safety risk. Accordingly, these Acrylate Copolymers are considered safe for use in cosmetic formulations when formulated to avoid irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice Zondlo Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, 1101 17th Street, NW, Suite 310, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Ishigure K, Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Kaneko T, Takeda S, Inoue S, Nomoto S, Koshikawa K, Nonami T, Nakao A. Human liver disease decreases methacrylyl-CoA hydratase and beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase activities in valine catabolism. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 312:115-21. [PMID: 11580916 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methacrylyl-coenzyme A (MC-CoA) hydratase and beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A (HIB-CoA) hydrolase are key enzymes regulating the toxic concentration of MC-CoA generated in valine catabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the activities and mRNA expression levels of these enzymes in normal human livers and in human livers with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS The activities of both enzymes were significantly lower by 36% to 46% in livers with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normals, suggesting a decrease in the capability of detoxifying MC-CoA with these diseases. The mRNA levels for both enzymes measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction were significantly increased in livers with cirrhosis, but were not altered in those with chronic hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma when compared with normal livers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that low levels of these enzyme activities in livers with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma are the result of posttranscriptional regulation in the damaged liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishigure
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 466-8550, Nagoya, Japan
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Zolman BK, Monroe-Augustus M, Thompson B, Hawes JW, Krukenberg KA, Matsuda SP, Bartel B. chy1, an Arabidopsis mutant with impaired beta-oxidation, is defective in a peroxisomal beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31037-46. [PMID: 11404361 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104679200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis chy1 mutant is resistant to indole-3-butyric acid, a naturally occurring form of the plant hormone auxin. Because the mutant also has defects in peroxisomal beta-oxidation, this resistance presumably results from a reduced conversion of indole-3-butyric acid to indole-3-acetic acid. We have cloned CHY1, which appears to encode a peroxisomal protein 43% identical to a mammalian valine catabolic enzyme that hydrolyzes beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA. We demonstrated that a human beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase functionally complements chy1 when redirected from the mitochondria to the peroxisomes. We expressed CHY1 as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and demonstrated that purified GST-CHY1 hydrolyzes beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA. Mutagenesis studies showed that a glutamate that is catalytically essential in homologous enoyl-CoA hydratases was also essential in CHY1. Mutating a residue that is differentially conserved between hydrolases and hydratases established that this position is relevant to the catalytic distinction between the enzyme classes. It is likely that CHY1 acts in peroxisomal valine catabolism and that accumulation of a toxic intermediate, methacrylyl-CoA, causes the altered beta-oxidation phenotypes of the chy1 mutant. Our results support the hypothesis that the energy-intensive sequence unique to valine catabolism, where an intermediate CoA ester is hydrolyzed and a new CoA ester is formed two steps later, avoids methacrylyl-CoA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Zolman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Schweikl H, Schmalz G. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate induces large deletions in the hprt gene of V79 cells. Mutat Res 1999; 438:71-8. [PMID: 9858690 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(98)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acrylate esters are applied in industrial and consumer products often associated with polymers and resins. The difunctional methacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), is also frequently included in dental composite materials. Recently, mutagenicity testing of the compound revealed the induction of gene mutations at the hprt locus in V79 cell [H. Schweikl, G. Schmalz, K. Rackebrandt, The mutagenic activity of unpolymerized resin monomers in Salmonella typhimurium and V79 cells, Mutat. Res. 415 (1998) 119-130]. In the present study, TEGDMA caused a dose dependent increase of the number of micronuclei in V79 cells. Furthermore, the mutation spectra induced in exon sequences of the hprt gene in HPRT-deficient V79 cell clones were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No DNA sequence deletions were observed in spontaneously occurring HPRT-deficient cell clones at the molecular level after PCR analysis, indicating that all spontaneous mutations were caused by point mutations. However, TEGDMA treated V79 cell cultures exhibited different mutation spectra. Only one cell clone among a total of 25 contained all exon sequences of the hprt gene. Large DNA sequences were deleted in 24 cell clones. Partial gene deletions occurred in four clones from exon 5 through 9, and exon 1 was not amplified in one cell clone. Exon sequences of the hprt gene were totally deleted in 19 HPRT-deficient clones. The induction of mostly large deletions in the genome of mammalian cells, like the mutation spectra induced by TEGDMA in V79 cells here, is probably typical for crosslinking agents, including anticancer drugs. Identical types of mutations including chromosomal aberrations and the formation of micronuclei in vitro were observed for acrylates and methacrylates tested so far in various mutation assays. Therefore, we conclude by analogy that the induction of large DNA sequence deletions as shown here with the reactive dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, is probably common for acrylates and methacrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schweikl
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, D-93042, Regensburg, Germany.
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Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Fujitsuka N, Nakai N, Sato Y, Sugiyama S, Shimomura N, Irwin J, Hawes J, Harris R. Purification and partial characterization of 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase of rat liver. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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