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Radhi M, Ashraf S, Lawrence S, Tranholm AA, Wellham PAD, Hafeez A, Khamis AS, Thomas R, McWilliams D, de Moor CH. A Systematic Review of the Biological Effects of Cordycepin. Molecules 2021; 26:5886. [PMID: 34641429 PMCID: PMC8510467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation, inflammation, signal transduction and animal models. A total of 1204 publications on cordycepin were found by the cut-off date of 1 February 2021. After application of the exclusion criteria, 791 papers remained. These were read and data on the chosen subjects were extracted. We found 192 papers on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation and calculated a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 135 µM. Cordycepin consistently repressed cell migration (26 papers) and cellular inflammation (53 papers). Evaluation of 76 papers on signal transduction indicated consistently reduced PI3K/mTOR/AKT and ERK signalling and activation of AMPK. In contrast, the effects of cordycepin on the p38 and Jun kinases were variable, as were the effects on cell cycle arrest (53 papers), suggesting these are cell-specific responses. The examination of 150 animal studies indicated that purified cordycepin has many potential therapeutic effects, including the reduction of tumour growth (37 papers), repression of pain and inflammation (9 papers), protecting brain function (11 papers), improvement of respiratory and cardiac conditions (8 and 19 papers) and amelioration of metabolic disorders (8 papers). Nearly all these data are consistent with cordycepin mediating its therapeutic effects through activating AMPK, inhibiting PI3K/mTOR/AKT and repressing the inflammatory response. We conclude that cordycepin has excellent potential as a lead for drug development, especially for age-related diseases. In addition, we discuss the remaining issues around the mechanism of action, toxicity and biodistribution of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masar Radhi
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Sadaf Ashraf
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Steven Lawrence
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Asta Arendt Tranholm
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Peter Arthur David Wellham
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Ammar Sabah Khamis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Robert Thomas
- The Primrose Oncology Unit, Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford MK42 9DJ, UK;
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel McWilliams
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Cornelia Huiberdina de Moor
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Das BC, Trujillo-Ferrara JG. Boron-containing compounds: chemico-biological properties and expanding medicinal potential in prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:485-500. [PMID: 24456081 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.881472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the medicinal use of boron-containing compounds (BCCs) had long been limited to antiseptics, in the last few decades, these compounds have been used as antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few years, boron has been included in the moieties of many known drugs to improve their capacity in binding to their respective target receptors. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on research and patent literature of the last decade related to the development of BCCs as preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools. It explores the possible mechanisms of action of these compounds as well as the advantageous features of their structure and chemico-pharmacological properties. EXPERT OPINION Although uncertainties exist about the mechanism of action of BCCs, increasing evidence about their toxicological profile strongly suggests that many can be safely administered to humans. Even stronger evidence exists regarding the capacity of BCCs to reach multiple targets that are involved in the treatment of common diseases. It seems fair to say that some BCCs will reach the market for medicinal use in the near future, not only for targeting microbial or neoplastic systems but also for acting on cell-signaling processes involved in many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamento de Fisiología and Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, México City, D.F, 11340 , México +52 555 7296000 ; +52 555 7296000-Ext 62751 ;
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Caton-Williams J, Hoxhaj R, Fiaz B, Huang Z. Use of a novel 5'-regioselective phosphitylating reagent for one-pot synthesis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates from unprotected nucleosides. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 1:1.30.1-1.30.21. [PMID: 23512692 PMCID: PMC3655200 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0130s52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
5'-Triphosphates are building blocks for enzymatic synthesis of DNA and RNA. This unit presents a protocol for convenient synthesis of 2'-deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs and NTPs) from any natural or modified base. This one-pot synthesis can also be employed to prepare triphosphate analogs with a sulfur or selenium atom in place of a non-bridging oxygen atom of the α-phosphate. These S- or Se-modified dNTPs and NTPs can be used to prepare diastereomerically pure phosphorothioate or phosphoroselenoate nucleic acids. Even without extensive purification, the dNTPs or NTPs synthesized by this method are of high quality and can be used directly in DNA polymerization or RNA transcription. Synthesis and purification of the 5'-triphosphates, as well as analysis and confirmation of natural and sulfur- or selenium-modified nucleic acids, are described in this protocol unit.
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Zhou J, Sayre DA, Wang J, Pahadi N, Sintim HO. Endo-S-c-di-GMP analogues-polymorphism and binding studies with class I riboswitch. Molecules 2012; 17:13376-89. [PMID: 23143150 PMCID: PMC6269045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-di-GMP, a cyclic guanine dinucleotide, has been shown to regulate biofilm formation as well as virulence gene expression in a variety of bacteria. Analogues of c-di-GMP have the potential to be used as chemical probes to study c-di-GMP signaling and could even become drug leads for the development of anti-biofilm compounds. Herein we report the synthesis and biophysical studies of a series of c-di-GMP analogues, which have both phosphate and sugar moieties simultaneously modified (called endo-S-c-di-GMP analogues). We used computational methods to predict the relative orientation of the guanine nucleobases in c-di-GMP and analogues. DOSY NMR of the endo-S-c-di-GMP series showed that the polymorphism of c-di-GMP can be tuned with conservative modifications to the phosphate and sugar moieties (conformational steering). Binding studies with Vc2 RNA (a class I c-di-GMP riboswitch) revealed that conservative modifications to the phosphate and 2'-positions of c-di-GMP dramatically affected binding to class I riboswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Herman O. Sintim
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-301-405-0633; Fax: +1-301-314-9121
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Convenient synthesis of nucleoside 5′-(α-P-thio)triphosphates and phosphorothioate nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Caton-Williams J, Smith M, Carrasco N, Huang Z. Protection-free one-pot synthesis of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates and DNA polymerization. Org Lett 2011; 13:4156-9. [PMID: 21790120 DOI: 10.1021/ol201073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By differentiating the functional groups on nucleosides, we have designed and developed a one-pot synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates without any protection on the nucleosides. A facile synthesis is achieved by generating an in situ phosphitylating reagent that reacts selectively with the 5'-hydroxyl groups of the unprotected nucleosides. The synthesized triphosphates are of high quality and can be effectively incorporated into DNAs by DNA polymerase. This novel approach is straightforward and cost-effective for triphosphate synthesis.
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Caton-Williams J, Lin L, Smith M, Huang Z. Convenient synthesis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates for RNA transcription. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8142-4. [PMID: 21670833 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By generating a selective phosphitylating reagent in situ, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates can be conveniently synthesized in one pot. This novel strategy without nucleoside protection has been developed to largely simplify synthesis of the nucleoside triphosphates. This demonstrated principle can be applied to the 5'-triphosphate synthesis of both native and modified nucleosides.
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McKenna CE, Kashemirov BA, Peterson LW, Goodman MF. Modifications to the dNTP triphosphate moiety: from mechanistic probes for DNA polymerases to antiviral and anti-cancer drug design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1223-30. [PMID: 20079885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal replication of DNA is associated with many important human diseases, most notably viral infections and neoplasms. Existing approaches to chemotherapeutics for diseases associated with dysfunctional DNA replication classically involve nucleoside analogues that inhibit polymerase activity due to modification in the nucleobase and/or ribose moieties. These compounds must undergo multiple phosphorylation steps in vivo, converting them into triphosphosphates, in order to inhibit their targeted DNA polymerase. Nucleotide monophosphonates enable bypassing the initial phosphorylation step at the cost of decreased bioavailability. Relatively little attention has been paid to higher nucleotides (corresponding to the natural di- and triphosphate DNA polymerase substrates) as drug platforms due to their expected poor deliverability. However, a better understanding of DNA polymerase mechanism and fidelity dependence on the triphosphate moiety is beginning to emerge, aided by systematic incorporation into this group of substituted methylenebisphosphonate probes. Meanwhile, other bridging, as well as non-bridging, modifications have revealed intriguing possibilities for new drug design. We briefly survey some of this recent work, and argue that the potential of nucleotide-based drugs, and intriguing preliminary progress in this area, warrant acceptance of the challenges that they present with respect to bioavailability and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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