Vitamin E supplementation (alone or with other antioxidants) and stroke: a meta-analysis

Diosgenin alleviates lipid accumulation in NAFLD through the pathways of ferroptosis defensive and executive system

The most prevalent liver condition globally is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), for which no approved therapies currently exist. Diosgenin, an important component in plants from the Leguminosae, Dioscoreaceae, and Solanaceae families, has demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Nonetheless, the specific mechanism by which it may act in managing NAFLD remains unclear. Our research aims to explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of DG on NAFLD by utilizing both in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches. To investigate the effect of DG on hepatic steatosis, we used Sprague-Dawley rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and HepG2 cells exposed to free fatty acids. Oil red O staining and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were used to explore lipid accumulation and hepatic degeneration. ROS staining, SOD, MDA, and Fe2+kits were used to detect the indexes related to oxidative stress in ferroptosis in hepatic tissues and cells. IFSP1 and pcDNA3.1-ACSL4 plasmid were used to knock down Ferroptosis suppressor protein1 (FSP1) and promote the expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) in HepG2 cells. DG improved lipid metabolism disorders and liver damage induced by a high-fat diet in rats with NAFLD. Furthermore, the administration of DG notably decreased oxidative stress levels and liver Fe2+ concentrations in rats. Additionally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that DG treatment markedly attenuated ferroptosis and ROS accumulation in HepG2 cells induced by FFAs. Moreover, overexpression of hepatic ACSL4 expression by pcDNA3.1-ACSL4 plasmid promoted the regulatory effects of DG on LPCAT3 and ALOX15. Our research shows that DG can alleviate NAFLD by regulating the FSP1/COQ10 pathway of the ferroptosis defense system and the ACSL4/LPCAT3/ALOX15 pathway of the ferroptosis execution system. Therefore, DG may serve as a novel inhibitor of ferroptosis for the treatment of NAFLD.

Remote Organ Damage Induced by Stroke: Molecular Mechanisms and Comprehensive Interventions

Significance: Damage after stroke is not only limited to the brain but also often occurs in remote organs, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, digestive tract, and spleen, which are frequently affected by complex pathophysiological changes. The organs in the human body are closely connected, and signals transmitted through various molecular substances could regulate the pathophysiological changes of remote organs. Recent Advances: The latest studies have shown that inflammatory response plays an important role in remote organ damage after stroke, and can aggravate remote organ damage by activating oxidative stress, sympathetic axis, and hypothalamic axis, and disturbing immunological homeostasis. Remote organ damage can also cause damage to the brain, aggravating inflammatory response and oxidative damage. Critical Issues: Therefore, an in-depth exploration of inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms and adopting corresponding comprehensive intervention strategies have become necessary to reduce damage to remote organs and promote brain protection. Future Directions: The comprehensive intervention strategy involves multifaceted treatment methods such as inflammation regulation, antioxidants, and neural stem cell differentiation. It provides a promising treatment alternative for the comprehensive recovery of stroke patients and an inspiration for future research and treatment. The various organs of the human body are interconnected at the molecular level. Only through comprehensive intervention at the molecular and organ levels can we save remote organ damage and protect the brain after stroke to the greatest extent. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

How Does HDL Participate in Atherogenesis? Antioxidant Activity Versus Role in Reverse Cholesterol Transport

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) chemically modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example, leaking from red blood cells in the vascular compartment, more readily crosses the vascular endothelium than does nonoxidatively modified LDL to enter tissue fluid. Oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL) may also be created in the tissue fluid by ROS leaking from cells by design, for example, by inflammatory white cells, or simply leaking from other cells as a consequence of oxygen metabolism. As well as oxLDL, glycatively modified LDL (glycLDL) is formed in the circulation. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) appears capable of decreasing the burden of lipid peroxides formed on LDL exposed to ROS or to glucose and its metabolites. The mechanism for this that has received the most attention is the antioxidant activity of HDL, which is due in large part to the presence of paraoxonase 1 (PON1). PON1 is intimately associated with its apolipoprotein A1 component and with HDL's lipid domains into which lipid peroxides from LDL or cell membranes can be transferred. It is frequently overlooked that for PON1 to hydrolyze lipid substrates, it is essential that it remain by virtue of its hydrophobic amino acid sequences within a lipid micellar environment, for example, during its isolation from serum or genetically modified cells in tissue culture. Otherwise, it may retain its capacity to hydrolyze water-soluble substrates, such as phenyl acetate, whilst failing to hydrolyze more lipid-soluble molecules. OxLDL and probably glycLDL, once they have crossed the arterial endothelium by receptor-mediated transcytosis, are rapidly taken up by monocytes in a process that also involves scavenger receptors, leading to subendothelial foam cell formation. These are the precursors of atheroma, inducing more monocytes to cross the endothelium into the lesion and the proliferation and migration of myocytes present in the arterial wall into the developing lesion, where they transform into foam cells and fibroblasts. The atheroma progresses to have a central extracellular lake of cholesteryl ester following necrosis and apoptosis of foam cells with an overlying fibrous cap whilst continuing to grow concentrically around the arterial wall by a process involving oxLDL and glycLDL. Within the arterial wall, additional oxLDL is generated by ROS secreted by inflammatory cells and leakage from cells generally when couplet oxygen is reduced. PON1 is important for the mechanism by which HDL opposes atherogenesis, which may provide a better avenue of inquiry in the identification of vulnerable individuals and the provision of new therapies than have emerged from the emphasis placed on its role in RCT.

Adherence to oxidative balance score is inversely associated with the prevalence of stroke: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018

Introduction

The relationship between oxidative balance score (OBS), an emerging integrative metric for assessing individual redox homeostasis, and the prevalence of stroke in the general population remains unknown. We aimed to explore these relationships in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We investigated the relationship between the oxidative balance score (OBS) and stroke prevalence using NHANES data from 1999-2018.

Methods

We included eligible individuals from NHANES 1999-2018. OBS calculations were based on previously validated methods, and stroke diagnoses were based on self-reports in questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the independent associations of overall, dietary, and lifestyle OBS with stroke prevalence. In addition, restricted cubic spline (RCS), stratified analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used.

Results

We included 25,258 participants aged 20-85 years, in which the prevalence of stroke was 2.66%. After adjusting for all confounders, overall and dietary OBS, but not lifestyle OBS, were inversely associated with the prevalence of stroke [odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) and 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) for overall and dietary OBS, respectively, both p < 0.05]. In addition, there was a dose-response relationship between overall and dietary OBS and stroke prevalence. The RCS showed that these relationships were linear. Stratified analyses indicated that socioeconomic status (SES) significantly influenced the relationship between all OBS and stroke prevalence.

Conclusion

Dietary OBS, but not lifestyle OBS, had an inverse relationship with the prevalence of stroke in the general population. SES significantly influenced the protective effect of OBS against stroke. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated antioxidant properties from diet for stroke prevention.