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Lerche CM, Frederiksen NJS, Thorsteinsson IS, Køster B, Nybo L, Flouris AD, Heydenreich J, Philipsen PA, Hædersdal M, Wulf HC, Granborg JR. Urinary thymidine dimer excretion reflects personal ultraviolet radiation exposure levels. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:919-930. [PMID: 38589652 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) leads to skin DNA damage, specifically in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, with thymidine dimers being the most common. Quantifying these dimers can indicate the extent of DNA damage resulting from UVR exposure. Here, a new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was used to quantify thymidine dimers in the urine after a temporary increase in real-life UVR exposure. Healthy Danish volunteers (n = 27) experienced increased UVR exposure during a winter vacation. Individual exposure, assessed via personally worn electronic UVR dosimeters, revealed a mean exposure level of 32.9 standard erythema doses (SEDs) during the last week of vacation. Morning urine thymidine dimer concentrations were markedly elevated both 1 and 2 days post-vacation, and individual thymidine dimer levels correlated with UVR exposure during the last week of the vacation. The strongest correlation with erythema-weighted personal UVR exposure (Power model, r2 = 0.64, p < 0.001) was observed when both morning urine samples were combined to measure 48-h thymidine dimer excretion, whereas 24-h excretion based on a single sample provided a weaker correlation (Power model, r2 = 0.55, p < 0.001). Sex, age, and skin phototype had no significant effect on these correlations. For the first time, urinary thymidine dimer excretion was quantified by LC-MS to evaluate the effect of a temporary increase in personal UVR exposure in a real-life setting. The high sensitivity to elevated UVR exposure and correlation between urinary excretion and measured SED suggest that this approach may be used to quantify DNA damage and repair and to evaluate photoprevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Margrethe Lerche
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Brian Køster
- Department of Prevention and Information, Danish Cancer Society, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Jakob Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Alshede Philipsen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Hædersdal
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Wulf
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan Riber Granborg
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.
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Narbutt J, Philipsen PA, Lesiak A, Sandberg Liljendahl T, Segerbäck D, Heydenreich J, Chlebna-Sokol D, Olsen P, Harrison GI, Pearson A, Baczynska K, Rogowski-Tylman M, Wulf HC, Young AR. Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , after a summer holiday in Northern Europe. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:940-950. [PMID: 29691848 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood, which is associated with mutations caused by UVR-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Solar UVR is also the main source of vitamin D, essential for healthy bone development in children. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of a 12-day Baltic Sea (54° N) beach holiday on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 ] and CPD in 32 healthy Polish children (skin types I-IV). METHODS Blood and urine were collected before and after the holiday and assessed for 25(OH)D3 and excreted CPD, respectively, and personal UVR exposure was measured. Diaries were used to record sunbathing, sunburn and sunscreen use. Before- and after-holiday skin redness and pigmentation were measured by reflectance spectroscopy. RESULTS The average ± SD daily exposure UVR dose was 2·4 ± 1·5 standard erythema doses (SEDs), which is borderline erythemal. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D3 increased (× 1·24 ± 0·19) from 64·7 ± 13·3 to 79·3 ± 18·7 nmol L-1 (P < 0·001). Mean CPD increased 12·6 ± 10·0-fold from 26·9 ± 17·9 to 248·9 ± 113·4 fmol μmol-1 creatinine (P < 0·001). Increased 25(OH)D3 was accompanied by a very much greater increase in DNA damage associated with carcinogenic potential. Overall, skin type had no significant effects on behavioural, clinical or analytical outcomes, but skin types I/II had more CPD (unadjusted P = 0·0496) than skin types III/IV at the end of the holiday. CONCLUSIONS Careful consideration must be given to the health outcomes of childhood solar exposure, and a much better understanding of the risk-benefit relationships of such exposure is required. Rigorous photoprotection is necessary for children, even in Northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - T Sandberg Liljendahl
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - D Segerbäck
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J Heydenreich
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - D Chlebna-Sokol
- Department of Paediatric Propedeutics and Bone Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P Olsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - G I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - A Pearson
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | - K Baczynska
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | | | - H C Wulf
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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Steckling N, Gotti A, Bose-O'Reilly S, Chapizanis D, Costopoulou D, De Vocht F, Garí M, Grimalt JO, Heath E, Hiscock R, Jagodic M, Karakitsios SP, Kedikoglou K, Kosjek T, Leondiadis L, Maggos T, Mazej D, Polańska K, Povey A, Rovira J, Schoierer J, Schuhmacher M, Špirić Z, Stajnko A, Stierum R, Tratnik JS, Vassiliadou I, Annesi-Maesano I, Horvat M, Sarigiannis DA. Biomarkers of exposure in environment-wide association studies - Opportunities to decode the exposome using human biomonitoring data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:597-624. [PMID: 29626821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Union's 7th Framework Programme (EU's FP7) project HEALS - Health and Environment-wide Associations based on Large Population Surveys - aims a refinement of the methodology to elucidate the human exposome. Human biomonitoring (HBM) provides a valuable tool for understanding the magnitude of human exposure from all pathways and sources. However, availability of specific biomarkers of exposure (BoE) is limited. OBJECTIVES The objective was to summarize the availability of BoEs for a broad range of environmental stressors and exposure determinants and corresponding reference and exposure limit values and biomonitoring equivalents useful for unraveling the exposome using the framework of environment-wide association studies (EWAS). METHODS In a face-to-face group discussion, scope, content, and structure of the HEALS deliverable "Guidelines for appropriate BoE selection for EWAS studies" were determined. An expert-driven, distributed, narrative review process involving around 30 individuals of the HEALS consortium made it possible to include extensive information targeted towards the specific characteristics of various environmental stressors and exposure determinants. From the resulting 265 page report, targeted information about BoE, corresponding reference values (e.g., 95th percentile or measures of central tendency), exposure limit values (e.g., the German HBM I and II values) and biomonitoring equivalents (BEs) were summarized and updated. RESULTS 64 individual biological, chemical, physical, psychological and social environmental stressors or exposure determinants were included to fulfil the requirements of EWAS. The list of available BoEs is extensive with a number of 135; however, 12 of the stressors and exposure determinants considered do not leave any measurable specific substance in accessible body specimens. Opportunities to estimate the internal exposure stressors not (yet) detectable in human specimens were discussed. CONCLUSIONS Data about internal exposures are useful to decode the exposome. The paper provides extensive information for EWAS. Information included serves as a guideline - snapshot in time without any claim to comprehensiveness - to interpret HBM data and offers opportunities to collect information about the internal exposure of stressors if no specific BoE is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Steckling
- University Hospital Munich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Unit Global Environmental Health, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, Universityfor Health Sciences, Medical Computer Science and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Alberto Gotti
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Engineering, Building D, University Campus, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- University Hospital Munich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Unit Global Environmental Health, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, Universityfor Health Sciences, Medical Computer Science and Technology, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, A-6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Dimitris Chapizanis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Engineering, Building D, University Campus, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Danae Costopoulou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Frank De Vocht
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9BL, United Kingdom
| | - Mercè Garí
- University Hospital Munich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Unit Global Environmental Health, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rosemary Hiscock
- University of Bath, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Department for Health Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Jagodic
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Engineering, Building D, University Campus, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Kleopatra Kedikoglou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Maggos
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kinga Polańska
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, 8 Teresy Street, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrew Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9BL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julia Schoierer
- University Hospital Munich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Unit Global Environmental Health, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zdravko Špirić
- Green Infrastructure Ltd., Fallerovo setaliste 22, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rob Stierum
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irene Vassiliadou
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Engineering, Building D, University Campus, GR-54124, Greece
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Petersen B, Wulf HC, Triguero-Mas M, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Olsen P, Heydenreich J, Dadvand P, Basagaña X, Liljendahl TS, Harrison GI, Segerbäck D, Schmalwieser AW, Young AR, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Sun and ski holidays improve vitamin D status, but are associated with high levels of DNA damage. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2806-2813. [PMID: 24844860 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is caused by solar UVR, which is also essential for vitamin D production. DNA damage (thymine dimers: T-T dimers) and vitamin D (25(OH)D) synthesis are both initiated by solar UVB. We aimed to investigate the simultaneous adverse and beneficial effects of solar UVB exposure in holidaymakers. Sun-seekers and skiers (n=71) were observed over 6 days through on-site monitoring, personal diary entries, and recording of personal UVB exposure doses with electronic dosimeters. Urine and blood samples were analyzed for T-T dimers and 25(OH)D, respectively. The volunteers had a statistically significant increase in vitamin D. There were strong associations between UVB exposure and post-holiday levels of T-T dimers and vitamin D, as well as between post-holiday T-T dimers and vitamin D. We conclude that UVB-induced vitamin D synthesis is associated with considerable DNA damage in the skin. These data, on two major health predictors, provide a basis for further field studies that may result in better understanding of the risks and benefits of "real life" solar exposure. However, vitamin D status can be improved more safely through the use of vitamin D dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Petersen
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hans C Wulf
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margarita Triguero-Mas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter A Philipsen
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Thieden
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Olsen
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatological Research, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tove S Liljendahl
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Graham I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Segerbäck
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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