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Kindongo O, Lieb G, Skaggs B, Dusserre Y, Vincenzetti V, Pelet S. Implication of polymerase recycling for nascent transcript quantification by live cell imaging. Yeast 2024; 41:279-294. [PMID: 38389243 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription enables the production of RNA from a DNA template. Due to the highly dynamic nature of transcription, live-cell imaging methods play a crucial role in measuring the kinetics of this process. For instance, transcriptional bursts have been visualized using fluorescent phage-coat proteins that associate tightly with messenger RNA (mRNA) stem loops formed on nascent transcripts. To convert the signal emanating from a transcription site into meaningful estimates of transcription dynamics, the influence of various parameters on the measured signal must be evaluated. Here, the effect of gene length on the intensity of the transcription site focus was analyzed. Intuitively, a longer gene can support a larger number of transcribing polymerases, thus leading to an increase in the measured signal. However, measurements of transcription induced by hyper-osmotic stress responsive promoters display independence from gene length. A mathematical model of the stress-induced transcription process suggests that the formation of gene loops that favor the recycling of polymerase from the terminator to the promoter can explain the observed behavior. One experimentally validated prediction from this model is that the amount of mRNA produced from a short gene should be higher than for a long one as the density of active polymerase on the short gene will be increased by polymerase recycling. Our data suggest that this recycling contributes significantly to the expression output from a gene and that polymerase recycling is modulated by the promoter identity and the cellular state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kindongo
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lieb
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Skaggs
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Dusserre
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Vincenzetti
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Pelet
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Galello F, Bermúdez-Moretti M, Martínez MCO, Rossi S, Portela P. The cAMP-PKA signalling crosstalks with CWI and HOG-MAPK pathways in yeast cell response to osmotic and thermal stress. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:90-105. [PMID: 38495453 PMCID: PMC10941952 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.03.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used in food and non-food industries. During industrial fermentation yeast strains are exposed to fluctuations in oxygen concentration, osmotic pressure, pH, ethanol concentration, nutrient availability and temperature. Fermentation performance depends on the ability of the yeast strains to adapt to these changes. Suboptimal conditions trigger responses to the external stimuli to allow homeostasis to be maintained. Stress-specific signalling pathways are activated to coordinate changes in transcription, translation, protein function, and metabolic fluxes while a transient arrest of growth and cell cycle progression occur. cAMP-PKA, HOG-MAPK and CWI signalling pathways are turned on during stress response. Comprehension of the mechanisms involved in the responses and in the adaptation to these stresses during fermentation is key to improving this industrial process. The scope of this review is to outline the advancement of knowledge about the cAMP-PKA signalling and the crosstalk of this pathway with the CWI and HOG-MAPK cascades in response to the environmental challenges heat and hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Galello
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bermúdez-Moretti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Clara Ortolá Martínez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Portela
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET). Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Zhang MM, Yuan B, Wang YT, Zhang FL, Liu CG, Zhao XQ. Differential Protein Expression in Set5p-Mediated Acetic Acid Stress Response and Novel Targets for Engineering Yeast Stress Tolerance. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38396335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Acetic acid is a prevalent inhibitor in lignocellulosic hydrolysate, which represses microbial growth and bioproduction. Histone modification and chromatin remodeling have been revealed to be critical for regulating eukaryotic metabolism. However, related studies in chronic acetic acid stress responses remain unclear. Our previous studies revealed that overexpression of the histone H4 methyltransferase Set5p enhanced acetic acid stress tolerance of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we examined the role of Set5p in acetic acid stress by analyzing global protein expression. Significant activation of intracellular protein expression under the stress was discovered, and the functions of the differential proteins were mainly involved in chromatin modification, signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolism. Notably, a substantial increase of Set5p expression was observed in response to acetic acid stress. Functional studies demonstrated that the restriction of the telomere capping protein Rtc3p, as well as Ies3p and Taf14p, which are related to chromatin regulation, was critical for yeast stress response. This study enriches the understanding of the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying yeast stress response mediated by histone-modifying enzymes. The results also benefit the development of robust yeast strains for lignocellulosic bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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4
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Miura R, Mimura I, Saigusa H, Yamazaki T, Tanemoto F, Kurata Y, Sato D, Tanaka T, Nangaku M. Chromatin remodeling factor, INO80, inhibits PMAIP1 in renal tubular cells via exchange of histone variant H2A.Z. for H2A. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13235. [PMID: 37580530 PMCID: PMC10425331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structures in the kidney contribute towards the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, the role of chromatin remodeling factor inositol requiring 80 (INO80) was investigated. Although INO80 regulates transcription by altering the chromatin structure at the nucleosome level, its role in the kidney remains unknown. We demonstrated that the expression of INO80 in impaired kidneys decreased in rats with unilateral urethral obstruction. We investigated INO80 expression in a proximal tubular cell line and observed that its expression decreased under hypoxic condition. Additionally, INO80 knockdown promoted apoptosis, suggesting that INO80 plays a role in inhibiting tubular cell apoptosis. We identified downstream target genes of INO80 via genome-wide analysis using RNA-sequences and found that the expression of apoptosis-related genes, such as TP53 and E2F1, and pro-apoptotic genes, such as PMAIP1, increased upon INO80 knockdown. ChIP-qPCR of the loci of PMAIP1 showed that the amount of H2A.Z. increased instead of decreasing the amount of H2A when INO80 was knocked down. These results indicated that INO80 plays a role in the exchange of H2A.Z. for H2A in the promoter region of PMAIP1 in tubular cells to inhibit apoptosis during CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Miura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Imari Mimura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hanako Saigusa
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Yamazaki
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanemoto
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yu Kurata
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Dai Sato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Chakraborty P, Magnuson T. INO80 requires a polycomb subunit to regulate the establishment of poised chromatin in murine spermatocytes. Development 2022; 149:273926. [PMID: 35006254 PMCID: PMC8881737 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INO80 is the catalytic subunit of the INO80-chromatin remodeling complex that is involved in DNA replication, repair and transcription regulation. Ino80 deficiency in murine spermatocytes (Ino80cKO) results in pachytene arrest of spermatocytes due to incomplete synapsis and aberrant DNA double-strand break repair, which leads to apoptosis. RNA-seq on Ino80cKO spermatocytes revealed major changes in transcription, indicating that an aberrant transcription program arises upon INO80 depletion. In Ino80WT spermatocytes, genome-wide analysis showed that INO80-binding sites were mostly promoter proximal and necessary for the regulation of spermatogenic gene expression, primarily of premeiotic and meiotic genes. Furthermore, most of the genes poised for activity, as well as those genes that are active, shared INO80 binding. In Ino80cKO spermatocytes, most poised genes demonstrated de-repression due to reduced H3K27me3 enrichment and, in turn, showed increased expression levels. INO80 interacts with the core PRC2 complex member SUZ12 and promotes its recruitment. Furthermore, INO80 mediates H2A.Z incorporation at the poised promoters, which was reduced in Ino80cKO spermatocytes. Taken together, INO80 is emerging as a major regulator of the meiotic transcription program by mediating poised chromatin establishment through SUZ12 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabuddha Chakraborty
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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6
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Qiu H, Biernat E, Govind CK, Rawal Y, Chereji RV, Clark DJ, Hinnebusch AG. Chromatin remodeler Ino80C acts independently of H2A.Z to evict promoter nucleosomes and stimulate transcription of highly expressed genes in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8408-8430. [PMID: 32663283 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodelers SWI/SNF and RSC function in evicting promoter nucleosomes at highly expressed yeast genes, particularly those activated by transcription factor Gcn4. Ino80 remodeling complex (Ino80C) can establish nucleosome-depleted regions (NDRs) in reconstituted chromatin, and was implicated in removing histone variant H2A.Z from the -1 and +1 nucleosomes flanking NDRs; however, Ino80C's function in transcriptional activation in vivo is not well understood. Analyzing the cohort of Gcn4-induced genes in ino80Δ mutants has uncovered a role for Ino80C on par with SWI/SNF in evicting promoter nucleosomes and transcriptional activation. Compared to SWI/SNF, Ino80C generally functions over a wider region, spanning the -1 and +1 nucleosomes, NDR and proximal genic nucleosomes, at genes highly dependent on its function. Defects in nucleosome eviction in ino80Δ cells are frequently accompanied by reduced promoter occupancies of TBP, and diminished transcription; and Ino80 is enriched at genes requiring its remodeler activity. Importantly, nuclear depletion of Ino80 impairs promoter nucleosome eviction even in a mutant lacking H2A.Z. Thus, Ino80C acts widely in the yeast genome together with RSC and SWI/SNF in evicting promoter nucleosomes and enhancing transcription, all in a manner at least partly independent of H2A.Z editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Qiu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Biernat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Chhabi K Govind
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Yashpal Rawal
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Răzvan V Chereji
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alan G Hinnebusch
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Viéitez C, Martínez-Cebrián G, Solé C, Böttcher R, Potel CM, Savitski MM, Onnebo S, Fabregat M, Shilatifard A, Posas F, de Nadal E. A genetic analysis reveals novel histone residues required for transcriptional reprogramming upon stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3455-3475. [PMID: 32064518 PMCID: PMC7144942 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to sense, respond and adapt to environmental fluctuations. Stress causes a massive reorganization of the transcriptional program. Many examples of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been associated with transcriptional activation or repression under steady-state growth conditions. Comparatively less is known about the role of histone PTMs in the cellular adaptive response to stress. Here, we performed high-throughput genetic screenings that provide a novel global map of the histone residues required for transcriptional reprogramming in response to heat and osmotic stress. Of note, we observed that the histone residues needed depend on the type of gene and/or stress, thereby suggesting a 'personalized', rather than general, subset of histone requirements for each chromatin context. In addition, we identified a number of new residues that unexpectedly serve to regulate transcription. As a proof of concept, we characterized the function of the histone residues H4-S47 and H4-T30 in response to osmotic and heat stress, respectively. Our results uncover novel roles for the kinases Cla4 and Ste20, yeast homologs of the mammalian PAK2 family, and the Ste11 MAPK as regulators of H4-S47 and H4-T30, respectively. This study provides new insights into the role of histone residues in transcriptional regulation under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Viéitez
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Martínez-Cebrián
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solé
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Böttcher
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clement M Potel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Onnebo
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Fabregat
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL 60611, USA
| | - Francesc Posas
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia de Nadal
- Cell Signaling Research Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Poli J, Gasser SM, Papamichos-Chronakis M. The INO80 remodeller in transcription, replication and repair. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0290. [PMID: 28847827 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessibility of eukaryotic genomes to the action of enzymes involved in transcription, replication and repair is maintained despite the organization of DNA into nucleosomes. This access is often regulated by the action of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodellers. The INO80 class of nucleosome remodellers has unique structural features and it is implicated in a diverse array of functions, including transcriptional regulation, DNA replication and DNA repair. Underlying these diverse functions is the catalytic activity of the main ATPase subunit, which in the context of a multisubunit complex can shift nucleosomes and carry out histone dimer exchange. In vitro studies showed that INO80 promotes replication fork progression on a chromatin template, while in vivo it was shown to facilitate replication fork restart after stalling and to help evict RNA polymerase II at transcribed genes following the collision of a replication fork with transcription. More recent work in yeast implicates INO80 in the general eviction and degradation of nucleosomes following high doses of oxidative DNA damage. Beyond these replication and repair functions, INO80 was shown to repress inappropriate transcription at promoters in the opposite direction to the coding sequence. Here we discuss the ways in which INO80's diverse functions help maintain genome integrity.This article is part of the themed issue 'Chromatin modifiers and remodellers in DNA repair and signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Poli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Montpellier and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), UMR5237, CNRS, Montpellier 34095, Cedex 5, France
| | - Susan M Gasser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland .,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manolis Papamichos-Chronakis
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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