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Muscella A, Resta L, Cossa LG, Marsigliante S. Immunolocalization of the AT-1R Ang II Receptor in Human Kidney Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1181. [PMID: 37627246 PMCID: PMC10452411 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate AT1-R expression in normal and cancerous human kidneys, how these expressions are modified, and AT1-R functionality. AT-1R mRNA expression, determined by real-time PCR, was detected in all samples. AT-1R mRNA increased in well-differentiated cancer (G1, p < 0.01) and decreased 2.9-fold in undifferentiated cancer (G4, p < 0.001) compared with normal kidney tissues. Immunocytochemistry analysis showed that the AT-1R was expressed in the normal tubular epithelium. The glomerulus was also immunoreactive, and as expected, the smooth muscle cells of the vessel walls also expressed the receptor. A total of 35 out of 42 tumors were AT-1R positive, with the cell tumors showing varying numbers of immunoreactive cells, which were stained in a diffuse cytoplasmic and membranous pattern. Computer-assisted counting of the stained tumor cells showed that the number of AT-1R-positive cells increased in the well-differentiated cancers. The functionality of AT-1R was assessed in primary cultures of kidney epithelial cells obtained from three G3 kidney cancer tissues and corresponding histologically proven non-malignant tissue adjacent to the tumor. Indeed, Ang II stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, the 24 h proliferation of normal kidney cells and cancer cells in the primary culture and phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2. In conclusion, Ang II may be involved in the growth or function of neoplastic kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Muscella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy (S.M.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Anatomia Patologica, Università di Bari, Piazza Umberto I, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luca Giulio Cossa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy (S.M.)
| | - Santo Marsigliante
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy (S.M.)
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Kaye AD, Spence AL, Mayerle M, Sardana N, Clay CM, Eng MR, Luedi MM, Carroll Turpin MA, Urman RD, Cornett EM. Impact of COVID-19 infection on the cardiovascular system: An evidence-based analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2021; 35:437-448. [PMID: 34511231 PMCID: PMC7919539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the virus a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Disease progression from COVID-19 infection has shown significant symptom manifestations within organ systems beyond the respiratory system. The literature has shown increasing evidence of cardiovascular involvement during disease course and an associated increase in mortality among infected patients. Although the understanding of this novel virus is continually evolving, it is currently proposed that the mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus contributes to cardiovascular manifestations involves the ACE2 transmembrane protein. The protein ACE2 is highly expressed in blood vessel pericytes, and infection can result in microvascular dysfunction and subsequent acute coronary syndromes. Complications involving the cardiovascular system include myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, and heart failure. In this evidence-based review, we discuss risk factors of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 infection, pathophysiology of COVID-19-related cardiovascular infection, and injury, COVID-19 effects on the cardiovascular system and corresponding treatments, and hematologic effects of COVID-19 and COVID-19 in heart transplant patients. Clinicians managing COVID-19 patients should appreciate the potential cardiovascular effects related to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neurosciences, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Allyson L. Spence
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Mariah Mayerle
- Regis University School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO, 80221, USA.
| | - Nitish Sardana
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Ln W, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Claire M. Clay
- LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Matthew R. Eng
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Markus M. Luedi
- Bern University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michelle A. Carroll Turpin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Houston, Health 2 Building, Room, 8037, USA
| | - Richard D. Urman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
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Suzuki H, Sano T, Umeda Y, Yamamoto A, Toma N, Sakaida H, Taki W. Valsartan prevents neointimal hyperplasia after carotid artery stenting by suppressing endothelial cell injuries. Neurol Res 2014; 37:35-42. [PMID: 24938321 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Restenosis or neointimal hyperplasia remains an important complication after carotid artery stenting (CAS) for carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this study was to examine if an anti-hypertensive drug, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), prevents post-CAS neointimal hyperplasia during the first 1-year period after CAS, and to clarify the possible mechanisms. METHODS Hypertension had been treated with a calcium channel blocker (CCB) and/or an ARB, valsartan, by the preference of the neurosurgeon in charge in our department. At admission to perform CAS, patients were assigned to normotensive, valsartan (hypertensive patients treated with valsartan with/without any kind of CCBs), and non-valsartan (hypertensive patients treated with any kind of CCBs without ARBs) groups. Post-CAS neointimal hyperplasia was evaluated by carotid duplex ultrasound imaging in terms of intima-media thickening (IMT), which was performed at pre-CAS and at 90, 180, 270, and 360 days post-CAS. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), inflammation (C-reactive protein, tenascin-C) and endothelial cell injury (von Willebrand factor [vWF] antigen) were measured at pre-CAS and at 1, 7, and 180 days post-CAS. RESULTS The non-valsartan group (n = 8) had a higher incidence of maximum in-stent IMT ≧ 1.1 mm compared with the normotensive group (n = 6). Valsartan (n = 9) significantly suppressed plasma vWF levels at 7 days post-CAS and decreased the incidence of maximum in-stent IMT ≧ 1.1 mm compared with the non-valsartan group, although clinical parameters were similar between the two groups. Other biomarkers were not significantly different among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that valsartan may prevent post-CAS neointimal hyperplasia possibly by suppressing endothelial cell injury.
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Abramov D, Carson PE. The role of angiotensin receptor blockers in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:317-27. [PMID: 22610916 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312443910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New approaches to the definition and treatment of hypertension have increased emphasis on reducing overall cardiovascular risk and on targeting the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. During the past several decades, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation has emerged as an important factor in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have well-established efficacy for treating CVD, but their use may be limited by intolerable side effects, such as cough and angioedema. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), a different class of RAAS inhibitors, are considered a viable alternative to ACEIs. Clinical trials have further elucidated the role of ARBs in CVD. This article reviews the mechanism of action of ARBs and selected clinical trials of ARBs in CVD.
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Angiotensin II type II receptor deficiency accelerates the development of nephropathy in type I diabetes via oxidative stress and ACE2. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:521076. [PMID: 22110472 PMCID: PMC3205615 DOI: 10.1155/2011/521076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the functional role(s) of angiotensin II (Ang II) type II receptor (AT2R) in type I diabetes is unknown, we hypothesized that AT2R is involved in decreasing the effects of type I diabetes on the kidneys. We induced diabetes with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) in both AT2R knockout (AT2RKO) and wild-type (WT) male mice aged 12 weeks and followed them for 4 weeks. Three subgroups nondiabetic, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic (Rx insulin implant) were studied. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), physiological parameters, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal morphology, gene expression, and apoptosis were assessed. After 4 weeks of diabetes, compared to WT controls, AT2RKO mice clearly developed features of early diabetic nephropathy (DN), such as renal hypertrophy, tubular apoptosis, and progressive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein accumulation as well as increased GFR. AT2RKO mice presented hypertension unaffected by diabetes. Renal oxidative stress (measured as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation) and intrarenal renin angiotensin system components, such as angiotensinogen (Agt), AT1R, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene expression, were augmented whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) gene expression was decreased in renal proximal tubules (RPTs) of AT2RKO mice. The renal changes noted above were significantly enhanced in diabetic AT2RKO mice but partially attenuated in insulin-treated diabetic WT and AT2RKO mice. In conclusion, AT2R deficiency accelerates the development of DN, which appears to be mediated, at least in part, via heightened oxidative stress and ACE/ACE2 ratio in RPTs.
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Siragy HM. Evidence for benefits of angiotensin receptor blockade beyond blood pressure control. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10:261-7. [PMID: 18625154 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-008-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of angiotensin II result in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which initiate atherogenic pathologic processes that are important in cardiovascular disease development. Angiotensin II induces its deleterious effects primarily through the type 1 receptor; these effects are inhibited by angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) directly at the receptor level. Angiotensin II may potentiate protective mechanisms through stimulation of the type 2 receptor, which is not blocked by ARBs. Accumulating data suggest that blockade of angiotensin II production or activity provides vascular and cardioprotective benefits, such as reduction of atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure events. Moreover, blockade of the renin-angiotensin system has been shown to offer renal protection in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus and to reduce the risk of new-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy M Siragy
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, PO Box 801409, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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