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Brus M, Frangež R, Gorenjak M, Kotnik P, Knez Ž, Škorjanc D. Effect of Hydrolyzable Tannins on Glucose-Transporter Expression and Their Bioavailability in Pig Small-Intestinal 3D Cell Model. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020345. [PMID: 33440878 PMCID: PMC7827651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transepithelial transport of glucose is mediated by glucose transporters, and affects postprandial blood-glucose levels. This study investigates the effect of wood extracts rich in hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) that originated from sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and oak (Quercus petraea) on the expression of glucose transporter genes and the uptake of glucose and HT constituents in a 3D porcine-small-intestine epithelial-cell model. The viability of epithelial cells CLAB and PSI exposed to different HTs was determined using alamarBlue®. qPCR was used to analyze the gene expression of SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, and POLR2A. Glucose uptake was confirmed by assay, and LC–MS/ MS was used for the analysis of HT bioavailability. HTs at 37 µg/mL were found to adversely affect cell viability and downregulate POLR2A expression. HT from wood extract Tanex at concentrations of 4 µg/mL upregulated the expression of GLUT2, as well as glucose uptake at 1 µg/mL. The time-dependent passage of gallic acid through enterocytes was influenced by all wood extracts compared to gallic acid itself as a control. These results suggest that HTs could modulate glucose uptake and gallic acid passage in the 3D cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksimiljan Brus
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
| | - Robert Frangež
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mario Gorenjak
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Petra Kotnik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Škorjanc
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-2-320-90-25
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Nichols CA, Gibson WJ, Brown MS, Kosmicki JA, Busanovich JP, Wei H, Urbanski LM, Curimjee N, Berger AC, Gao GF, Cherniack AD, Dhe-Paganon S, Paolella BR, Beroukhim R. Loss of heterozygosity of essential genes represents a widespread class of potential cancer vulnerabilities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2517. [PMID: 32433464 PMCID: PMC7239950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in non-driver genes represent an emerging class of potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Hundreds to thousands of non-driver genes undergo loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events per tumor, generating discrete differences between tumor and normal cells. Here we interrogate LOH of polymorphisms in essential genes as a novel class of therapeutic targets. We hypothesized that monoallelic inactivation of the allele retained in tumors can selectively kill cancer cells but not somatic cells, which retain both alleles. We identified 5664 variants in 1278 essential genes that undergo LOH in cancer and evaluated the potential for each to be targeted using allele-specific gene-editing, RNAi, or small-molecule approaches. We further show that allele-specific inactivation of either of two essential genes (PRIM1 and EXOSC8) reduces growth of cells harboring that allele, while cells harboring the non-targeted allele remain intact. We conclude that LOH of essential genes represents a rich class of non-driver cancer vulnerabilities. In tumors, hundreds of genes can undergo loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Here, the authors investigate the potential for this LOH as a class of non-driver cancer vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Nichols
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - William J Gibson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Meredith S Brown
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jack A Kosmicki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John P Busanovich
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hope Wei
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Laura M Urbanski
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Naomi Curimjee
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ashton C Berger
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Galen F Gao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Boston, MA, USA. .,Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Fluiter K, Frieden M, Vreijling J, Koch T, Baas F. Evaluation of LNA-modified DNAzymes targeting a single nucleotide polymorphism in the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Oligonucleotides 2006; 15:246-54. [PMID: 16396619 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2005.15.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Allele-specific inhibition (ASI) is a new strategy to treat cancer through a vulnerability created by the loss of large segments of chromosomal material by loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Using antisense approaches, it is possible to target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the remaining allele of an essential gene in the tumor, thus killing the tumor while the heterozygous patient survives at the expense of the other nontargeted allele lost by the tumor. In this study, the feasibility of using locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified DNAzymes (LNAzymes) of the 10-23 motif as allele-specific drugs was investigated. We demonstrate that incorporation of LNA into 10-23 motif DNAzymes increases their efficacy in mRNA degradation and that, in a cell-free system, the 10-23 motif LNAzyme can adequately discriminate and recognize an SNP in the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (POLR2A), an essential gene frequently involved in LOH in cancer cells. However, the LNAzymes, optimized under in vitro conditions, are not always efficient in cleaving their RNA target in cell culture, and the efficiency of RNA cleavage in cell culture is cell type dependent. The cleavage rate of the LNAzyme is also much slower than RNase H-recruiting DNA phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides. Moreover, compared with DNA phosphorothioates, the ability of the LNAzymes to differentially knock down two POLR2A alleles in cultured cancer cells is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Fluiter
- Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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ten Asbroek ALMA, van Groenigen M, Nooij M, Baas F. The involvement of human ribonucleases H1 and H2 in the variation of response of cells to antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:583-92. [PMID: 11856317 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the response of a number of human cell lines to treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) directed against RNA polymerase II, replication protein A, and Ha-ras. ODN-delivery to the cells was liposome-mediated or via electroporation, which resulted in different intracellular locations of the ODNs. The ODN-mediated target mRNA reduction varied considerably between the cell lines. In view of the essential role of RNase H activity in this response, RNase H was analyzed. The mRNA levels of RNase H1 and RNase H2 varied considerably in the cell lines examined in this study. The intracellular localization of the enzymes, assayed by green-fluorescent protein fusions, showed that RNase H1 was present throughout the whole cell for all cell types analyzed, whereas RNase H2 was restricted to the nucleus in all cells except the prostate cancer line 15PC3 that expressed the protein throughout the cell. Whole cell extracts of the cell lines yielded similar RNase H cleavage activity in an in vitro liquid assay, in contrast to the efficacy of the ODNs in vivo. Overexpression of RNase H2 did not affect the response to ODNs in vivo. Our data imply that in vivo RNase H activity is not only due to the activity assayed in vitro, but also to an intrinsic property of the cells. RNase H1 is not likely to be a major player in the antisense ODN-mediated degradation of target mRNAs. RNase H2 is involved in the activity assayed in vitro. The presence of cell-type specific factors affecting the activity and localization of RNase H2 is strongly suggested.
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