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Seo JE, Le Y, Revollo J, Miranda-Colon J, Xu H, McKinzie P, Mei N, Chen T, Heflich RH, Zhou T, Robison T, Bonzo JA, Guo X. Evaluating the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in 2D and 3D HepaRG cell cultures using error-corrected next generation sequencing. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1919-1935. [PMID: 38584193 PMCID: PMC11106104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations. NDMA-induced DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and mutagenesis were determined using the comet assay, MN assay, and ecNGS, respectively. The 72-h treatment with NDMA resulted in concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, MN formation, and mutation frequency in both 2D and 3D cultures, with greater responses observed in the 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. The mutational spectrum analysis showed that NDMA induced predominantly A:T → G:C transitions, along with a lower frequency of G:C → A:T transitions, and exhibited a different trinucleotide signature relative to the negative control. These results demonstrate that the HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroid models can be used for mutagenesis assessment using both DS and HiFi Sequencing, with the caveat that severe cytotoxic concentrations should be avoided when conducting DS. With further validation, the HepaRG 2D/3D system may become a powerful human-based metabolically competent platform for genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Page McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Guo X, Xu H, Seo JE. Application of HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38566478 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2024.2331956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the use of human-derived metabolically competent cells for genotoxicity testing. The HepaRG cell line is considered one of the most promising cell models because it is TP53-proficient and retains many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. In recent years, HepaRG cells, cultured in both a traditional two-dimensional (2D) format and as more advanced in-vivo-like 3D spheroids, have been employed in assays that measure different types of genetic toxicity endpoints, including DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal damage. This review summarizes published studies that have used HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment, including cell model evaluation studies and risk assessment for various compounds. Both 2D and 3D HepaRG models can be adapted to several high-throughput genotoxicity assays, generating a large number of data points that facilitate quantitative benchmark concentration modeling. With further validation, HepaRG cells could serve as a unique, human-based new alternative methodology for in vitro genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Munakata S, Watanabe T, Takahashi T, Kimuro S, Ishimori K, Hashizume T. Development of a micronucleus test using the EpiAirway™ organotypic human airway model. Genes Environ 2023; 45:14. [PMID: 37046355 PMCID: PMC10099928 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of organotypic human tissue models in genotoxicity has increased as an alternative to animal testing. Genotoxicity is generally examined using a battery of in vitro assays such as Ames and micronucleus (MN) tests that cover gene mutations and structural and numerical chromosome aberrations. At the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing, working group members agreed that the skin models have reached an advanced stage of maturity, while further efforts in liver and airway models are needed [Pfuhler et al., Mutat. Res. 850-851 (2020) 503135]. Organotypic human airway model is composed of fully differentiated and functional respiratory epithelium. However, because cell proliferation in organotypic airway models is thought to be less active, assessing their MN-inducing potential is an issue, even in the cytokinesis-blocking approach using cytochalasin B (CB) [Wang et al., Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 62 (2021) 306-318]. Here, we developed a MN test using EpiAirway™ in which epidermal growth factor (EGF) was included as a stimulant of cell division. RESULTS By incubating EpiAirway™ tissue with medium containing various concentrations of CB, we found that the percentage of binucleated cells (%BNCs) almost plateaued at 3 μg/mL CB for 72 h incubation. Additionally, we confirmed that EGF stimulation with CB incubation produced an additional increase in %BNCs with a peak at 5 ng/mL EGF. Transepithelial electrical resistance measurement and tissue histology revealed that CB incubation caused the reduced barrier integrity and cyst formation in EpiAirway™. Adenylate kinase assay confirmed that the cytotoxicity increased with each day of culture in the CB incubation period with EGF stimulation. These results indicated that chemical treatment should be conducted prior to CB incubation. Under these experimental conditions, it was confirmed that the frequency of micronucleated cells was dose-dependently increased by apical applications of two clastogens, mitomycin C and methyl methanesulfonate, and an aneugen, colchicine, at the subcytotoxic concentrations assessed in %BNCs. CONCLUSIONS Well-studied genotoxicants demonstrated capability in an organotypic human airway model as a MN test system. For further utilization, investigations of aerosol exposure, repeating exposure protocol, and metabolic activation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Munakata
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Taku Watanabe
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takahashi
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Shiori Kimuro
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Kanae Ishimori
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, Japan Tobacco Inc, 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
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Seo JE, Li X, Le Y, Mei N, Zhou T, Guo X. High-throughput micronucleus assay using three-dimensional HepaRG spheroids for in vitro genotoxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1163-1175. [PMID: 36847820 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is a component of most test batteries used in assessing potential genotoxicity. Our previous study adapted metabolically competent HepaRG cells to the high-throughput (HT) flow-cytometry-based MN assay for genotoxicity assessment (Guo et al. in J Toxicol Environ Health A 83:702-717, 2020b, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2020.1822972 ). We also demonstrated that, compared to HepaRG cells grown as two-dimensional (2D) cultures, 3D HepaRG spheroids have increased metabolic capacity and improved sensitivity in detecting DNA damage induced by genotoxicants using the comet assay (Seo et al. in ALTEX 39:583-604, 2022, https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.22011212022 ). In the present study, we have compared the performance of the HT flow-cytometry-based MN assay in HepaRG spheroids and 2D HepaRG cells by testing 34 compounds, including 19 genotoxicants or carcinogens and 15 compounds that show different genotoxic responses in vitro and in vivo. 2D HepaRG cells and spheroids were exposed to the test compounds for 24 h, followed by an additional 3- or 6-day incubation with human epidermal growth factor to stimulate cell division. The results demonstrated that HepaRG spheroids showed generally higher sensitivity in detecting several indirect-acting genotoxicants (require metabolic activation) compared to 2D cultures, with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and N-nitrosodimethylamine inducing higher % MN formation along with having significantly lower benchmark dose values for MN induction in 3D spheroids. These data suggest that 3D HepaRG spheroids can be adapted to the HT flow-cytometry-based MN assay for genotoxicity testing. Our findings also indicate that integration of the MN and comet assays improved the sensitivity for detecting genotoxicants that require metabolic activation. These results suggest that HepaRG spheroids may contribute to New Approach Methodologies for genotoxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Mišík M, Nersesyan A, Ferk F, Holzmann K, Krupitza G, Herrera Morales D, Staudinger M, Wultsch G, Knasmueller S. Search for the optimal genotoxicity assay for routine testing of chemicals: Sensitivity and specificity of conventional and new test systems. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503524. [PMID: 36031336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many conventional in vitro tests that are currently widely used for routine screening of chemicals have a sensitivity/specificity in the range between 60 % and 80 % for the detection of carcinogens. Most procedures were developed 30-40 years ago. In the last decades several assays became available which are based on the use of metabolically competent cell lines, improvement of the cultivation conditions and development of new endpoints. Validation studies indicate that some of these models may be more reliable for the detection of genotoxicants (i.e. many of them have sensitivity and specificity values between 80 % and 95 %). Therefore, they could replace conventional tests in the future. The bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay with rodents is at present the most widely used in vivo test. The majority of studies indicate that it detects only 5-6 out of 10 carcinogens while experiments with transgenic rodents and comet assays seem to have a higher predictive value and detect genotoxic carcinogens that are negative in MN experiments. Alternatives to rodent experiments could be MN experiments with hen eggs or their replacement by combinations of new in vitro tests. Examples for promising candidates are ToxTracker, TGx-DDI, multiplex flow cytometry, γH2AX experiments, measurement of p53 activation and MN experiments with metabolically competent human derived liver cells. However, the realization of multicentric collaborative validation studies is mandatory to identify the most reliable tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Nersesyan
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Ferk
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Holzmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Krupitza
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Herrera Morales
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Staudinger
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Wultsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Knasmueller
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Aninat C, Kattler K, Fekir K, Jarnouen K, Cerec V, Glaise D, Salhab A, Gasparoni G, Takashi K, Ishida S, Walter J, Corlu A. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Consequences of DMSO Treatment on HepaRG Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152298. [PMID: 35892596 PMCID: PMC9331440 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used to sustain or favor hepatocyte differentiation in vitro. Thus, DMSO is used in the differentiation protocol of the HepaRG cells that present the closest drug-metabolizing enzyme activities to primary human hepatocytes in culture. The aim of our study is to clarify its influence on liver-specific gene expression. For that purpose, we performed a large-scale analysis (gene expression and histone modification) to determine the global role of DMSO exposure during the differentiation process of the HepaRG cells. The addition of DMSO drives the upregulation of genes mainly regulated by PXR and PPARα whereas genes not affected by this addition are regulated by HNF1α, HNF4α, and PPARα. DMSO-differentiated-HepaRG cells show a differential expression for genes regulated by histone acetylation, while differentiated-HepaRG cells without DMSO show gene signatures associated with histone deacetylases. In addition, we observed an interplay between cytoskeleton organization and EMC remodeling with hepatocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dubois-Pot-Schneider
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-372746115
| | - Caroline Aninat
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Karim Fekir
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Kathleen Jarnouen
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Virginie Cerec
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Denise Glaise
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Abdulrahman Salhab
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Kubo Takashi
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 2109501, Japan; (K.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 2109501, Japan; (K.T.); (S.I.)
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, University of Saarland (UdS), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (K.K.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Anne Corlu
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.A.); (K.F.); (K.J.); (V.C.); (D.G.); (A.C.)
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Johnson M, Finlayson K, Shelper T, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. Optimisation of an automated high-throughput micronucleus (HiTMiN) assay to measure genotoxicity of environmental contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134349. [PMID: 35306058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants can have a variety of adverse effects on exposed organisms, including genotoxicity in the form of DNA damage. One of the most commonly used methods to evaluate genotoxicity in exposed organisms is the micronucleus (MN) assay. It provides an efficient assessment of chromosomal impairment due to either chromosomal rupture or mis-segregation during mitosis. However, evaluating chromosomal damage in the MN assay through manual microscopy is a highly time-consuming and somewhat subjective process. High-throughput evaluation with automated image analysis could reduce subjectivity and increase accuracy and throughput. In this study, we optimised and streamlined the HiTMiN assay, adapting the MN assay to a miniaturised, 96-well plate format with reduced steps, and applied it to both primary cells from green turtle fibroblasts (GT12s-p) and a freshwater fish hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1). Image analysis using both commercial (Columbus) and freely available (CellProfiler) software automated the scoring of MN, with improved precision and drastically reduced time compared to manual scoring and other available protocols. The assay was validated through exposure to two inorganic (chromium and cobalt) and one organic (the herbicide metolachlor) compounds, which are genotoxicants of concern in the marine environment. All compounds tested induced MN formation below cytotoxic concentrations. The HiTMiN assay presented here greatly increases the suitability of the MN assay as a quick, affordable, sensitive and accurate assay to measure genotoxicity of environmental samples in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Johnson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia.
| | - Kimberly Finlayson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, 4222, Australia
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Towards better prediction of xenobiotic genotoxicity: CometChip technology coupled with a 3D model of HepaRG human liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2087-2095. [PMID: 35419617 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology is facing a major change in the way toxicity testing is conducted by moving away from animal experimentation towards animal-free methods. To improve the in vitro genotoxicity assessment of chemical and physical compounds, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of 3D cell models in high-throughput DNA damage detection platforms. Among the alternative methods, hepatic cell lines are a relevant in vitro model for studying the functions of the liver. 3D HepaRG spheroids show improved hepatocyte differentiation, longevity, and functionality compared with 2D HepaRG cultures and are therefore a relevant model for predicting in vivo responses. Recently, the comet assay was developed on 3D HepaRG cells. However, this approach is still low throughput and does not meet the challenge of evaluating the toxicity and risk to humans of tens of thousands of compounds. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the high-throughput in vitro CometChip assay on 2D and 3D HepaRG cells. HepaRG cells were exposed for 48 h to several compounds (methyl methanesulfonate, etoposide, benzo[a]pyrene, cyclophosphamide, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and acrylamide) known to have different genotoxic modes of action. The resulting dose responses were quantified using benchmark dose modelling. DNA damage was observed for all compounds except 2-AAF in 2D HepaRG cells and etoposide in 3D HepaRG cells. Results indicate that the platform is capable of reliably identifying genotoxicants in 3D HepaRG cells, and provide further insights regarding specific responses of 2D and 3D models.
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9
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Rose S, Cuvellier M, Ezan F, Carteret J, Bruyère A, Legagneux V, Nesslany F, Baffet G, Langouët S. DMSO-free highly differentiated HepaRG spheroids for chronic toxicity, liver functions and genotoxicity studies. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:243-258. [PMID: 34762139 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver is essential in the elimination of environmental and food contaminants. Given the interspecies differences between rodents and humans, the development of relevant in vitro human models is crucial to investigate liver functions and toxicity in cells that better reflect pathophysiological processes. Classically, the differentiation of the hepatic HepaRG cell line requires high concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which restricts its usefulness for drug-metabolism studies. Herein, we describe undifferentiated HepaRG cells embedded in a collagen matrix in DMSO-free conditions that rapidly organize into polarized hollow spheroids of differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (Hepoid-HepaRG). Our conditions allow concomitant proliferation with high levels of liver-specific functions and xenobiotic metabolism enzymes expression and activities after a few days of culture and for at least 4 weeks. By studying the toxicity of well-known injury-inducing drugs by treating cells with 1- to 100-fold of their plasmatic concentrations, we showed appropriate responses and demonstrate the sensitivity to drugs known to induce various degrees of liver injury. Our results also demonstrated that the model is well suited to estimate cholestasis and steatosis effects of drugs following chronic treatment. Additionally, DNA alterations caused by four genotoxic compounds (Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Benzo[a]Pyrene (B[a]P), Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)) were quantified in a dose-dependent manner by the comet and micronucleus assays. Their genotoxic effects were significantly increased after either an acute 24 h treatment (AFB1: 1.5-6 μM, CPA: 2.5-10 μM, B[a]P: 12.5-50 μM, MMS: 90-450 μM) or after a 14-day treatment at much lower concentrations (AFB1: 0.05-0.2 μM, CPA: 0.125-0.5 μM, B[a]P: 0.125-0.5 μM) representative to human exposure. Altogether, the DMSO-free 3D culture of Hepoid-HepaRG provides highly differentiated and proliferating cells relevant for various toxicological in vitro assays, especially for drug-preclinical studies and environmental chemicals risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rose
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Cuvellier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jennifer Carteret
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
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10
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Conway GE, Shah UK, Llewellyn S, Cervena T, Evans SJ, Al Ali AS, Jenkins GJ, Clift MJD, Doak SH. Adaptation of the in vitro micronucleus assay for genotoxicity testing using 3D liver models supporting longer-term exposure durations. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:319-330. [PMID: 32780103 PMCID: PMC7486679 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following advancements in the field of genotoxicology, it has become widely accepted that 3D models are not only more physiologically relevant but also have the capacity to elucidate more complex biological processes that standard 2D monocultures are unable to. Whilst 3D liver models have been developed to evaluate the short-term genotoxicity of chemicals, the aim of this study was to develop a 3D model that could be used with the regulatory accepted in vitro micronucleus (MN) following low-dose, longer-term (5 days) exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). A comparison study was carried out between advanced models generated from two commonly used liver cell lines, namely HepaRG and HepG2, in spheroid format. While both spheroid systems displayed good liver functionality and viability over 14 days, the HepaRG spheroids lacked the capacity to actively proliferate and, therefore, were considered unsuitable for use with the MN assay. This study further demonstrated the efficacy of the in vitro 3D HepG2 model to be used for short-term (24 h) exposures to genotoxic chemicals, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and methyl-methanesulfonate (MMS). The 3D HepG2 liver spheroids were shown to be more sensitive to DNA damage induced by AFB1 and MMS when compared to the HepG2 2D monoculture. This 3D model was further developed to allow for longer-term (5 day) ENM exposure. Four days after seeding, HepG2 spheroids were exposed to Zinc Oxide ENM (0–2 µg/ml) for 5 days and assessed using both the cytokinesis-block MN (CBMN) version of the MN assay and the mononuclear MN assay. Following a 5-day exposure, differences in MN frequency were observed between the CBMN and mononuclear MN assay, demonstrating that DNA damage induced within the first few cell cycles is distributed across the mononucleated cell population. Together, this study demonstrates the necessity to adapt the MN assay accordingly, to allow for the accurate assessment of genotoxicity following longer-term, low-dose ENM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Conway
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Samantha Llewellyn
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Tereza Cervena
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK.,Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Abdullah S Al Ali
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
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11
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MDM4 inhibition: a novel therapeutic strategy to reactivate p53 in hepatoblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2967. [PMID: 33536467 PMCID: PMC7859402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy. High-risk patients have poor survival, and current chemotherapies are associated with significant toxicities. Targeted therapies are needed to improve outcomes and patient quality of life. Most HB cases are TP53 wild-type; therefore, we hypothesized that targeting the p53 regulator Murine double minute 4 (MDM4) to reactivate p53 signaling may show efficacy. MDM4 expression was elevated in HB patient samples, and increased expression was strongly correlated with decreased expression of p53 target genes. Treatment with NSC207895 (XI-006), which inhibits MDM4 expression, or ATSP-7041, a stapled peptide dual inhibitor of MDM2 and MDM4, showed significant cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in HB cells. Similar phenotypes were seen with short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated inhibition of MDM4. Both NSC207895 and ATSP-7041 caused significant upregulation of p53 targets in HB cells. Knocking-down TP53 with shRNA or overexpressing MDM4 led to resistance to NSC207895-mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting that this phenotype is dependent on the MDM4-p53 axis. MDM4 inhibition also showed efficacy in a murine model of HB with significantly decreased tumor weight and increased apoptosis observed in the treatment group. This study demonstrates that inhibition of MDM4 is efficacious in HB by upregulating p53 tumor suppressor signaling.
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12
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Guo X, Seo JE, Petibone D, Tryndyak V, Lee UJ, Zhou T, Robison TW, Mei N. Performance of HepaRG and HepG2 cells in the high-throughput micronucleus assay for in vitro genotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:702-717. [PMID: 32981483 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1822972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay is a core test used to evaluate genotoxic potential of xenobiotics. The traditional in vitro MN assay is usually conducted in cells lacking metabolic competency or by supplementing cultures with an exogenous rat S9 metabolic system, which creates a significant assay limitation for detecting genotoxic metabolites. Our previous study demonstrated that compared to HepG2, HepaRG cells exhibited a significantly higher level of CYP450 enzyme activities and detected a greater portion of genotoxic carcinogens requiring metabolic activation using the Comet assay. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of HepaRG cells in the flow cytometry-based MN assay by testing 28 compounds with known genotoxic or carcinogenic modes of action (MoA). HepaRG cells exhibited higher sensitivity (83%) than HepG2 cells (67%) in detecting 12 indirect-acting genotoxicants or carcinogens. The HepaRG MN assay was 100% specific and 93% accurate in detecting genotoxic potential of the 28 compounds. Quantitative comparison of the MN concentration-response data using benchmark dose analysis showed that most of the tested compounds induced higher % MN in HepaRG than HepG2 cells. In addition, HepaRG cells were compatible with the Multiflow DNA damage assay, which predicts the genotoxic MoA of compounds tested. These results suggest that high-throughput flow cytometry-based MN assay may be adapted using HepaRG cells for genotoxicity assessment, and that HepaRG cells appear to be more sensitive than HepG2 cells in detecting genotoxicants or carcinogens that require metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Dayton Petibone
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Un Jung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Timothy W Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson, AR, USA
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13
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Effects of vanadium (sodium metavanadate) and aflatoxin-B1 on cytochrome p450 activities, DNA damage and DNA methylation in human liver cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105036. [PMID: 33164849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is considered as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (V2O5, IARC Group 2B), yet uncertainties persist related to the toxicity mechanisms of the multiple forms of vanadium. Exposure to vanadium often co-occurs with other metals or with organic compounds that can be transformed by cytochrome p450 (CYP) enzymes into DNA-reactive carcinogens. Therefore, effects of a soluble form of vanadium (sodium metavanadate, NaVO3) and aflatoxin-B1 (AFB1) were tested separately and together, for induction of CYP activities, DNA damage (γH2AX and DNA alkaline unwinding assays), and DNA methylation changes (global genome and DNA repeats) in HepaRG or HepG2 liver cell lines. NaVO3 (≥ 2.3 μM) reduced CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 activities and induced DNA damage, butcaused important cell proliferation only in HepaRG cells. As a binary mixture, NaVO3 did not modify the effects of AFB1. There was no reproducible effect of NaVO3 (<21 μM) on DNA methylation in AluYb8, satellite-α, satellite-2, and by the luminometric methylation assay, but DNA methylation flow-cytometry signals in HepG2 cells (25-50 μM) increased at the G1 and G2 cell cycle phases. In conclusion, cell lines responded differently to NaVO3 supporting the importance of investigating more than one cell line, and a carcinogenic role of NaVO3 might reside at low concentrations by stimulating the proliferation of tumorigenic cells.
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14
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Liu W, Xi J, Cao Y, You X, Chen R, Zhang X, Han L, Pan G, Luan Y. An Adaption of Human-Induced Hepatocytes to In Vitro Genetic Toxicity Tests. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:165-171. [PMID: 30590776 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic activation is essential in standard in vitro genotoxicity test systems. At present, there is a lack of suitable cell models that can express the major characteristics of liver function for predicting substance toxicity in humans. Human-induced hepatocytes (hiHeps), which have been generated from fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of liver transcription factors, can express hepatic gene programs and can be expanded in vitro and display functional characteristics of mature hepatocytes, including cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and biliary drug clearance. Our purpose was to investigate whether hiHeps could be used as a more suitable model for genotoxicity evaluation of chemicals. Therefore, a direct mutagen, methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), and five promutagens [2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), aflatoxin B1, cyclophosphamide and N-nitrosodiethylamine] were tested by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test and the comet assay. Results from genotoxicity tests showed that the micronucleus frequencies were significantly increased by all of the six clastogens tested. Moreover, MMS, 2-NF and B[a]P induced significant increases in the % Tail DNA in the comet assay. In conclusion, our findings from the preliminary study demonstrated that hiHeps could detect the genotoxicity of indirect carcinogens, suggesting their potential to be applied as an effective tool for in vitro genotoxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xi
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue You
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Han
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Ngo LP, Owiti NA, Swartz C, Winters J, Su Y, Ge J, Xiong A, Han J, Recio L, Samson LD, Engelward B. Sensitive CometChip assay for screening potentially carcinogenic DNA adducts by trapping DNA repair intermediates. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e13. [PMID: 31822921 PMCID: PMC7026589 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing is critical for predicting adverse effects of pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental chemicals. The alkaline comet assay is an established method for detecting DNA strand breaks, however, the assay does not detect potentially carcinogenic bulky adducts that can arise when metabolic enzymes convert pro-carcinogens into a highly DNA reactive products. To overcome this, we use DNA synthesis inhibitors (hydroxyurea and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) to trap single strand breaks that are formed during nucleotide excision repair, which primarily removes bulky lesions. In this way, comet-undetectable bulky lesions are converted into comet-detectable single strand breaks. Moreover, we use HepaRG™ cells to recapitulate in vivo metabolic capacity, and leverage the CometChip platform (a higher throughput more sensitive comet assay) to create the 'HepaCometChip', enabling the detection of bulky genotoxic lesions that are missed by current genotoxicity screens. The HepaCometChip thus provides a broadly effective approach for detection of bulky DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le P Ngo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Norah A Owiti
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Swartz
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - John Winters
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aoli Xiong
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Toxicology Program, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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16
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Buick JK, Williams A, Gagné R, Swartz CD, Recio L, Ferguson SS, Yauk CL. Flow cytometric micronucleus assay and TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker analysis of ten genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals in human HepaRG™ cells. Genes Environ 2020; 42:5. [PMID: 32042365 PMCID: PMC7001283 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modern testing paradigms seek to apply human-relevant cell culture models and integrate data from multiple test systems to accurately inform potential hazards and modes of action for chemical toxicology. In genetic toxicology, the use of metabolically competent human hepatocyte cell culture models provides clear advantages over other more commonly used cell lines that require the use of external metabolic activation systems, such as rat liver S9. HepaRG™ cells are metabolically competent cells that express Phase I and II metabolic enzymes and differentiate into mature hepatocyte-like cells, making them ideal for toxicity testing. We assessed the performance of the flow cytometry in vitro micronucleus (MN) test and the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker to detect DNA damage-inducing (DDI) chemicals in human HepaRG™ cells after a 3-day repeat exposure. The biomarker, developed for use in human TK6 cells, is a panel of 64 genes that accurately classifies chemicals as DDI or non-DDI. Herein, the TGx-DDI biomarker was analyzed by Ion AmpliSeq whole transcriptome sequencing to assess its classification accuracy using this more modern gene expression technology as a secondary objective. Methods HepaRG™ cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of 10 test chemicals (six genotoxic chemicals, including one aneugen, and four non-genotoxic chemicals). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were measured using the In Vitro MicroFlow® kit, which was run in parallel with the TGx-DDI biomarker. Results A concentration-related decrease in relative survival and a concomitant increase in MN frequency were observed for genotoxic chemicals in HepaRG™ cells. All five DDI and five non-DDI agents were correctly classified (as genotoxic/non-genotoxic and DDI/non-DDI) by pairing the test methods. The aneugenic agent (colchicine) yielded the expected positive result in the MN test and negative (non-DDI) result by TGx-DDI. Conclusions This next generation genotoxicity testing strategy is aligned with the paradigm shift occurring in the field of genetic toxicology. It provides mechanistic insight in a human-relevant cell-model, paired with measurement of a conventional endpoint, to inform the potential for adverse health effects. This work provides support for combining these assays in an integrated test strategy for accurate, higher throughput genetic toxicology testing in this metabolically competent human progenitor cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Buick
- 1Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- 1Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- 1Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Carol D Swartz
- 2Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc. (ILS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- 2Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc. (ILS), Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- 3National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Carole L Yauk
- 1Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada.,4Health Canada, Environmental Health Centre, 50 Colombine Driveway, PL 0803A, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
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17
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Guo X, Seo JE, Li X, Mei N. Genetic toxicity assessment using liver cell models: past, present, and future. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 23:27-50. [PMID: 31746269 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1692744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic compounds may be detoxified to non-genotoxic metabolites while many pro-carcinogens require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxicity in vivo. Standard genotoxicity assays were developed and utilized for risk assessment for over 40 years. Most of these assays are conducted in metabolically incompetent rodent or human cell lines. Deficient in normal metabolism and relying on exogenous metabolic activation systems, the current in vitro genotoxicity assays often have yielded high false positive rates, which trigger unnecessary and costly in vivo studies. Metabolically active cells such as hepatocytes have been recognized as a promising cell model in predicting genotoxicity of carcinogens in vivo. In recent years, significant advances in tissue culture and biological technologies provided new opportunities for using hepatocytes in genetic toxicology. This review encompasses published studies (both in vitro and in vivo) using hepatocytes for genotoxicity assessment. Findings from both standard and newly developed genotoxicity assays are summarized. Various liver cell models used for genotoxicity assessment are described, including the potential application of advanced liver cell models such as 3D spheroids, organoids, and engineered hepatocytes. An integrated strategy, that includes the use of human-based cells with enhanced biological relevance and throughput, and applying the quantitative analysis of data, may provide an approach for future genotoxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
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18
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Cox JA, Zwart EP, Luijten M, White PA. The development and prevalidation of an in vitro mutagenicity assay based on MutaMouse primary hepatocytes, Part I: Isolation, structural, genetic, and biochemical characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:331-347. [PMID: 30592088 PMCID: PMC6590113 DOI: 10.1002/em.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To develop an improved in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay, it is imperative to address the known deficiencies associated with existing assays. Primary hepatocytes isolated from the MutaMouse are ideal for an in vitro gene mutation assay due to their metabolic competence, their "normal" karyotype (i.e., neither transformed nor immortalized), and the presence of the MutaMouse transgene for rapid and reliable mutation scoring. The cells were extensively characterized to confirm their utility. Freshly isolated cells were found to have a hepatocyte-like morphology, predominantly consisting of binucleated cells. These cells maintain hepatocyte-specific markers for up to 3 days in culture. Analyses revealed a normal murine hepatocyte karyotype with a modal ploidy number of 4n. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed the presence of the lambda shuttle vector on chromosome 3. The doubling time was determined to be 22.5 ± 3.3 h. Gene expression and enzymatic activity of key Phase I and Phase II metabolic enzymes were maintained for at least 8 and 24 h in culture, respectively. Exposure to β-naphthoflavone led to approximately 900- and 9-fold increases in Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 gene expression, respectively, and approximately twofold induction in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1A2 activity. Exposure to phenobarbital resulted in an approximately twofold increase in CYP 2B6 enzyme activity. Following this characterization, it is evident that MutaMouse primary hepatocytes have considerable promise for in vitro mutagenicity assessment. The performance of these cells in an in vitro gene mutation assay is assessed in Part II. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:331-347, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Cox
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Edwin P. Zwart
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul A. White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOntarioCanada
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19
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Kishino Y, Hasegawa T, Arakawa S, Shibaya Y, Yamoto T, Mori K. Effect of the metabolic capacity in rat liver S9 on the positive results of in vitro micronucleus tests. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:145-153. [PMID: 30842367 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A high incidence of positive results is obtained with in vitro genotoxicity tests, which do not correlate with the in vivo negative results in many cases. To address this issue, the metabolic profile of rat liver 9000 × g supernatant fraction (S9) pretreated with phenobarbital (PB) and 5,6-benzoflavone (BNF) was characterized. Furthermore, the in vitro micronucleus tests of 10 compounds were performed with PB-BNF-induced rat S9. PB-BNF increased cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2C6, CYP3A1, and CYP3A2 expression in rat S9, whereas it decreased CYP2C11 and CYP2E1 expression. PB-BNF-induced S9 enhanced the micronucleus induction (MI) of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), cyclophosphamide (CPA), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine hydrochloride (PhIP), which are metabolized by CYP1A1, CYP2C6, and CYP1A2, respectively. In contrast, coumarin and chlorpheniramine showed MI with PB-BNF-induced S9 despite the fact that they show negative results in the in vivo studies. Furthermore, diclofenac, piroxicam, lansoprazole, and caffeine showed MI regardless of the enzyme induction by PB-BNF, whereas phenacetin did not show MI. These results indicate that PB-BNF-induced rat S9 is effective in detecting the genotoxic potential of promutagens, such as BaP, CPA, and PhIP, but not of coumarin and chlorpheniramine, probably due to the differences in the in vitro and in vivo metabolic profile and its exposure levels of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Shingo Arakawa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Yukari Shibaya
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Takashi Yamoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
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20
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Seo JE, Tryndyak V, Wu Q, Dreval K, Pogribny I, Bryant M, Zhou T, Robison TW, Mei N, Guo X. Quantitative comparison of in vitro genotoxicity between metabolically competent HepaRG cells and HepG2 cells using the high-throughput high-content CometChip assay. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1433-1448. [PMID: 30788552 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing that employs metabolically active human cells may be better suited for evaluating human in vivo genotoxicity than current bacterial or non-metabolically active mammalian cell systems. In the current study, 28 compounds, known to have different genotoxicity and carcinogenicity modes of action (MoAs), were evaluated over a wide range of concentrations for the ability to induce DNA damage in human HepG2 and HepaRG cells. DNA damage dose-responses in both cell lines were quantified using a combination of high-throughput high-content (HTHC) CometChip technology and benchmark dose (BMD) quantitative approaches. Assays of metabolic activity indicated that differentiated HepaRG cells had much higher levels of cytochromes P450 activity than did HepG2 cells. DNA damage was observed for four and two out of five indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens in HepaRG and HepG2 cells, respectively. Four out of seven direct-acting carcinogens were positive in both cell lines, with two of the three negatives being genotoxic mainly through aneugenicity. The four chemicals positive in both cell lines generated HTHC Comet data in HepaRG and HepG2 cells with comparable BMD values. All the non-genotoxic compounds, including six non-genotoxic carcinogens, were negative in HepaRG cells; five genotoxic non-carcinogens also were negative. Our results indicate that the HTHC CometChip assay detects a greater proportion of genotoxic carcinogens requiring metabolic activation (i.e., indirect carcinogens) when conducted with HepaRG cells than with HepG2 cells. In addition, BMD genotoxicity potency estimate is useful for quantitatively evaluating CometChip assay data in a scientifically rigorous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kostiantyn Dreval
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Igor Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy W Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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21
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Qin HY, Kou JX, Rao Z, Zhang GQ, Wang XH, Bai LP, Wei YH. N-Acetyltransferase Activity Assay and Inhibitory Compounds Screening by Using Living Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cell Model. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.229.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Kishino Y, Hasegawa T, Kato A, Nishiya Y, Rozhnal V, Watanabe K, Takasaki W, Yamoto T, Mori K. Effect of inter-individual variability in human liver cytochrome P450 isozymes on cyclophosphamide-induced micronucleus formation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 838:37-45. [PMID: 30678826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes present in microsomal fractions derived from the livers of 78 donors and micronucleus induction by cyclophosphamide (CPA). Consequently, a wide inter-individual variation in CYP activities was observed among the 78 donors. The CYP activities were partially correlated with the metabolic phenotypes predicted for the donors based on their single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, CPA induced micronucleus formation was seen for 47 out of 52 donors whose samples were tested with CPA doses ranging from 18.8 to 100 μg/mL. The CPA dose at which micronucleated cells were observed varied among the donors. Furthermore, a close correlation was identified between the catalytic activities of the CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 isozymes and micronucleus induction by CPA. To elucidate the mechanism underlying CPA-induced micronucleus formation in vitro tests were conducted on expression systems of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. Additionally, the metabolites of CPA generated by the expression systems were quantified by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. Interestingly, several metabolites including the 4-hydroxyl form of CPA (4-OH-CPA) and phosphamide mustard were detected in the CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 expression systems, but not in the CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 system. The presence of these metabolites was correlated with micronucleus induction by CPA. The absence of CPA metabolites in the CYP2C9 expression system might be associated with the lower 4-hydroxylase activity of this system. The present results suggest that inter-individual variability in the metabolic capacity of each donor was associated with potential micronucleus induction due to CPA. Additionally, CPA metabolites like 4-OH-CPA and phosphamide mustard produced by human CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 are suggested to be major determinants of micronucleus induction by CPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishino
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan
| | - Ayako Kato
- Translational Research Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan
| | - Yumi Nishiya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Veronika Rozhnal
- Tissue and Cell Research Center Munich, Daiichi Sankyo Europe, GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Wataru Takasaki
- Research and Development Planning and Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamoto
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 134-8630, Japan
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23
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Waldherr M, Mišík M, Ferk F, Tomc J, Žegura B, Filipič M, Mikulits W, Mai S, Haas O, Huber WW, Haslinger E, Knasmüller S. Use of HuH6 and other human-derived hepatoma lines for the detection of genotoxins: a new hope for laboratory animals? Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:921-934. [PMID: 29218508 PMCID: PMC5818615 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines which are currently used in genotoxicity tests lack enzymes which activate/detoxify mutagens. Therefore, rodent-derived liver preparations are used which reflect their metabolism in humans only partly; as a consequence misleading results are often obtained. Previous findings suggest that certain liver cell lines express phase I/II enzymes and detect promutagens without activation; however, their use is hampered by different shortcomings. The aim of this study was the identification of a suitable cell line. The sensitivity of twelve hepatic cell lines was investigated in single cell gel electrophoresis assays. Furthermore, characteristics of these lines were studied which are relevant for their use in genotoxicity assays (mitotic activity, p53 status, chromosome number, and stability). Three lines (HuH6, HCC1.2, and HepG2) detected representatives of five classes of promutagens, namely, IQ and PhIP (HAAs), B(a)P (PAH), NDMA (nitrosamine), and AFB1 (aflatoxin), and were sensitive towards reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, the commercially available line HepaRG, postulated to be a surrogate for hepatocytes and an ideal tool for mutagenicity tests, did not detect IQ and was relatively insensitive towards ROS. All other lines failed to detect two or more compounds. HCC1.2 cells have a high and unstable chromosome number and mutated p53, these features distract from its use in routine screening. HepG2 was frequently employed in earlier studies, but pronounced inter-laboratory variations were observed. HuH6 was never used in genotoxicity experiments and is highly promising, it has a stable karyotype and we demonstrated that the results of genotoxicity experiments are reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Waldherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Tomc
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sören Mai
- Labdia Labordiagnostik GmbH, Zimmermannplatz 8, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Haas
- Labdia Labordiagnostik GmbH, Zimmermannplatz 8, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang W Huber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Haslinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Souton E, Severin I, Le Hegarat L, Hogeveen K, Aljawish A, Fessard V, Marie-Christine C. Genotoxic effects of food contact recycled paperboard extracts on two human hepatic cell lines. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:159-170. [PMID: 29076405 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Food contact paperboards may be a potential source of food contamination as they can release chemicals (intentionally added or not), especially recycled paperboards. This study assessed the in vitro genotoxicity of food contact paperboard samples from a manufacturer, collected at the beginning and at the end of a recycling production chain. Samples were extracted in water to mimic a wet food contact. Different genotoxic endpoints were evaluated in two human hepatic cell lines (HepG2 and HepaRG) using bioassays: γH2AX and p53 activation, primary DNA damage with the comet assay and micronucleus formation. It was found that the samples from the beginning and the end of the production chain induced, with the same potency, γH2AX and p53-ser15 activation and DNA damage with the comet assay. The micronucleus assay was negative with the paperboard extract from the beginning of the chain, whereas positive data were observed for the end paperboard extract. These results indicate that samples from recycled food contact paperboard can induce in vitro genotoxic effects in this study's experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Souton
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Isabelle Severin
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Abdulhadi Aljawish
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- b Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, ANSES-Fougères Laboratory , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety , Fougères , France
| | - Chagnon Marie-Christine
- a Agrosupdijon, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231 , University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
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25
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Ott LM, Ramachandran K, Stehno-Bittel L. An Automated Multiplexed Hepatotoxicity and CYP Induction Assay Using HepaRG Cells in 2D and 3D. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:614-625. [PMID: 28346810 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217701058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are concerns when developing safe and efficacious compounds. We have developed an automated multiplex assay to detect hepatotoxicity (i.e., ATP depletion) and metabolism (i.e., cytochrome P450 1A [CYP1A] and cytochrome P450 3A4 [CYP3A4] enzyme activity) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. HepaRG cells were cultured in our proprietary micromold plates and produced spheroids. HepaRG cells, in 2D or 3D, expressed liver-specific proteins throughout the culture period, although 3D cultures consistently exhibited higher albumin secretion and CYP1A/CYP3A4 enzyme activity than 2D cultures. Once the spheroid hepatic quality was assessed, 2D and 3D HepaRGs were challenged to a panel of DILI- and CYP-inducing compounds for 7 days. The 3D HepaRG model had a 70% sensitivity to liver toxins at 7 days, while the 2D model had a 60% sensitivity. In both the 2D and 3D HepaRG models, 83% of compounds were predicted to be CYP inducers after 7 days of compound exposure. Combined, our results demonstrate that an automated multiplexed liver spheroid system is a promising cell-based method to evaluate DILI and DDI for early-stage drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Stehno-Bittel
- 1 Likarda, LLC, Kansas City, KS, USA.,2 University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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26
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Quesnot N, Rondel K, Audebert M, Martinais S, Glaise D, Morel F, Loyer P, Robin MA. Evaluation of genotoxicity using automated detection of γH2AX in metabolically competent HepaRG cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:43-50. [PMID: 26282955 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ detection of γH2AX was recently reported to be a promising biomarker of genotoxicity. In addition, the human HepaRG hepatoma cells appear to be relevant for investigating hepatic genotoxicity since they express most of drug metabolizing enzymes and a wild type p53. The aim of this study was to determine whether the automated in situ detection of γH2AX positive HepaRG cells could be relevant for evaluation of genotoxicity after single or long-term repeated in vitro exposure compared to micronucleus assay. Metabolically competent HepaRG cells were treated daily with environmental contaminants and genotoxicity was evaluated after 1, 7 and 14 days. Using these cells, we confirmed the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene and demonstrated that dimethylbenzanthracene, fipronil and endosulfan previously found genotoxic with comet or micronucleus assays also induced γH2AX phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that fluoranthene and bisphenol A induced γH2AX while no effect had been previously reported in HepG2 cells. In addition, induction of γH2AX was observed with some compounds only after 7 days, highlighting the importance of studying long-term effects of low doses of contaminants. Together, our data demonstrate that automated γH2AX detection in metabolically competent HepaRG cells is a suitable high-through put genotoxicity screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Quesnot
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Karine Rondel
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Marc Audebert
- Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Martinais
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Denise Glaise
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Fabrice Morel
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Marie-Anne Robin
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
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27
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Mrakovcic M, Meindl C, Leitinger G, Roblegg E, Fröhlich E. Carboxylated short single-walled carbon nanotubes but not plain and multi-walled short carbon nanotubes show in vitro genotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:114-27. [PMID: 25505129 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long carbon nanotubes (CNTs) resemble asbestos fibers due to their high length to diameter ratio and they thus have genotoxic effects. Another parameter that might explain their genotoxic effects is contamination with heavy metal ions. On the other hand, short (1-2 µm) CNTs do not resemble asbestos fibers, and, once purified from contaminations, they might be suitable for medical applications. To identify the role of fiber thickness and surface properties on genotoxicity, well-characterized short pristine and carboxylated single-walled (SCNTs) and multi-walled (MCNTs) CNTs of different diameters were studied for cytotoxicity, the cell's response to oxidative stress (immunoreactivity against hemoxygenase 1 and glutathione levels), and in a hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) assay using V79 chinese hamster fibroblasts and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. DNA repair was demonstrated by measuring immunoreactivity against activated histone H2AX protein. The number of micronuclei as well as the number of multinucleated cells was determined. CNTs acted more cytotoxic in V79 than in A549 cells. Plain and carboxylated thin (<8 nm) SCNTs and MCNTs showed greater cytotoxic potential and carboxylated CNTs showed indication for generating oxidative stress. Multi-walled CNTs did not cause HPRT mutation, micronucleus formation, DNA damage, interference with cell division, and oxidative stress. Carboxylated, but not plain, SCNTs showed indication for in vitro DNA damage according to increase of H2AX-immunoreactive cells and HPRT mutation. Although short CNTs presented a low in vitro genotoxicity, functionalization of short SCNTs can render these particles genotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mrakovcic
- *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Meindl
- *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- *Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz; Institute for Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz; and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Takakura N, Nesslany F, Fessard V, Le Hegarat L. Absence of in vitro genotoxicity potential of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in bacteria and in human TK6 and HepaRG cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Impact of isomalathion on malathion cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human HepaRG cells. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 209:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Hégarat LL, Mourot A, Huet S, Vasseur L, Camus S, Chesné C, Fessard V. Performance of Comet and Micronucleus Assays in Metabolic Competent HepaRG Cells to Predict In Vivo Genotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:300-9. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Klein S, Mueller D, Schevchenko V, Noor F. Long-term maintenance of HepaRG cells in serum-free conditions and application in a repeated dose study. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:1078-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klein
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | | | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
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32
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Optimization of the HepaRG cell model for drug metabolism and toxicity studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1278-85. [PMID: 22643240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line is the first human cell line able to differentiate in vitro into mature hepatocyte-like cells. Our main objective within the framework of the EEC-LIINTOP project was to optimize the use of this cell line for drug metabolism and toxicity studies, especially after repeat treatments. The main results showed that differentiated HepaRG cells: (i) retained their drug metabolism capacity (major CYPs, phase 2 enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors) and responsiveness to prototypical inducers at relatively stable levels for several weeks at confluence. The levels of several functions, including some CYPs such as CYP3A4, were dependent on the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide in the culture medium; (ii) sustained the different types of chemical-induced hepatotoxicity, including steatosis, phospholipidosis and cholestasis, after acute and/or repeat treatment with reference drugs. In particular, drug-induced vesicular steatosis was demonstrated in vitro for the first time. In conclusion, our results from the LIINTOP project, together with other studies reported concomitantly or more recently in the literature, support the conclusion that the metabolically competent human HepaRG cells represent a surrogate to primary human hepatocytes for investigating drug metabolism parameters and both acute and chronic effects of xenobiotics in human liver.
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