1
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Nakamura AM, Godoy AS, Kadowaki MAS, Trentin LN, Gonzalez SET, Skaf MS, Polikarpov I. Structures of BlEst2 from Bacillus licheniformis in its propeptide and mature forms reveal autoinhibitory effects of the C-terminal domain. FEBS J 2024; 291:4930-4950. [PMID: 39073006 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases comprise a major class of α/β-fold hydrolases responsible for the cleavage and formation of ester bonds. Found ubiquitously in nature, these enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous carboxyl esters in animals, plants and microorganisms. Beyond their essential physiological roles, carboxylesterases stand out as one of the important classes of biocatalysts for biotechnology. BlEst2, an enzyme previously classified as Bacillus licheniformis esterase, remains largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we elucidate the structural biology, molecular dynamics and biochemical features of BlEst2. Our findings reveal a canonical α/β-hydrolase fold similar to the ESTHER block L of lipases, further augmented by two additional accessory C-terminal domains. Notably, the catalytic domain demonstrates two insertions, which occupy conserved locations in α/β-hydrolase proteins and commonly form the lid domain in lipase structures. Intriguingly, our in vitro cleavage of C-terminal domains revealed the structure of the active form of BlEst2. Upon activation, BlEst2 showed a markedly elevated hydrolytic activity. This observation implies that the intramolecular C-terminal domain serves as a regulatory intramolecular inhibitor. Interestingly, despite exhibiting esterase-like activity, BlEst2 structural characteristics align more closely with lipases. This suggests that BlEst2 could potentially represent a previously unrecognized subgroup within the realm of carboxyl ester hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucas N Trentin
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Sinkler E T Gonzalez
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Munir S Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil
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2
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Gallic Acid as a Non-Selective Inhibitor of α/β-Hydrolase Fold Enzymes Involved in the Inflammatory Process: The Two Sides of the Same Coin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020368. [PMID: 35214100 PMCID: PMC8874653 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Gallic acid (GA) has been characterized as an effective anti-inflammatory, antivenom, and promising drug for therapeutic use. (2/3) Methods and Results: GA was identified from ethanolic extract of fresh pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) leaves, which was identified using commercial GA. Commercial GA neutralized the enzymatic activity of secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) by inhibiting the active site and inducing changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme. Pharmacological edema assays showed that GA strongly decreased edema when the compound was previously incubated with sPLA2. However, prior treatment of GA (30 min before) significantly increased the edema and myotoxicity induced by sPLA2. The molecular docking results of GA with platelet-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and acetylcholinesterase reveal that this compound was able to interact with the active site of both molecules, inhibiting the hydrolysis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and acetylcholine (ACh). (4) Conclusion: GA has a great potential application; however, our results show that this compound can also induce adverse effects in previously treated animals. Additionally, the increased edema and myotoxicity observed experimentally in GA-treated animals may be due to the inhibition of PAF-AH and Acetylcholinesterase.
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3
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Magalhães RP, Cunha JM, Sousa SF. Perspectives on the Role of Enzymatic Biocatalysis for the Degradation of Plastic PET. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11257. [PMID: 34681915 PMCID: PMC8540959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are highly durable and widely used materials. Current methodologies of plastic degradation, elimination, and recycling are flawed. In recent years, biodegradation (the usage of microorganisms for material recycling) has grown as a valid alternative to previously used methods. The evolution of bioengineering techniques and the discovery of novel microorganisms and enzymes with degradation ability have been key. One of the most produced plastics is PET, a long chain polymer of terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) repeating monomers. Many enzymes with PET degradation activity have been discovered, characterized, and engineered in the last few years. However, classification and integrated knowledge of these enzymes are not trivial. Therefore, in this work we present a summary of currently known PET degrading enzymes, focusing on their structural and activity characteristics, and summarizing engineering efforts to improve activity. Although several high potential enzymes have been discovered, further efforts to improve activity and thermal stability are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita P. Magalhães
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. Cunha
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, BioSIM—Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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4
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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5
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Kim SH, Kang PA, Han K, Lee SW, Rhee S. Crystal structure of chloramphenicol-metabolizing enzyme EstDL136 from a metagenome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210298. [PMID: 30645605 PMCID: PMC6333409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metagenomes often convey novel biological activities and therefore have gained considerable attention for use in biotechnological applications. Recently, metagenome-derived EstDL136 was found to possess chloramphenicol (Cm)-metabolizing features. Sequence analysis showed EstDL136 to be a member of the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family with an Asp-His-Ser catalytic triad and a notable substrate specificity. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of EstDL136 and in a complex with Cm. Consistent with the high sequence similarity, the structure of EstDL136 is homologous to that of the HSL family. The active site of EstDL136 is a relatively shallow pocket that could accommodate Cm as a substrate as opposed to the long acyl chain substrates typical of the HSL family. Mutational analyses further suggested that several residues in the vicinity of the active site play roles in the Cm-binding of EstDL136. These results provide structural and functional insights into a metagenome-derived EstDL136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyeoung-Ann Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keetae Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (SR); (SWL)
| | - Sangkee Rhee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SR); (SWL)
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6
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Nakamura AM, Kadowaki MAS, Godoy A, Nascimento AS, Polikarpov I. Low-resolution envelope, biophysical analysis and biochemical characterization of a short-chain specific and halotolerant carboxylesterase from Bacillus licheniformis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:1893-1905. [PMID: 30290254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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da Silva FD, Nogara PA, Braga MM, Piccoli BC, Rocha JBT. Molecular docking analysis of acetylcholinesterase corroborates the protective effect of pralidoxime against chlorpyrifos-induced behavioral and neurochemical impairments in Nauphoeta cinerea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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New insights on molecular interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with esterases. Toxicology 2017; 376:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Chen Y, Black DS, Reilly PJ. Carboxylic ester hydrolases: Classification and database derived from their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1942-1953. [PMID: 27530203 PMCID: PMC5079261 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We classified the carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEHs) into families and clans by use of multiple sequence alignments, secondary structure analysis, and tertiary structure superpositions. Our work for the first time has fully established their systematic structural classification. Family members have similar primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, and their active sites and reaction mechanisms are conserved. Families may be gathered into clans by their having similar secondary and tertiary structures, even though primary structures of members of different families are not similar. CEHs were gathered from public databases by use of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and divided into 91 families, with 36 families being grouped into five clans. Members of one clan have standard α/β-hydrolase folds, while those of other two clans have similar folds but with different sequences of their β-strands. The other two clans have members with six-bladed β-propeller and three-α-helix bundle tertiary structures. Those families not in clans have a large variety of structures or have no members with known structures. At the time of writing, the 91 families contained 321,830 primary structures and 1378 tertiary structures. From these data, we constructed an accessible database: CASTLE (CArboxylic eSTer hydroLasEs, http://www.castle.cbe.iastate.edu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Daniel S Black
- Information Technology Services, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Peter J Reilly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011.
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10
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Butyrylcholinesterase identification in a phenylvalerate esterase-enriched fraction sensitive to low mipafox concentrations in chicken brain. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:909-919. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Proteins with an alpha/beta hydrolase fold: Relationships between subfamilies in an ever-growing superfamily. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:266-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Lenfant N, Hotelier T, Velluet E, Bourne Y, Marchot P, Chatonnet A. ESTHER, the database of the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins: tools to explore diversity of functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23193256 PMCID: PMC3531081 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESTHER database, which is freely available via a web server (http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/esther) and is widely used, is dedicated to proteins with an α/β-hydrolase fold, and it currently contains >30 000 manually curated proteins. Herein, we report those substantial changes towards improvement that we have made to improve ESTHER during the past 8 years since our 2004 update. In particular, we generated 87 new families and increased the coverage of the UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB). We also renewed the ESTHER website and added new visualization tools, such as the Overall Table and the Family Tree. We also address two topics of particular interest to the ESTHER users. First, we explain how the different enzyme classifications (bacterial lipases, peptidases, carboxylesterases) used by different communities of users are combined in ESTHER. Second, we discuss how variations of core architecture or in predicted active site residues result in a more precise clustering of families, and whether this strategy provides trustable hints to identify enzyme-like proteins with no catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lenfant
- Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, INRA-UM1, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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13
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Angkawidjaja C, Koga Y, Takano K, Kanaya S. Structure and stability of a thermostable carboxylesterase from the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii. FEBS J 2012; 279:3071-84. [PMID: 22748144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family is comprised of carboxylesterases and lipases with similarity to mammalian HSL. Thermophilic enzymes of this family have a high potential for use in biocatalysis. We prepared and crystallized a carboxylesterase of the HSL family from Sulfolobus tokodaii (Sto-Est), and determined its structures in the presence and absence of an inhibitor. Sto-Est forms a dimer in solution and the crystal structure suggests the presence of a stable biological dimer. We identified a residue close to the dimer interface, R267, which is conserved in archaeal enzymes of HSL family and is in close proximity to the same residue from the other monomer. Mutations of R267 to Glu, Gly and Lys were conducted and the resultant R267 mutants were characterized and crystallized. The structures of R267E, R267G and R267K are highly similar to that of Sto-Est with only slight differences in atomic coordinates. The dimerized states of R267E and R267G are unstable under denaturing conditions or at high temperature, as shown by a urea-induced dimer dissociation experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. R267E is the most unstable mutant protein, followed by R267G and R267K, as shown by the thermal denaturation curve and optimum temperature for activity. From the data, we discuss the importance of R267 in maintaining the dimer integrity of Sto-Est.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Angkawidjaja
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan.
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14
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Ali YB, Verger R, Abousalham A. Lipases or esterases: does it really matter? Toward a new bio-physico-chemical classification. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 861:31-51. [PMID: 22426710 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-600-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylester hydrolases, commonly named esterases, consist of a large spectrum of enzymes defined by their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic ester bonds and are widely distributed among animals, plants, and microorganisms. Lipases are lipolytic enzymes which constitute a special class of carboxylic esterases capable of releasing long-chain fatty acids from natural water-insoluble carboxylic esters. However, up to now, several unsuccessful attempts aimed at differentiating "lipases" from "esterases" by using various criteria. These criteria were based on the first substrate used chronologically, primary sequence comparisons, some kinetic parameters, or some structural features.Lipids are biological compounds which, by definition, are insoluble in water. Taking into account this basic physico-chemical criterion, we primarily distinguish lipolytic esterases (L, acting on lipids) from nonlipolytic esterases (NL, not acting on lipids). In view of the biochemical data accumulated up to now, we proposed a new classification of esterases based on various criteria of physico-chemical, chemical, anatomical, or cellular nature. We believe that the present attempt matters scientifically for several reasons: (1) to help newcomers in the field, performing a few key experiments to figure out if a newly isolated esterase is lipolytic or not; (2) to clarify a debate between scientists in the field; and (3) to formulate questions which are relevant to the still unsolved problem of the structure-function relationships of esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ben Ali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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15
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Kourist R, Jochens H, Bartsch S, Kuipers R, Padhi SK, Gall M, Böttcher D, Joosten HJ, Bornscheuer UT. The alpha/beta-hydrolase fold 3DM database (ABHDB) as a tool for protein engineering. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1635-43. [PMID: 20593436 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kourist
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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16
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Purification and characterization of organic solvent and detergent tolerant lipase from thermotolerant Bacillus sp. RN2. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3783-92. [PMID: 21152301 PMCID: PMC2996779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the organic solvent and detergent tolerant properties of recombinant lipase isolated from thermotolerant Bacillus sp. RN2 (Lip-SBRN2). The isolation of the lipase-coding gene was achieved by the use of inverse and direct PCR. The complete DNA sequencing of the gene revealed that the lip-SBRN2 gene contains 576 nucleotides which corresponded to 192 deduced amino acids. The purified enzyme was homogeneous with the estimated molecular mass of 19 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The Lip-SBRN2 was stable in a pH range of 9-11 and temperature range of 45-60 °C. The enzyme was a non metallo-monomeric protein and was active against pNP-caprylate (C8) and pNP-laurate (C12) and coconut oil. The Lip-SBRN2 exhibited a high level of activity in the presence of 108% benzene, 102.4% diethylether and 112% SDS. It is anticipated that the organic solvent and detergent tolerant enzyme secreted by Bacillus sp. RN2 will be applicable as catalysts for reaction in the presence of organic solvents and detergents.
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17
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Evolution of cholinesterases in the animal kingdom. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Temeyer KB, Pruett JH, Olafson PU. Baculovirus expression, biochemical characterization and organophosphate sensitivity of rBmAChE1, rBmAChE2, and rBmAChE3 of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:114-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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19
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De Jaco A, Lin MZ, Dubi N, Comoletti D, Miller MT, Camp S, Ellisman M, Butko MT, Tsien RY, Taylor P. Neuroligin trafficking deficiencies arising from mutations in the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold protein family. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28674-82. [PMID: 20615874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great functional diversity, characterization of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold proteins that encompass a superfamily of hydrolases, heterophilic adhesion proteins, and chaperone domains reveals a common structural motif. By incorporating the R451C mutation found in neuroligin (NLGN) and associated with autism and the thyroglobulin G2320R (G221R in NLGN) mutation responsible for congenital hypothyroidism into NLGN3, we show that mutations in the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold domain influence folding and biosynthetic processing of neuroligin3 as determined by in vitro susceptibility to proteases, glycosylation processing, turnover, and processing rates. We also show altered interactions of the mutant proteins with chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum and arrest of transport along the secretory pathway with diversion to the proteasome. Time-controlled expression of a fluorescently tagged neuroligin in hippocampal neurons shows that these mutations compromise neuronal trafficking of the protein, with the R451C mutation reducing and the G221R mutation virtually abolishing the export of NLGN3 from the soma to the dendritic spines. Although the R451C mutation causes a local folding defect, the G221R mutation appears responsible for more global misfolding of the protein, reflecting their sequence positions in the structure of the protein. Our results suggest that disease-related mutations in the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold domain share common trafficking deficiencies yet lead to discrete congenital disorders of differing severity in the endocrine and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Jaco
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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20
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Rid R, Önder K, Hawranek T, Laimer M, Bauer JW, Holler C, Simon-Nobbe B, Breitenbach M. Isolation and immunological characterization of a novel Cladosporium herbarum allergen structurally homologous to the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1366-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Dvir H, Silman I, Harel M, Rosenberry TL, Sussman JL. Acetylcholinesterase: from 3D structure to function. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:10-22. [PMID: 20138030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase terminates neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses. Acetylcholinesterase is a very fast enzyme, functioning at a rate approaching that of a diffusion-controlled reaction. The powerful toxicity of organophosphate poisons is attributed primarily to their potent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are utilized in the treatment of various neurological disorders, and are the principal drugs approved thus far by the FDA for management of Alzheimer's disease. Many organophosphates and carbamates serve as potent insecticides, by selectively inhibiting insect acetylcholinesterase. The determination of the crystal structure of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase permitted visualization, for the first time, at atomic resolution, of a binding pocket for acetylcholine. It also allowed identification of the active site of acetylcholinesterase, which, unexpectedly, is located at the bottom of a deep gorge lined largely by aromatic residues. The crystal structure of recombinant human acetylcholinesterase in its apo-state is similar in its overall features to that of the Torpedo enzyme; however, the unique crystal packing reveals a novel peptide sequence which blocks access to the active-site gorge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Dvir
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Old and new questions about cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:30-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Toulza E, Mattiuzzo NR, Galliano MF, Jonca N, Dossat C, Jacob D, de Daruvar A, Wincker P, Serre G, Guerrin M. Large-scale identification of human genes implicated in epidermal barrier function. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R107. [PMID: 17562024 PMCID: PMC2394760 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genes expressed in epidermal granular keratinocytes by ORESTES, including a number that are highly specific for these cells. Background During epidermal differentiation, keratinocytes progressing through the suprabasal layers undergo complex and tightly regulated biochemical modifications leading to cornification and desquamation. The last living cells, the granular keratinocytes (GKs), produce almost all of the proteins and lipids required for the protective barrier function before their programmed cell death gives rise to corneocytes. We present here the first analysis of the transcriptome of human GKs, purified from healthy epidermis by an original approach. Results Using the ORESTES method, 22,585 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were produced that matched 3,387 genes. Despite normalization provided by this method (mean 4.6 ORESTES per gene), some highly transcribed genes, including that encoding dermokine, were overrepresented. About 330 expressed genes displayed less than 100 ESTs in UniGene clusters and are most likely to be specific for GKs and potentially involved in barrier function. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the relative expression of 73 genes in the basal and granular layers of epidermis by quantitative RT-PCR. Among these, 33 were identified as new, highly specific markers of GKs, including those encoding a protease, protease inhibitors and proteins involved in lipid metabolism and transport. We identified filaggrin 2 (also called ifapsoriasin), a poorly characterized member of the epidermal differentiation complex, as well as three new lipase genes clustered with paralogous genes on chromosome 10q23.31. A new gene of unknown function, C1orf81, is specifically disrupted in the human genome by a frameshift mutation. Conclusion These data increase the present knowledge of genes responsible for the formation of the skin barrier and suggest new candidates for genodermatoses of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Toulza
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas R Mattiuzzo
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Florence Galliano
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Jonca
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Dossat
- Genoscope and CNRS UMR 8030, rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Daniel Jacob
- Centre de Bioinformatique Bordeaux, Université V. Segalen Bordeaux 2, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Antoine de Daruvar
- Centre de Bioinformatique Bordeaux, Université V. Segalen Bordeaux 2, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Genoscope and CNRS UMR 8030, rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Guy Serre
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
| | - Marina Guerrin
- UMR 5165 "Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity", CNRS - Toulouse III University (IFR 30, INSERM - CNRS - Toulouse III University - CHU), allées Jules Guesde, 31073 Toulouse, France
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Salameh M, Wiegel J. Lipases from extremophiles and potential for industrial applications. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:253-83. [PMID: 17448792 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moh'd Salameh
- Microbiology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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25
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Structural and functional insights into Mimivirus ORFans. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:115. [PMID: 17490476 PMCID: PMC1876218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mimivirus isolated from A. polyphaga is the largest virus discovered so far. It is unique among all the viruses in having genes related to translation, DNA repair and replication which bear close homology to eukaryotic genes. Nevertheless, only a small fraction of the proteins (33%) encoded in this genome has been assigned a function. Furthermore, a large fraction of the unassigned protein sequences bear no sequence similarity to proteins from other genomes. These sequences are referred to as ORFans. Because of their lack of sequence similarity to other proteins, they can not be assigned putative functions using standard sequence comparison methods. As part of our genome-wide computational efforts aimed at characterizing Mimivirus ORFans, we have applied fold-recognition methods to predict the structure of these ORFans and further functions were derived based on conservation of functionally important residues in sequence-template alignments. Results Using fold recognition, we have identified highly confident computational 3D structural assignments for 21 Mimivirus ORFans. In addition, highly confident functional predictions for 6 of these ORFans were derived by analyzing the conservation of functional motifs between the predicted structures and proteins of known function. This analysis allowed us to classify these 6 previously unannotated ORFans into their specific protein families: carboxylesterase/thioesterase, metal-dependent deacetylase, P-loop kinases, 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase, BTB domain and eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E. Conclusion Using stringent fold recognition criteria we have assigned three-dimensional structures for 21 of the ORFans encoded in the Mimivirus genome. Further, based on the 3D models and an analysis of the conservation of functionally important residues and motifs, we were able to derive functional attributes for 6 of the ORFans. Our computational identification of important functional sites in these ORFans can be the basis for a subsequent experimental verification of our predictions. Further computational and experimental studies are required to elucidate the 3D structures and functions of the remaining Mimivirus ORFans.
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Hotelier T, Renault L, Cousin X, Negre V, Marchot P, Chatonnet A. ESTHER, the database of the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:D145-7. [PMID: 14681380 PMCID: PMC308875 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha/beta-hydrolase fold is characterized by a beta-sheet core of five to eight strands connected by alpha-helices to form a alpha/beta/alpha sandwich. In most of the family members the beta-strands are parallels, but some show an inversion in the order of the first strands, resulting in antiparallel orientation. The members of the superfamily diverged from a common ancestor into a number of hydrolytic enzymes with a wide range of substrate specificities, together with other proteins with no recognized catalytic activity. In the enzymes the catalytic triad residues are presented on loops, of which one, the nucleophile elbow, is the most conserved feature of the fold. Of the other proteins, which all lack from one to all of the catalytic residues, some may simply be 'inactive' enzymes while others are known to be involved in surface recognition functions. The ESTHER database (http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/esther) gathers and annotates all the published information related to gene and protein sequences of this superfamily, as well as biochemical, pharmacological and structural data, and connects them so as to provide the bases for studying structure-function relationships within the family. The most recent developments of the database, which include a section on human diseases related to members of the family, are described.
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27
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Lo YC, Lin SC, Shaw JF, Liaw YC. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli thioesterase I/protease I/lysophospholipase L1: consensus sequence blocks constitute the catalytic center of SGNH-hydrolases through a conserved hydrogen bond network. J Mol Biol 2003; 330:539-51. [PMID: 12842470 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli thioesterase I (TAP) is a multifunctional enzyme possessing activities of thioesterase, esterase, arylesterase, protease, and lysophospholipase. In particular, TAP has stereoselectivity for amino acid derivative substrates, hence it is useful for the kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures of industrial chemicals. In the present work, the crystal structure of native TAP was determined at 1.9A, revealing a minimal SGNH-hydrolase fold. The structure of TAP in complex with a diethyl phosphono moiety (DEP) identified its catalytic triad, Ser10-Asp154-His157, and oxyanion hole, Ser10-Gly44-Asn73. The oxyanion hole of TAP consists of three residues each separated from the other by more than 3.5A, implying that all of them are highly polarized when substrate bound. The catalytic (His)C(epsilon1)-H...O=C hydrogen bond usually plays a role in the catalytic mechanisms of most serine hydrolases, however, there were none present in SGNH-hydrolases. We propose that the existence of the highly polarized tri-residue-constituted oxyanion hole compensates for the lack of a (His)C(epsilon1)-H...O=C hydrogen bond. This suggests that members of the SGNH-hydrolase family may employ a unique catalytic mechanism. In addition, most SGNH-hydrolases have low sequence identities and presently there is no clear criterion to define consensus sequence blocks. Through comparison of TAP and the three SGNH-hydrolase structures currently known, we have identified a unique hydrogen bond network which stabilizes the catalytic center: a newly discovered structural feature of SGNH-hydrolases. We have defined these consensus sequence blocks providing a basis for the sub-classification of SGNH-hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lo
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Neihu 114, Taiwan
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28
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Kovarik Z, Radić Z, Berman HA, Simeon-Rudolf V, Reiner E, Taylor P. Acetylcholinesterase active centre and gorge conformations analysed by combinatorial mutations and enantiomeric phosphonates. Biochem J 2003; 373:33-40. [PMID: 12665427 PMCID: PMC1223469 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2002] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight double and triple mutants of mouse acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), with substitutions corresponding to residues found largely within the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) active-centre gorge, was analysed to compare steady-state kinetic constants for substrate turnover and inhibition parameters for enantiomeric methylphosphonate esters. The mutations combined substitutions in the acyl pocket (Phe(295)-->Leu and Phe(297)-->Ile) with the choline-binding site (Tyr(337)-->Ala and Phe(338)-->Ala) and with a side chain (Glu(202)--> Gln) N-terminal to the active-site serine, Ser(203). The mutations affected catalysis by increasing K (m) and decreasing k (cat), but these constants were typically affected by an order of magnitude or less, a relatively small change compared with the catalytic potential of AChE. To analyse the constraints on stereoselective phosphonylation, the mutant enzymes were reacted with a congeneric series of S (P)- and R (P)-methylphosphonates of known absolute stereochemistry. Where possible, the overall reaction rates were deconstructed into the primary constants for formation of the reversible complex and intrinsic phosphonylation. The multiple mutations greatly reduced the reaction rates of the more reactive S (P)-methylphosphonates, whereas the rates of reaction with the R (P)-methylphosphonates were markedly enhanced. With the phosphonates of larger steric bulk, the enhancement of rates for the R (P) enantiomers, coupled with the reduction of the S (P) enantiomers, was sufficient to invert markedly the enantiomeric preference. The sequence of mutations to enlarge the size of the AChE active-centre gorge, resembling in part the more spacious gorge of BChE, did not show an ordered conversion into BChE reactivity as anticipated for a rigid template. Rather, the individual aromatic residues may mutually interact to confer a distinctive stereospecificity pattern towards organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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29
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Bell PJL, Sunna A, Gibbs MD, Curach NC, Nevalainen H, Bergquist PL. Prospecting for novel lipase genes using PCR. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2283-2291. [PMID: 12177322 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A PCR method suitable for the isolation of lipase genes directly from environmental DNA is described. The problems associated with the low levels of similarity between lipase genes were overcome by extensive analysis of conserved regions and careful primer design. Using this method, a lipase gene (oli-lipase) was isolated directly from environmental DNA. This lipase showed less than 20% similarity with other known lipases at the amino acid level. The study also revealed that distantly related members of the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily share similar conserved motifs with the lipases, thus making these genes targets for gene prospecting by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J L Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Physikalische Biochemie, Universitat Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 D-14476 Golm, Germany2
| | - Moreland D Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Natalie C Curach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Private Bag 92109, Auckland, New Zealand3
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
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30
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Botti SA, Felder CE, Lifson S, Sussman JL, Silman I. A modular treatment of molecular traffic through the active site of cholinesterase. Biophys J 1999; 77:2430-50. [PMID: 10545346 PMCID: PMC1300520 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a model for the molecular traffic of ligands, substrates, and products through the active site of cholinesterases (ChEs). First, we describe a common treatment of the diffusion to a buried active site of cationic and neutral species. We then explain the specificity of ChEs for cationic ligands and substrates by introducing two additional components to this common treatment. The first module is a surface trap for cationic species at the entrance to the active-site gorge that operates through local, short-range electrostatic interactions and is independent of ionic strength. The second module is an ionic-strength-dependent steering mechanism generated by long-range electrostatic interactions arising from the overall distribution of charges in ChEs. Our calculations show that diffusion of charged ligands relative to neutral isosteric analogs is enhanced approximately 10-fold by the surface trap, while electrostatic steering contributes only a 1.5- to 2-fold rate enhancement at physiological salt concentration. We model clearance of cationic products from the active-site gorge as analogous to the escape of a particle from a one-dimensional well in the presence of a linear electrostatic potential. We evaluate the potential inside the gorge and provide evidence that while contributing to the steering of cationic species toward the active site, it does not appreciably retard their clearance. This optimal fine-tuning of global and local electrostatic interactions endows ChEs with maximum catalytic efficiency and specificity for a positively charged substrate, while at the same time not hindering clearance of the positively charged products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Botti
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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31
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Chatonnet A, Hotelier T, Cousin X. Kinetic parameters of cholinesterase interactions with organophosphates: retrieval and comparison tools available through ESTHER database: ESTerases, alpha/beta Hydrolase Enzymes and Relatives. Chem Biol Interact 1999; 119-120:567-76. [PMID: 10421496 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases are targets for organophosphorus compounds which are used as insecticides, chemical warfare agents and drugs for the treatment of disease such as glaucoma, or parasitic infections. The widespread use of these chemicals explains the growing of this area of research and the ever increasing number of sequences, structures, or biochemical data available. Future advances will depend upon effective management of existing information as well as upon creation of new knowledge. The ESTHER database goal is to facilitate retrieval and comparison of data about structure and function of proteins presenting the alpha/beta hydrolase fold. Protein engineering and in vitro production of enzymes allow direct comparison of biochemical parameters. Kinetic parameters of enzymatic reactions are now included in the database. These parameters can be searched and compared with a table construction tool. ESTHER can be reached through internet (http://www.ensam.inra.fr/cholinesterase). The full database or the specialised X-window Client-server system can be downloaded from our ftp server (ftp://ftp.toulouse.inra.fr./pub/esther). Forms can be used to send updates or corrections directly from the web.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatonnet
- Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance, INRA-ENSAM, Montpellier, France.
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32
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Falk A, Feys BJ, Frost LN, Jones JD, Daniels MJ, Parker JE. EDS1, an essential component of R gene-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3292-7. [PMID: 10077677 PMCID: PMC15935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major class of plant disease resistance (R) genes encodes leucine-rich-repeat proteins that possess a nucleotide binding site and amino-terminal similarity to the cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll and human IL-1 receptors. In Arabidopsis thaliana, EDS1 is indispensable for the function of these R genes. The EDS1 gene was cloned by targeted transposon tagging and found to encode a protein that has similarity in its amino-terminal portion to the catalytic site of eukaryotic lipases. Thus, hydrolase activity, possibly on a lipid-based substrate, is anticipated to be central to EDS1 function. The predicted EDS1 carboxyl terminus has no significant sequence homologies, although analysis of eight defective eds1 alleles reveals it to be essential for EDS1 function. Two plant defense pathways have been defined previously that depend on salicylic acid, a phenolic compound, or jasmonic acid, a lipid-derived molecule. We examined the expression of EDS1 mRNA and marker mRNAs (PR1 and PDF1.2, respectively) for these two pathways in wild-type and eds1 mutant plants after different challenges. The results suggest that EDS1 functions upstream of salicylic acid-dependent PR1 mRNA accumulation and is not required for jasmonic acid-induced PDF1.2 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Falk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Grauso M, Culetto E, Combes D, Fedon Y, Toutant JP, Arpagaus M. Existence of four acetylcholinesterase genes in the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae. FEBS Lett 1998; 424:279-84. [PMID: 9539167 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three genes, ace-1, ace-2 and ace-3, respectively located on chromosomes X, I and II, were reported to encode acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) of classes A, B and C in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We have previously cloned and sequenced ace-1 in the two related species C. elegans and C. briggsae. We report here partial sequences of ace-2 (encoding class B) and of two other ace sequences located in close proximity on chromosome II in C. elegans and C. briggsae. These two sequences are provisionally named ace-x and ace-y, because it is not possible at the moment to establish which of these two genes corresponds to ace-3. Ace-x and ace-y are transcribed in vivo as shown by RT-PCR and they are likely to be included in a single operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grauso
- Groupe Cholinestérases, Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, Centre INRA de Montpellier, France
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35
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Cousin X, Hotelier T, Giles K, Toutant JP, Chatonnet A. aCHEdb: the database system for ESTHER, the alpha/beta fold family of proteins and the Cholinesterase gene server. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:226-8. [PMID: 9399841 PMCID: PMC147245 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.1.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase belongs to a family of proteins, the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family, whose constituents evolutionarily diverged from a common ancestor and share a similar structure of a central beta sheet surrounded by alpha helices. These proteins fulfil a wide range of physiological functions (hydrolases, adhesion molecules, hormone precursors) [Krejci,E., Duval,N., Chatonnet,A., Vincens,P. and Massoulié,J. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 88, 6647-6651]. ESTHER (for esterases, alpha/beta hydrolase enzymes and relatives) is a database aimed at collecting in one information system, sequence data together with biological annotations and experimental biochemical results related to the structure-function analysis of the enzymes of the family. The major upgrade of the database comes from the use of a new database management system: aCHEdb which uses the ACeDB program designed by Richard Durbin and Jean Thierry-Mieg. It can be found at http://www.ensam.inra.fr/cholinesterase
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cousin
- Différenciation Cellulaire et Croissance and Unité Informatique, INRA-ENSAM, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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36
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Simon S, Massoulié J. Cloning and expression of acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus. Splicing pattern of the 3' exons in vivo and in transfected mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:33045-55. [PMID: 9407087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.52.33045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned and expressed a cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of type T from Electrophorus electricus organs. When expressed in COS, HEK, and Chinese hamster ovary cells, the AChET subunits generated dimers and tetramers. The cells produced more activity at 27 than at 37 degrees C. The kinetic parameters of a recombinant enzyme, produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris, were close to those of the natural AChE. Analysis of genomic clones showed that the coding sequence is interrupted by an intron that does not exist in Torpedo and differs in its location from that observed in the mouse. This intron is preceded by a sequence encoding a non-conserved 29-amino acid peptide, which does not exist in Torpedo or mammalian AChEs. According to a three-dimensional model, this non-conserved peptide is located at the surface of the protein, opposite from the entry of the catalytic gorge; its deletion did not modify the catalytic parameters. Sequence analyses and expression of various constructs showed that the gene does not contain any H exon. We also found that splicing of transcripts in mammalian cells reveals cryptic donor sites in exons and acceptor sites in introns, which do not appear to be used in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simon
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS URA 1857, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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