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Galindez G, List M, Baumbach J, Völker U, Mäder U, Blumenthal DB, Kacprowski T. Inference of differential gene regulatory networks using boosted differential trees. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2024; 4:vbae034. [PMID: 38505804 PMCID: PMC10948285 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Summary Diseases can be caused by molecular perturbations that induce specific changes in regulatory interactions and their coordinated expression, also referred to as network rewiring. However, the detection of complex changes in regulatory connections remains a challenging task and would benefit from the development of novel nonparametric approaches. We develop a new ensemble method called BoostDiff (boosted differential regression trees) to infer a differential network discriminating between two conditions. BoostDiff builds an adaptively boosted (AdaBoost) ensemble of differential trees with respect to a target condition. To build the differential trees, we propose differential variance improvement as a novel splitting criterion. Variable importance measures derived from the resulting models are used to reflect changes in gene expression predictability and to build the output differential networks. BoostDiff outperforms existing differential network methods on simulated data evaluated in four different complexity settings. We then demonstrate the power of our approach when applied to real transcriptomics data in COVID-19, Crohn's disease, breast cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma, and stress response in Bacillus subtilis. BoostDiff identifies context-specific networks that are enriched with genes of known disease-relevant pathways and complements standard differential expression analyses. Availability and implementation BoostDiff is available at https://github.com/scibiome/boostdiff_inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihanna Galindez
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of Technische Universität Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Markus List
- Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85354, Germany
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
- Computational Biomedicine Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mäder
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - David B Blumenthal
- Biomedical Network Science Lab, Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of Technische Universität Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Li F, Qi Q, Li Q, Gu Y, Zheng Z, Hu B, Wang T, Zhang E, Xu H, Liu L, Tian T, Jin G, Yan C. Long non-coding RNA NRAV in the 12q24.31 risk locus drives gastric cancer development through glucose metabolism reprogramming. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:23-34. [PMID: 37950445 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as vital candidates to mediate cancer risk. Here, we aimed to identify the risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-induced lncRNAs and to investigate their roles in gastric cancer (GC) development. Through integrating the differential expression analysis of lncRNAs in GC tissues and expression quantitative trait loci analysis in normal stomach tissues and GC tissues, as well as genetic association analysis based on GC genome-wide association studies and an independent validation study, we identified four lncRNA-related SNPs consistently associated with GC risk, including SNHG7 [odds ratio (OR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.23], NRAV (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17), LINC01082 (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08-1.22) and FENDRR (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07-1.25). We further found that a functional SNP rs6489786 at 12q24.31 increases binding of MEOX1 or MEOX2 at a distal enhancer and results in up-regulation of NRAV. The functional assays revealed that NRAV accelerates GC cell proliferation while inhibits GC cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, NRAV decreases the expression of key subunit genes through the electron transport chain, thereby driving the glucose metabolism reprogramming from aerobic respiration to glycolysis. These findings suggest that regulating lncRNA expression is a crucial mechanism for risk-associated variants in promoting GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghua Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Beiping Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianpei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Institute of Gusu School, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Erbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Public Health Institute of Gusu School, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiwang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Wuxi, China
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Liu C, Liu L. Identification and immunoassay of prognostic genes associated with the complement system in acute myeloid leukemia. J Formos Med Assoc 2024:S0929-6646(24)00057-3. [PMID: 38341328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have associated the development of pulmonary leukemia with the activation of the complement system. However, the roles and mechanisms of complement system-related genes (CSRGs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not been investigated extensively. This study used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-AML and GSE37642 datasets. Differentially expressed CSRGs (CSRDEGs) were identified by overlapping genes differentially expressed between the high and low CSRG score groups and key module genes identified in a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses identified CSRG-related biomarkers, which were used to build a prognostic model. After gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immune-related and drug-sensitivity analyses were performed in the high- and low-risk groups. Four prognosis-related biomarkers were identified and used to develop a prognostic model: MEOX2, IGFBP5, CH25H, and RAB3B. The model's performance was verified in a test cohort (a subset of samples from the TCGA-AML dataset) and a validation cohort (GSE37642). The GSEA revealed that the high-risk group was mainly enriched for Golgi organization and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and the low-risk group was mainly enriched in the hedgehog signaling pathway and spliceosome. Lastly, two immune cells were found to show differential infiltration between risk groups, which correlated with the risk scores. M1 macrophage infiltration was significantly positively correlated with RAB3B expression. Sensitivity to 36 drugs differed significantly between risk groups. This study screened four CSRG-related biomarkers (MEOX2, IGFBP5, CH25H, and RAB3B) to provide a basis for predicting AML prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, ChongQing, 400016, China.
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Wen J, Liu F, Cheng Q, Weygant N, Liang X, Fan F, Li C, Zhang L, Liu Z. Applications of organoid technology to brain tumors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2725-2743. [PMID: 37248629 PMCID: PMC10493676 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacking appropriate model impedes basic and preclinical researches of brain tumors. Organoids technology applying on brain tumors enables great recapitulation of the original tumors. Here, we compared brain tumor organoids (BTOs) with common models including cell lines, tumor spheroids, and patient-derived xenografts. Different BTOs can be customized to research objectives and particular brain tumor features. We systematically introduce the establishments and strengths of four different BTOs. BTOs derived from patient somatic cells are suitable for mimicking brain tumors caused by germline mutations and abnormal neurodevelopment, such as the tuberous sclerosis complex. BTOs derived from human pluripotent stem cells with genetic manipulations endow for identifying and understanding the roles of oncogenes and processes of oncogenesis. Brain tumoroids are the most clinically applicable BTOs, which could be generated within clinically relevant timescale and applied for drug screening, immunotherapy testing, biobanking, and investigating brain tumor mechanisms, such as cancer stem cells and therapy resistance. Brain organoids co-cultured with brain tumors (BO-BTs) own the greatest recapitulation of brain tumors. Tumor invasion and interactions between tumor cells and brain components could be greatly explored in this model. BO-BTs also offer a humanized platform for testing the therapeutic efficacy and side effects on neurons in preclinical trials. We also introduce the BTOs establishment fused with other advanced techniques, such as 3D bioprinting. So far, over 11 brain tumor types of BTOs have been established, especially for glioblastoma. We conclude BTOs could be a reliable model to understand brain tumors and develop targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Fangkun Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Academy of Integrative MedicineFujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in GeriatricsFujian University of Traditional Chinese MedicineFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Xisong Liang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chuntao Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Hypothalamic‐pituitary Research CenterXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric DisordersXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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Song J, Xu Z, Fan Q, Sun Y, Lin X. The PANoptosis-related signature indicates the prognosis and tumor immune infiltration features of gliomas. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1198713. [PMID: 37501725 PMCID: PMC10369193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1198713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system, with high heterogeneity and highly variable survival rates. Accurate classification and prognostic assessment are key to the selection of treatment strategies. One hallmark of the tumor is resistance to cell death. PANoptosis, a novel mode of programmed cell death, has been frequently reported to be involved in the innate immunity associated with pathogen infection and played an important role in cancers. However, the intrinsic association of PANoptosis with glioma requires deeper investigation. Methods The genetics and expression of the 17 reported PANoptosome-related genes were analyzed in glioma. Based on these genes, patients were divided into two subtypes by consensus clustering analysis. After obtaining the differentially expressed genes between clusters, a prognostic model called PANopotic score was constructed after univariate Cox regression, LASSO regression, and multivariate Cox regression. The expression of the 5 genes included in the PANopotic score was also examined by qPCR in our cohort. The prognostic differences, clinical features, TME infiltration status, and immune characteristics between PANoptotic clusters and score groups were compared, some of which even extended to pan-cancer levels. Results Gene mutations, CNVs and altered gene expression of PANoptosome-related genes exist in gliomas. Two PANoptotic clusters were significantly different in prognosis, clinical features, immune characteristics, and mutation landscapes. The 5 genes included in the PANopotic score had significantly altered expression in glioma samples in our cohort. The high PANoptotic score group was inclined to show an unfavorable prognosis, lower tumor purity, worse molecular genetic signature, and distinct immune characteristics related to immunotherapy. The PANoptotic score was considered as an independent prognostic factor for glioma and showed superior prognostic assessment efficacy over several reported models. PANopotic score was included in the nomogram constructed for the potential clinical prognostic application. The associations of PANoptotic score with prognostic assessment and tumor immune characteristics were also reflected at the pan-cancer level. Conclusion Molecular subtypes of glioma based on PANoptosome-related genes were proposed and PANoptotic score was constructed with different clinical characteristics of anti-tumor immunity. The potential intrinsic association between PANoptosis and glioma subtypes, prognosis, and immunotherapy was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Song
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zekun Xu
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingchen Fan
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory and Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoying Lin
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Schloo C, Kutscher LM. Modeling brain and neural crest neoplasms with human pluripotent stem cells. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1225-1235. [PMID: 36757217 PMCID: PMC10326493 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells offer unique avenues to study human-specific aspects of disease and are a highly versatile tool in cancer research. Oncogenic processes and developmental programs often share overlapping transcriptomic and epigenetic signatures, which can be reactivated in induced pluripotent stem cells. With the emergence of brain organoids, the ability to recapitulate brain development and structure has vastly improved, making in vitro models more realistic and hence more suitable for biomedical modeling. This review highlights recent research and current challenges in human pluripotent stem cell modeling of brain and neural crest neoplasms, and concludes with a call for more rigorous quality control and for the development of models for rare tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar Schloo
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena M Kutscher
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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The cancer-testis antigen FBXO39 predicts poor prognosis and is associated with stemness and aggressiveness in glioma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schwark K, Messinger D, Cummings JR, Bradin J, Kawakibi A, Babila CM, Lyons S, Ji S, Cartaxo RT, Kong S, Cantor E, Koschmann C, Yadav VN. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targeting in pediatric high-grade glioma and diffuse midline glioma: Pre-clinical models and precision medicine. Front Oncol 2022; 12:922928. [PMID: 35978801 PMCID: PMC9376238 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.922928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG), including both diffuse midline glioma (DMG) and non-midline tumors, continues to be one of the deadliest oncologic diagnoses (both henceforth referred to as “pHGG”). Targeted therapy options aimed at key oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) drivers using small-molecule RTK inhibitors has been extensively studied, but the absence of proper in vivo modeling that recapitulate pHGG biology has historically been a research challenge. Thankfully, there have been many recent advances in animal modeling, including Cre-inducible transgenic models, as well as intra-uterine electroporation (IUE) models, which closely recapitulate the salient features of human pHGG tumors. Over 20% of pHGG have been found in sequencing studies to have alterations in platelet derived growth factor-alpha (PDGFRA), making growth factor modeling and inhibition via targeted tyrosine kinases a rich vein of interest. With commonly found alterations in other growth factors, including FGFR, EGFR, VEGFR as well as RET, MET, and ALK, it is necessary to model those receptors, as well. Here we review the recent advances in murine modeling and precision targeting of the most important RTKs in their clinical context. We additionally provide a review of current work in the field with several small molecule RTK inhibitors used in pre-clinical or clinical settings for treatment of pHGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallen Schwark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dana Messinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jessica R. Cummings
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Bradin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Abed Kawakibi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Clarissa M. Babila
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samantha Lyons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sunjong Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rodrigo T. Cartaxo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Seongbae Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Evan Cantor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Viveka Nand Yadav
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Research Institute (CMRI), Kansas, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Viveka Nand Yadav,
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