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Khudhair MK, Mohammed NI, Zabibah RS. Validating Sam68 expression and protein level in breast cancer. J Med Life 2023; 16:1136-1139. [PMID: 37900073 PMCID: PMC10600683 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma ranks as the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Despite significant therapeutic advancements, approximately 25% of breast carcinoma cases have resistance to current treatment modalities, posing a significant challenge for patient management. This study aimed to investigate the role of Sam68 mRNA and its protein in promoting oncogenesis and breast cancer progression. Sam68 protein levels were assessed in tissue samples using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit from Sun Long Biotech. Whole RNA was isolated from malignant breast tissue samples obtained from patients. The RNA concentration was determined using an Eppendorf photometer, yielding an average concentration of 62.1±10.07 ng/µl. The purity of the isolated RNA was evaluated by measuring the A260/A280 ratio (1.9±0.07) and the A260/A230 ratio (1.7±0.3). The results indicated a significant upregulation of Sam68 mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues, supporting the findings from previous studies and indicating the correlation between altered Sam68 expression and the development of breast carcinoma, highlighting the potential significance of Sam68 in the pathogenesis of the disease. Estimating Sam68 in the blood may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing the malignant grade and metastatic spread of breast carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Kadhum Khudhair
- Department of Laboratory Investigation, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Noaman Ibadi Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Rahman Sahib Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medicine, Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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2
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Sehgal P, Chaturvedi P. Chromatin and Cancer: Implications of Disrupted Chromatin Organization in Tumorigenesis and Its Diversification. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020466. [PMID: 36672415 PMCID: PMC9856863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cancers is uncontrolled cell proliferation, frequently associated with an underlying imbalance in gene expression. This transcriptional dysregulation observed in cancers is multifaceted and involves chromosomal rearrangements, chimeric transcription factors, or altered epigenetic marks. Traditionally, chromatin dysregulation in cancers has been considered a downstream effect of driver mutations. However, here we present a broader perspective on the alteration of chromatin organization in the establishment, diversification, and therapeutic resistance of cancers. We hypothesize that the chromatin organization controls the accessibility of the transcriptional machinery to regulate gene expression in cancerous cells and preserves the structural integrity of the nucleus by regulating nuclear volume. Disruption of this large-scale chromatin in proliferating cancerous cells in conventional chemotherapies induces DNA damage and provides a positive feedback loop for chromatin rearrangements and tumor diversification. Consequently, the surviving cells from these chemotherapies become tolerant to higher doses of the therapeutic reagents, which are significantly toxic to normal cells. Furthermore, the disorganization of chromatin induced by these therapies accentuates nuclear fragility, thereby increasing the invasive potential of these tumors. Therefore, we believe that understanding the changes in chromatin organization in cancerous cells is expected to deliver more effective pharmacological interventions with minimal effects on non-cancerous cells.
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3
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Drekolia MK, Talyan S, Cordellini Emídio R, Boon RA, Guenther S, Looso M, Dumbović G, Bibli SI. Unravelling the impact of aging on the human endothelial lncRNA transcriptome. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035380. [PMID: 36338971 PMCID: PMC9634578 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease is highest among the elderly. There is a need to further understand the mechanisms behind endothelial cell aging in order to achieve vascular rejuvenation and minimize the onset of age-related vascular diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proposed to regulate numerous processes in the human genome, yet their function in vascular aging and their therapeutic potential remain largely unknown. This is primarily because the majority of studies investigating the impact of aging on lncRNA expression heavily rely on in vitro studies based on replicative senescence. Here, using a unique collection of young and aged endothelial cells isolated from native human arteries, we sought to characterize the age-related alterations in lncRNA expression profiles. We were able to detect a total of 4463 lncRNAs expressed in the human endothelium from which ∼17% (798) were altered in advanced age. One of the most affected lncRNAs in aging was the primate-specific, Prostate Cancer Associated Transcript (PCAT) 14. In our follow up analysis, using single molecule RNA FISH, we showed that PCAT14 is relatively abundant, localized almost exclusively in the nucleus of young endothelial cells, and silenced in the aged endothelium. Functionally, our studies proposed that downregulation of PCAT14 alters endothelial cell transcription profile and cell functions including endothelial cell migration, sprouting and inflammatory responses in vitro. Taken together, our data highlight that endothelial cell aging correlates with altered expression of lncRNAs, which could impair the endothelial regenerative capacity and enhance inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Kyriaki Drekolia
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sweta Talyan
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Reinier Abraham Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabrijela Dumbović
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sofia-Iris Bibli, ; Gabrijela Dumbović,
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhein/Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sofia-Iris Bibli, ; Gabrijela Dumbović,
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4
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Yamazaki T, Yamamoto T, Hirose T. Micellization: A new principle in the formation of biomolecular condensates. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:974772. [PMID: 36106018 PMCID: PMC9465675 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.974772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase separation is a fundamental mechanism for compartmentalization in cells and leads to the formation of biomolecular condensates, generally containing various RNA molecules. RNAs are biomolecules that can serve as suitable scaffolds for biomolecular condensates and determine their forms and functions. Many studies have focused on biomolecular condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), one type of intracellular phase separation mechanism. We recently identified that paraspeckle nuclear bodies use an intracellular phase separation mechanism called micellization of block copolymers in their formation. The paraspeckles are scaffolded by NEAT1_2 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their partner RNA-binding proteins (NEAT1_2 RNA-protein complexes [RNPs]). The NEAT1_2 RNPs act as block copolymers and the paraspeckles assemble through micellization. In LLPS, condensates grow without bound as long as components are available and typically have spherical shapes to minimize surface tension. In contrast, the size, shape, and internal morphology of the condensates are more strictly controlled in micellization. Here, we discuss the potential importance and future perspectives of micellization of block copolymers of RNPs in cells, including the construction of designer condensates with optimal internal organization, shape, and size according to design guidelines of block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomohiro Yamazaki, ; Tetsuro Hirose,
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomohiro Yamazaki, ; Tetsuro Hirose,
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5
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Somasundaram K, Gupta B, Jain N, Jana S. LncRNAs divide and rule: The master regulators of phase separation. Front Genet 2022; 13:930792. [PMID: 36035193 PMCID: PMC9399341 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.930792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the human genome, except for a small region that transcribes protein-coding RNAs, was considered junk. With the advent of RNA sequencing technology, we know that much of the genome codes for RNAs with no protein-coding potential. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that form a significant proportion are dynamically expressed and play diverse roles in physiological and pathological processes. Precise spatiotemporal control of their expression is essential to carry out various biochemical reactions inside the cell. Intracellular organelles with membrane-bound compartments are known for creating an independent internal environment for carrying out specific functions. The formation of membrane-free ribonucleoprotein condensates resulting in intracellular compartments is documented in recent times to execute specialized tasks such as DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription, and mRNA splicing. These liquid compartments, called membrane-less organelles (MLOs), are formed by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), selectively partitioning a specific set of macromolecules from others. While RNA binding proteins (RBPs) with low complexity regions (LCRs) appear to play an essential role in this process, the role of RNAs is not well-understood. It appears that short nonspecific RNAs keep the RBPs in a soluble state, while longer RNAs with unique secondary structures promote LLPS formation by specifically binding to RBPs. This review will update the current understanding of phase separation, physio-chemical nature and composition of condensates, regulation of phase separation, the role of lncRNA in the phase separation process, and the relevance to cancer development and progression.
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6
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Ugarković Đ, Sermek A, Ljubić S, Feliciello I. Satellite DNAs in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071154. [PMID: 35885937 PMCID: PMC9324158 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandemly repeated satellite DNAs are major components of centromeres and pericentromeric heterochromatin which are crucial chromosomal elements responsible for accurate chromosome segregation. Satellite DNAs also contribute to genome evolution and the speciation process and are important for the maintenance of the entire genome inside the nucleus. In addition, there is increasing evidence for active and tightly regulated transcription of satellite DNAs and for the role of their transcripts in diverse processes. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries related to the regulation of satellite DNA expression and the role of their transcripts, either in heterochromatin establishment and centromere function or in gene expression regulation under various biological contexts. We discuss the role of satellite transcripts in the stress response and environmental adaptation as well as consequences of the dysregulation of satellite DNA expression in cancer and their potential use as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đurđica Ugarković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (Đ.U.); (I.F.); Tel.: +385-1-4561-083 (D.U.); +39-081-746-4317 (I.F.)
| | - Antonio Sermek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Sven Ljubić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Isidoro Feliciello
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (Đ.U.); (I.F.); Tel.: +385-1-4561-083 (D.U.); +39-081-746-4317 (I.F.)
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7
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Hoyt SJ, Storer JM, Hartley GA, Grady PGS, Gershman A, de Lima LG, Limouse C, Halabian R, Wojenski L, Rodriguez M, Altemose N, Rhie A, Core LJ, Gerton JL, Makalowski W, Olson D, Rosen J, Smit AFA, Straight AF, Vollger MR, Wheeler TJ, Schatz MC, Eichler EE, Phillippy AM, Timp W, Miga KH, O’Neill RJ. From telomere to telomere: The transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements. Science 2022; 376:eabk3112. [PMID: 35357925 PMCID: PMC9301658 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mobile elements and repetitive genomic regions are sources of lineage-specific genomic innovation and uniquely fingerprint individual genomes. Comprehensive analyses of such repeat elements, including those found in more complex regions of the genome, require a complete, linear genome assembly. We present a de novo repeat discovery and annotation of the T2T-CHM13 human reference genome. We identified previously unknown satellite arrays, expanded the catalog of variants and families for repeats and mobile elements, characterized classes of complex composite repeats, and located retroelement transduction events. We detected nascent transcription and delineated CpG methylation profiles to define the structure of transcriptionally active retroelements in humans, including those in centromeres. These data expand our insight into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of repetitive regions that have shaped the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. Hoyt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Gabrielle A. Hartley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Patrick G. S. Grady
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ariel Gershman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Charles Limouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reza Halabian
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luke Wojenski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Matias Rodriguez
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolas Altemose
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arang Rhie
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leighton J. Core
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Wojciech Makalowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Olson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jeb Rosen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchell R. Vollger
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Travis J. Wheeler
- Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Michael C. Schatz
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam M. Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen H. Miga
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Rachel J. O’Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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8
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Gao Y, Liu C, Wu T, Liu R, Mao W, Gan X, Lu X, Liu Y, Wan L, Xu B, Chen M. Current status and perspectives of non-coding RNA and phase separation interactions. Biosci Trends 2022; 16:330-345. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2022.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiange Wu
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiji Liu
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weipu Mao
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinqiang Gan
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lilin Wan
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Somatic Hypomethylation of Pericentromeric SST1 Repeats and Tetraploidization in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215353. [PMID: 34771515 PMCID: PMC8582499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic DNA hypomethylation and aneuploidy are hallmarks of cancer, and there is evidence for a causal relationship between them in knockout mice but not in human cancer. The non-mobile pericentromeric repetitive elements SST1 are hypomethylated in about 17% of human colorectal cancers (CRC) with some 5-7% exhibiting strong age-independent demethylation. We studied the frequency of genome doubling, a common event in solid tumors linked to aneuploidy, in randomly selected single cell clones of near-diploid LS174T human CRC cells differing in their level of SST1 demethylation. Near-diploid LS174T cells underwent frequent genome-doubling events generating near-tetraploid clones with lower levels of SST1 methylation. In primary CRC, strong SST1 hypomethylation was significantly associated with global genomic hypomethylation and mutations in TP53. This work uncovers the association of the naturally occurring demethylation of the SST1 pericentromeric repeat with the onset of spontaneous tetraploidization in human CRC cells in culture and with TP53 mutations in primary CRCs. Altogether, our findings provide further support for an oncogenic pathway linking somatic hypomethylation and genetic copy number alterations in a subset of human CRC.
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10
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Nasiri-Aghdam M, Garcia-Garduño TC, Jave-Suárez LF. CELF Family Proteins in Cancer: Highlights on the RNA-Binding Protein/Noncoding RNA Regulatory Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11056. [PMID: 34681716 PMCID: PMC8537729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications to coding and non-coding RNAs are unquestionably a pivotal way in which human mRNA and protein diversity can influence the different phases of a transcript's life cycle. CELF (CUGBP Elav-like family) proteins are RBPs (RNA-binding proteins) with pleiotropic capabilities in RNA processing. Their responsibilities extend from alternative splicing and transcript editing in the nucleus to mRNA stability, and translation into the cytoplasm. In this way, CELF family members have been connected to global alterations in cancer proliferation and invasion, leading to their identification as potential tumor suppressors or even oncogenes. Notably, genetic variants, alternative splicing, phosphorylation, acetylation, subcellular distribution, competition with other RBPs, and ultimately lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs all impact CELF regulation. Discoveries have emerged about the control of CELF functions, particularly via noncoding RNAs, and CELF proteins have been identified as competing, antagonizing, and regulating agents of noncoding RNA biogenesis. On the other hand, CELFs are an intriguing example through which to broaden our understanding of the RBP/noncoding RNA regulatory axis. Balancing these complex pathways in cancer is undeniably pivotal and deserves further research. This review outlines some mechanisms of CELF protein regulation and their functional consequences in cancer physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasiri-Aghdam
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Texali C. Garcia-Garduño
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
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11
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Phase Separation in RNA Biology. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:872-880. [PMID: 34371110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Formation of biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an advantageous strategy for cells to organize subcellular compartments for diverse functions. The involvement of LLPS is more widespread and overrepresented in RNA-related biological processes. This is in part because that RNAs are intrinsically multivalent macromolecules and the presence of RNAs affects the formation, dissolution and biophysical properties of biomolecular condensates formed by LLPS. Emerging studies have illustrated how LLPS participates in RNA transcription, splicing, processing, quality control, translation and function. The interconnected regulation between LLPS and RNAs ensures tight control of RNA-related cellular functions.
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12
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Yamazaki T, Yamamoto T, Yoshino H, Souquere S, Nakagawa S, Pierron G, Hirose T. Paraspeckles are constructed as block copolymer micelles. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107270. [PMID: 33885174 PMCID: PMC8204865 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraspeckles are constructed by NEAT1_2 architectural long noncoding RNAs. Their characteristic cylindrical shapes, with highly ordered internal organization, distinguish them from typical liquid-liquid phase-separated condensates. We experimentally and theoretically investigated how the shape and organization of paraspeckles are determined. We identified the NEAT1_2 RNA domains responsible for shell localization of the NEAT1_2 ends, which determine the characteristic internal organization. Using the soft matter physics, we then applied a theoretical framework to understand the principles that determine NEAT1_2 organization as well as shape, number, and size of paraspeckles. By treating paraspeckles as amphipathic block copolymer micelles, we could explain and predict the experimentally observed behaviors of paraspeckles upon NEAT1_2 domain deletions or transcriptional modulation. Thus, we propose that paraspeckles are block copolymer micelles assembled through a type of microphase separation, micellization. This work provides an experiment-based theoretical framework for the concept that ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) can act as block copolymers to form RNA-scaffolding biomolecular condensates with optimal sizes and structures in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and DiscoveryHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hyura Yoshino
- Institute for Genetic MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | | | | | - Gerard Pierron
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUMR‐9196Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Graduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Institute for Genetic MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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13
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Pappalardo XG, Barra V. Losing DNA methylation at repetitive elements and breaking bad. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:25. [PMID: 34082816 PMCID: PMC8173753 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation is an epigenetic chromatin mark that allows heterochromatin formation and gene silencing. It has a fundamental role in preserving genome stability (including chromosome stability) by controlling both gene expression and chromatin structure. Therefore, the onset of an incorrect pattern of DNA methylation is potentially dangerous for the cells. This is particularly important with respect to repetitive elements, which constitute the third of the human genome. Main body Repetitive sequences are involved in several cell processes, however, due to their intrinsic nature, they can be a source of genome instability. Thus, most repetitive elements are usually methylated to maintain a heterochromatic, repressed state. Notably, there is increasing evidence showing that repetitive elements (satellites, long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs), Alus) are frequently hypomethylated in various of human pathologies, from cancer to psychiatric disorders. Repetitive sequences’ hypomethylation correlates with chromatin relaxation and unscheduled transcription. If these alterations are directly involved in human diseases aetiology and how, is still under investigation. Conclusions Hypomethylation of different families of repetitive sequences is recurrent in many different human diseases, suggesting that the methylation status of these elements can be involved in preservation of human health. This provides a promising point of view towards the research of therapeutic strategies focused on specifically tuning DNA methylation of DNA repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xena Giada Pappalardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.,National Council of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), Unit of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Viviana Barra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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14
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ArcRNAs and the formation of nuclear bodies. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:382-401. [PMID: 34085114 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have long been collectively and passively defined as transcripts that do not encode proteins. However, extensive functional studies performed over the last decade have enabled the classification of lncRNAs into multiple categories according to their functions and/or molecular properties. Architectual RNAs (arcRNAs) are a group of lncRNAs that serve as architectural components of submicron-scale cellular bodies or nonmembranous organelles, which are composed of specific sets of proteins and nucleic acids involved in particular molecular processes. In this review, we focus on arcRNAs that function in the nucleus, which provide a structural basis for the formation of nuclear bodies, nonmembranous organelles in the cell nucleus. We will summarize the current list of arcRNAs and proteins associated with classic and more recently discovered nuclear bodies and discuss general rules that govern the formation of nuclear bodies, emphasizing weak multivalent interactions mediated by innately flexible biomolecules.
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15
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Samra N, Toubiana S, Yttervik H, Tzur-Gilat A, Morani I, Itzkovich C, Giladi L, Abu Jabal K, Cao JZ, Godley LA, Mory A, Baris Feldman H, Tveten K, Selig S, Weiss K. RBL2 bi-allelic truncating variants cause severe motor and cognitive impairment without evidence for abnormalities in DNA methylation or telomeric function. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1101-1112. [PMID: 33980986 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RBL2/p130, a member of the retinoblastoma family of proteins, is a key regulator of cell division and propagates irreversible senescence. RBL2/p130 is also involved in neuronal differentiation and survival, and eliminating Rbl2 in certain mouse strains leads to embryonic lethality accompanied by an abnormal central nervous system (CNS) phenotype. Conflicting reports exist regarding a role of RBL2/p130 in transcriptional regulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), as well as the control of telomere length. Here we describe the phenotype of three patients carrying bi-allelic RBL2-truncating variants. All presented with infantile hypotonia, severe developmental delay and microcephaly. Malignancies were not reported in carriers or patients. Previous studies carried out on mice and human cultured cells, associated RBL2 loss to DNA methylation and telomere length dysregulation. Here, we investigated whether patient cells lacking RBL2 display related abnormalities. The study of primary patient fibroblasts did not detect abnormalities in expression of DNMTs. Furthermore, methylation levels of whole genome DNA, and specifically of pericentromeric repeats and subtelomeric regions, were unperturbed. RBL2-null fibroblasts show no evidence for abnormal elongation by telomeric recombination. Finally, gradual telomere shortening, and normal onset of senescence were observed following continuous culturing of RBL2-mutated fibroblasts. Thus, this study resolves uncertainties regarding a potential non-redundant role for RBL2 in DNA methylation and telomere length regulation, and indicates that loss of function variants in RBL2 cause a severe autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra Samra
- Genetic Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Tzfat, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tzfat, Israel
| | - Shir Toubiana
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilde Yttervik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aya Tzur-Gilat
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Chen Itzkovich
- The Clinical Research Institute at Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liran Giladi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - John Z Cao
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adi Mory
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kristian Tveten
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway
| | - Sara Selig
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. .,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Karin Weiss
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Chen X, Zhang L, Yuan M, Kuang Z, Zou Y, Tang T, Zhang W, Hu X, Xia T, Cao T, Jia H. Sam68 Promotes the Progression of Human Breast Cancer through inducing Activation of EphA3. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:76-83. [PMID: 31433759 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190718124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src associated with mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), is often highly expressed in human cancers. Overexpression of Sam68 has been shown to be correlated with poor survival prognosis in some cancer patients. However, little is known whether Sam68 plays a role in promoting metastasis in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of Sam68 protein in breast cancer tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Trans-well assay, wound-healing, real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were used to detect the effect of Sam68 on promoting EMT or metastasis of breast cancer. Next-generation RNA sequencing was used to analyze genes that may be regulated by Sam68. RESULTS Sam68 plays a positive role in promoting breast cancer metastasis. Sam68 was found to be overexpressed in breast cancer along with lymph node metastasis. MMP-9 was also found to be overexpressed in breast cancer tissue and was correlated to the expression of Sam68 (P<0.01). Xenograft in NOD/SCID mice and in vitro experiments confirmed that the invasion and metastatic ability of breast cancer cells were regulated by Sam68. And EPHA3 could be up-regulated by Sam68 in breast cancer. CONCLUSION High expression of Sam68 participates in breast cancer metastasis by up-regulating the EPHA3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lehong Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqiao Kuang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wangjian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Xiaowu Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengfei Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haixia Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Luo J, Qu L, Gao F, Lin J, Liu J, Lin A. LncRNAs: Architectural Scaffolds or More Potential Roles in Phase Separation. Front Genet 2021; 12:626234. [PMID: 33868368 PMCID: PMC8044363 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.626234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecules specifically aggregate in the cytoplasm and nucleus, driving liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) formation and diverse biological processes. Extensive studies have focused on revealing multiple functional membraneless organelles in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Condensation compositions of LLPS, such as proteins and RNAs affecting the formation of phase separation, have been gradually unveiled. LncRNAs possessing abundant second structures usually promote phase separation formation by providing architectural scaffolds for diverse RNAs and proteins interaction in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Beyond scaffolds, lncRNAs may possess more diverse functions, such as functioning as enhancer RNAs or buffers. In this review, we summarized current studies on the function of phase separation and its related lncRNAs, mainly in the nucleus. This review will facilitate our understanding of the formation and function of phase separation and the role of lncRNAs in these processes and related biological activities. A deeper understanding of the formation and maintaining of phase separation will be beneficial for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiran Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Aifu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Breast Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Dumbović G, Sanjuan X, Perucho M, Forcales SV. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) super resolution imaging of RNA- and protein-containing domains in fixed cells. Methods 2020; 187:68-76. [PMID: 32360441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Super resolution microscopy has changed our capability to visualize and understand spatial arrangements of RNA- and protein-containing domains in individual cells. In a previous study, we described a novel lncRNA, Tumor-associated NBL2 transcript (TNBL), which originates from a primate specific macrosatellite repeat. We aimed to describe several aspects of TNBL lncRNA, with one focus being pinpointing its precise location in the nucleus, as well as visualizing its interactions with proteins to deduce its functionality. Using a combination of STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) super resolution microscopy, single molecule RNA (smRNA) FISH against TNBL, and immunofluorescence against SAM68 perinucleolar body, we resolved the spatial complexity of the interaction between TNBL aggregates and SAM68 bodies at the perinucleolar region. Here, we describe protocols for a step-by-step optimized smRNA FISH/IF and STED imaging, detailing parameter settings, and three-dimensional data analysis of spatial positioning of subnuclear structures. These protocols can be employed for single-cell imaging of complex nuclear RNA-protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijela Dumbović
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Xavier Sanjuan
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Advanced Light Microscopy Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Perucho
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (PMPPC), Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain; Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonia-V Forcales
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L' Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Yamazaki T, Nakagawa S, Hirose T. Architectural RNAs for Membraneless Nuclear Body Formation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 84:227-237. [PMID: 32019862 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2019.84.039404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are fundamental regulators of various cellular processes. A subset of lncRNAs, termed architectural RNAs (arcRNAs), function in the formation and maintenance of phase-separated membraneless organelles in multiple eukaryotic species. These membraneless organelles represent an important type of compartmentalization in the crowded cellular environment and have several distinct features. The NEAT1_2 lncRNA is a well-characterized arcRNA that functions as an essential scaffold of paraspeckle nuclear bodies. Here, we describe the biogenesis of paraspeckles on arcRNAs through phase separation, focusing on the specific functions of multiple NEAT1_2 RNA domains and their partner RNA-binding proteins. Finally, we present an updated model of paraspeckle formation and discuss future perspectives of research into arcRNA-instructed architectures of phase-separated nuclear bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hirose
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815 Japan
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20
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Krasikova A, Kulikova T. Identification of Genomic Loci Responsible for the Formation of Nuclear Domains Using Lampbrush Chromosomes. Noncoding RNA 2019; 6:ncrna6010001. [PMID: 31881720 PMCID: PMC7151628 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cell nuclei, various types of nuclear domains assemble as a result of transcriptional activity at specific chromosomal loci. Giant transcriptionally active lampbrush chromosomes, which form in oocyte nuclei of amphibians and birds enable the mapping of genomic sequences with high resolution and the visualization of individual transcription units. This makes avian and amphibian oocyte nuclei an advantageous model for studying locus-specific nuclear domains. We developed two strategies for identification and comprehensive analysis of the genomic loci involved in nuclear domain formation on lampbrush chromosomes. The first approach was based on the sequential FISH-mapping of BAC clones containing genomic DNA fragments with a known chromosomal position close to the locus of a nuclear domain. The second approach involved mechanical microdissection of the chromosomal region adjacent to the nuclear domain followed by the generation of FISH-probes and DNA sequencing. Furthermore, deciphering the DNA sequences from the dissected material by high throughput sequencing technologies and their mapping to the reference genome helps to identify the genomic region responsible for the formation of the nuclear domain. For those nuclear domains structured by nascent transcripts, identification of genomic loci of their formation is a crucial step in the identification of scaffold RNAs.
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21
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Rowland TJ, Dumbović G, Hass EP, Rinn JL, Cech TR. Single-cell imaging reveals unexpected heterogeneity of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression across human cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18488-18497. [PMID: 31451652 PMCID: PMC6744858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908275116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is pathologically reactivated in most human cancers, where it maintains chromosomal telomeres and allows immortalization. Because telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is usually the limiting component for telomerase activation, numerous studies have measured TERT mRNA levels in populations of cells or in tissues. In comparison, little is known about TERT expression at the single-cell and single-molecule level. To address this, we analyzed TERT expression across 10 human cancer lines using single-molecule RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and made several unexpected findings. First, there was substantial cell-to-cell variation in number of transcription sites and ratio of transcription sites to gene copies. Second, previous classification of lines as having monoallelic or biallelic TERT expression was found to be inadequate for capturing the TERT gene expression patterns. Finally, spliced TERT mRNA had primarily nuclear localization in cancer cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in stark contrast to the expectation that spliced mRNA should be predominantly cytoplasmic. These data reveal unappreciated heterogeneity, complexity, and unconventionality in TERT expression across human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teisha J Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Gabrijela Dumbović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Evan P Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
| | - Thomas R Cech
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303;
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303
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22
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Hirose T, Yamazaki T, Nakagawa S. Molecular anatomy of the architectural NEAT1 noncoding RNA: The domains, interactors, and biogenesis pathway required to build phase-separated nuclear paraspeckles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 10:e1545. [PMID: 31044562 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are extremely diverse and have various significant physiological functions. lncRNAs generally associate with specific sets of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to form functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. NEAT1 is a highly abundant lncRNA in the mammalian cell nucleus that associates with specific RBPs to form NEAT1 RNPs. Intriguingly, cellular NEAT1 RNPs are extraordinarily large and can be detected using an optical microscope. These gigantic RNPs, so-called paraspeckles, are a type of membraneless nuclear body. Paraspeckles contain approximately 50 NEAT1 RNA molecules together with characteristic RBPs possessing aggregation-prone prion-like domains. Paraspeckle formation proceeds on the nascent NEAT1 transcript in conjunction with NEAT1 biogenesis, which exhibits various features that differ from those exhibited by mRNA biogenesis, including a lack of introns, noncanonical 3' end formation, and nuclear retention. These unique features may be required for the mechanism of paraspeckle formation. NEAT1 possesses three distinct RNA domains (A, B, and C), which function in stabilization (A), isoform switching (B), and paraspeckle assembly (C). In particular, the central C domain contains smaller subdomains that are high-affinity binding sites for the essential paraspeckle proteins (NONO and SFPQ) that subsequently polymerize along NEAT1. Subsequent recruitment of additional essential PSPs (FUS and RBM14) induces liquid-liquid phase separation to build a massive paraspeckle structure. Thus, the molecular anatomy of the NEAT1 arcRNA provides an ideal model to understand how lncRNAs form the functional RNP machinery. This article is characterized under: RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Hirose
- Laboratory of RNA Biofucntion, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Laboratory of RNA Biofucntion, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Vymetalkova V, Vodicka P, Vodenkova S, Alonso S, Schneider-Stock R. DNA methylation and chromatin modifiers in colorectal cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 69:73-92. [PMID: 31028771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic alterations over time that ultimately leads to disease progression and metastasis. Binding of transcription factors to gene promoter regions alone cannot explain the complex regulation pattern of gene expression during this process. It is the chromatin structure that allows for a high grade of regulatory flexibility for gene expression. Posttranslational modifications on histone proteins such as acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation determine the accessibility of transcription factors to DNA. DNA methylation, a chemical modification of DNA that modulates chromatin structure and gene transcription acts in concert with these chromatin conformation alterations. Another epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression is represented by small non-coding RNAs. Only very recently epigenetic alterations have been included in molecular subtype classification of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this chapter, we will provide examples of the different epigenetic players, focus on their role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic processes and discuss their prognostic value in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vymetalkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Alonso
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, (IGTP-PMPPC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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24
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Identification of novel inhibitors of histone acetyltransferase hMOF through high throughput screening. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:867-876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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