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Lazarus JE, Gupta K. Recurrent UTI in Women-Risk Factors and Management. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2024; 38:325-341. [PMID: 38599896 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in women; more than 50% of women will be diagnosed with a UTI in her lifetime. Many of these women will go on to develop recurrent UTI. Nevertheless, evidence-based prevention of recurrent UTI is under-utilized. Here, the authors provide detailed practical advice on UTI prevention with a thorough review of the evidence. Non-antibiotic prevention measures discussed include increased fluid intake, vaginal estrogen therapy, methenamine, and cranberry. Antibiotic prophyalxis for carefully selected patients is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, GRJ 512C, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kalpana Gupta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Executive Suite, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nasrollahian S, Graham JP, Halaji M. A review of the mechanisms that confer antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1387497. [PMID: 38638826 PMCID: PMC11024256 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1387497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive update on the diverse mechanisms employed by E. coli in developing resistance to antibiotics. We primarily focus on pathotypes of E. coli (e.g., uropathogenic E. coli) and investigate the genetic determinants and molecular pathways that confer resistance, shedding light on both well-characterized and recently discovered mechanisms. The most prevalent mechanism continues to be the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, facilitated by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. We discuss the role of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases in conferring resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, which remain vital in clinical practice. The review covers the key resistant mechanisms, including: 1) Efflux pumps and porin mutations that mediate resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides; 2) adaptive strategies employed by E. coli, including biofilm formation, persister cell formation, and the activation of stress response systems, to withstand antibiotic pressure; and 3) the role of regulatory systems in coordinating resistance mechanisms, providing insights into potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Understanding the intricate network of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in E. coli is crucial for the development of effective strategies to combat this growing public health crisis. By clarifying these mechanisms, we aim to pave the way for the design of innovative therapeutic approaches and the implementation of prudent antibiotic stewardship practices to preserve the efficacy of current antibiotics and ensure a sustainable future for healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Nasrollahian
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Altamimi I, Binkhamis K, Alhumimidi A, Alabdulkarim IM, Almugren A, Alhemsi H, Altamimi A, Almazyed A, Elbih S, Alghunaim R, Altamimi A. Decline in ESBL Production and Carbapenem Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections among Key Bacterial Species during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:216. [PMID: 38534652 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in healthcare practices, including increased antibiotic usage. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production and carbapenem resistance among key bacterial species causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Conducted at King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh from January 2018 to December 2022, the study analyzed urine samples from 9697 UTI patients. Patients were categorized into 'pre-COVID-19' and 'during COVID-19' groups. Bacterial isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following guidelines. ESBL production was detected using the Double-Disc Synergy Test. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the main pathogens. During the pandemic, ESBL production decreased in E. coli by 1.9% and in K. pneumoniae by 6.0%. Carbapenem resistance also declined, with E. coli displaying a 1.2% reduction and K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa displaying 10.7% and 7.9% reductions, respectively. Notably, logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of ESBL presence were 10% lower during the COVID-19 pandemic (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.83-0.99; p = 0.040), and there was a significant reduction in the odds of carbapenem resistance (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.37-0.51; p < 0.001). This study reveals a significant decrease in ESBL production and carbapenem resistance among UTI pathogens during the COVID-19 pandemic, hinting at the impact of modified antibiotic and healthcare approaches. It emphasizes the need for persistent antimicrobial resistance surveillance and policy adaptation to address resistance challenges, offering key directions for future public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Altamimi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalifa Binkhamis
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Hadi Alhemsi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Altamimi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Almazyed
- Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham Elbih
- Microbiology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Alghunaim
- Pharmaceutical Care Division, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Altamimi
- Pediatric Emergency and Medical Toxicology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
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Mareș C, Petca RC, Popescu RI, Petca A, Mulțescu R, Bulai CA, Ene CV, Geavlete PA, Geavlete BF, Jinga V. Update on Urinary Tract Infection Antibiotic Resistance-A Retrospective Study in Females in Conjunction with Clinical Data. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:106. [PMID: 38255721 PMCID: PMC10820678 DOI: 10.3390/life14010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a frequent pathology among the female population that has become more and more difficult to treat in the past decade, considering the increase in antibiotic resistance-a serious global public health problem. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted for six months to report an update regarding the rates of resistance and susceptibility of uropathogens necessary for optimal treatment. A total of 5487 patients were screened, of which 524 (9.54%) were female patients who met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen, representing 290 cases (55.34%), followed by Enterococcus spp. 82 (15.64%). Escherichia coli presented the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (R = 33.1%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (R = 32.41%) and levofloxacin (R = 32.06%). The highest sensitivity rates were observed for fosfomycin (S = 96.55%), followed by imipenem (S = 93.1%). Enterococcus spp. showed the highest resistance to levofloxacin (R = 50.0%), followed by penicillin (R = 39.02%). The highest sensitivity was observed for fosfomycin (S = 90.24%), linezolid (S = 89.02%), and nitrofurantoin (S = 86.58%). The second most frequent Gram-negative uropathogen was represented by Klebsiella spp., which had the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (R = 35.89%), followed by levofloxacin (R = 25.64) and trimethoprim-suflamethoxazole (R = 24.35%). The most frequently associated pathology was an episode of UTI in the previous year, followed by diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem for all clinicians who treat UTIs. An up-to-date knowledge of antibiotic resistance rates is a major necessity to stop its evolution. Overall, the highest resistance rates were observed for aminopenicillins, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The best susceptibility rates were observed for fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and carbapenems. Our report aims to guide clinicians whenever they are forced to prescribe antibiotics empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Mareș
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Răzvan-Cosmin Petca
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Răzvan-Ionuț Popescu
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 17 Mărăști Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Răzvan Mulțescu
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cătălin Andrei Bulai
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Victor Ene
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Petrișor Aurelian Geavlete
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Florin Geavlete
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Saint John” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 13 Vitan-Barzesti Str., 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Department of Urology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (R.-I.P.); (C.A.B.); (C.V.E.); (P.A.G.); (B.F.G.); (V.J.)
- Department of Urology, “Prof. Dr. Th. Burghele” Clinical Hospital, 20 Panduri Str., 050659 Bucharest, Romania
- Medical Sciences Section, Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050085 Bucharest, Romania
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