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Ramia de Cap M, Chen W. Myeloid sarcoma: An overview. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:129-139. [PMID: 37149396 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid Sarcoma (MS) is a high grade, hematological malignancy defined as an extramedullary tumor mass of myeloid blasts with or without maturation that effaces tissue architecture. It is a highly heterogenous condition that represents a variety of myeloid neoplasms. This heterogeneity of MS, together with its rarity, have greatly hampered our understanding of the condition. Diagnosis requires tumor biopsy, which should be accompanied by bone marrow evaluation for medullary disease. It is presently recommended that MS be treated similar to AML. Additionally, ablative radiotherapy and novel targeted therapies may also be beneficial. Genetic profiling has identified recurrent genetic abnormalities including gene mutations associated with MS, supporting its etiology similar to AML. However, the mechanisms by which MS homes to specific organs is unclear. This review provides an overview of pathogenesis, pathological and genetic findings, treatment, and prognosis. Improving the management and outcomes of MS patients requires a better understanding of its pathogenesis and its response to various therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Ramia de Cap
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital, Pathology Sciences Building, Westbury on Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Weina Chen
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Toledo B, González-Titos A, Hernández-Camarero P, Perán M. A Brief Review on Chemoresistance; Targeting Cancer Stem Cells as an Alternative Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054487. [PMID: 36901917 PMCID: PMC10003376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to traditional chemotherapy and the chemoresistant metastatic relapse of minimal residual disease both play a key role in the treatment failure and poor prognosis of cancer. Understanding how cancer cells overcome chemotherapy-induced cell death is critical to improve patient survival rate. Here, we briefly describe the technical approach directed at obtaining chemoresistant cell lines and we will focus on the main defense mechanisms against common chemotherapy triggers by tumor cells. Such as, the alteration of drug influx/efflux, the enhancement of drug metabolic neutralization, the improvement of DNA-repair mechanisms, the inhibition of apoptosis-related cell death, and the role of p53 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in chemoresistance. Furthermore, we will focus on cancer stem cells (CSCs), the cell population that subsists after chemotherapy, increasing drug resistance by different processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an enhanced DNA repair machinery, and the capacity to avoid apoptosis mediated by BCL2 family proteins, such as BCL-XL, and the flexibility of their metabolism. Finally, we will review the latest approaches aimed at decreasing CSCs. Nevertheless, the development of long-term therapies to manage and control CSCs populations within the tumors is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Toledo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Aitor González-Titos
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Camarero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.H.-C.); (M.P.)
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaen, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.H.-C.); (M.P.)
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Wiegmans AP, Ward A, Ivanova E, Duijf PHG, Adams MN, Najib IM, Van Oosterhout R, Sadowski MC, Kelly G, Morrical SW, O'Byrne K, Lee JS, Richard DJ. Correction to 'Genome instability and pressure on non-homologous end joining drives chemotherapy resistance via a DNA repair crisis switch in triple negative breast cancer'. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab041. [PMID: 34570837 PMCID: PMC8457359 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/nar/zcab022.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Wiegmans
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Ambber Ward
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Mark N Adams
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Idris Mohd Najib
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Romy Van Oosterhout
- Epigenetics and Diseases Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Greg Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Scott W Morrical
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ken O'Byrne
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
| | - Jason S Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba QLD 4121, Australia
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