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Hogan PG, Mork RL, Thompson RM, Muenks CE, Boyle MG, Sullivan ML, Morelli JJ, Williams CV, Sanchez N, Hunstad DA, Wardenburg JB, Gehlert SJ, Burnham CAD, Rzhetsky A, Fritz SA. Environmental Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Contamination, Persistent Colonization, and Subsequent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:552-562. [PMID: 32227144 PMCID: PMC7105954 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The longitudinal association among persistent Staphylococcus aureus colonization, household environmental contamination, and recurrent skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) is largely unexplored to date. OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with persistent S aureus colonization and recurrent SSTI in households with children with community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) SSTI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 12-month prospective cohort study included 150 children with community-associated MRSA SSTI, 542 household contacts, and 154 pets enrolled from January 3, 2012, through October 20, 2015. A total of 5 quarterly home visits were made to 150 households in the St Louis, Missouri, region. Statistical analysis was performed from September 18, 2018, to January 7, 2020. EXPOSURES Covariates used in S aureus strain persistence and interval SSTI models included S aureus colonization and contamination measures, personal hygiene and sharing habits, health history, activities external to the home, and household characteristics (eg, cleanliness, crowding, home ownership, and pets). Serial samples to detect S aureus were collected from household members at 3 anatomic sites, from pets at 2 anatomic sites, and from environmental surfaces at 21 sites. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Molecular epidemiologic findings of S aureus isolates were assessed via repetitive-sequence polymerase chain reaction. Individual persistent colonization was defined as colonization by an identical strain for 2 consecutive samplings. Longitudinal, multivariable generalized mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with persistent S aureus personal colonization, environmental contamination, and interval SSTI. RESULTS Among 692 household members in 150 households, 326 (47%) were male and 366 (53%) were female, with a median age of 14.82 years (range, 0.05-82.25 years). Of 540 participants completing all 5 samplings, 213 (39%) were persistently colonized with S aureus, most often in the nares and with the strain infecting the index patient at enrollment. Nine pets (8%) were persistently colonized with S aureus. Participants reporting interval intranasal mupirocin application were less likely to experience persistent colonization (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.30-0.66), whereas increasing strain-specific environmental contamination pressure was associated with increased individual persistent colonization (OR, 1.17; 95% CrI, 1.06-1.30). Strains with higher colonization pressure (OR, 1.47; 95% CrI, 1.25-1.71) and MRSA strains (OR, 1.57; 95% CrI, 1.16-2.19) were more likely to persist. Seventy-six index patients (53%) and 101 household contacts (19%) reported interval SSTIs. Individuals persistently colonized with MRSA (OR, 1.56; 95% CrI, 1.17-2.11), those with a history of SSTI (OR, 2.55; 95% CrI, 1.88-3.47), and index patients (OR, 1.54; 95% CrI, 1.07-2.23) were more likely to report an interval SSTI. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The study findings suggest that recurrent SSTI is associated with persistent MRSA colonization of household members and contamination of environmental surfaces. Future studies may elucidate the effectiveness of specific combinations of personal decolonization and environmental decontamination efforts in eradicating persistent strains and mitigating recurrent SSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan L. Mork
- Graduate Program in the Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Committee of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryley M. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carol E. Muenks
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mary G. Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Melanie L. Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - John J. Morelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Caroline V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nataly Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - David A. Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Sarah J. Gehlert
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie A. Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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Davis MF, McCormack MC, Matsui EC. Growing Concerns with Staphylococcus aureus and Asthma: New Territory for an Old Foe? THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 7:616-617. [PMID: 30717872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Meredith C McCormack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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