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Bahji A, Crockford D, Brasch J, Schutz C, Buckley L, Danilewitz M, Dubreucq S, Mak M, George TP. Training in Substance use Disorders, Part 1: Overview of Clinical Practice Recommendations. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2024; 69:428-456. [PMID: 38613369 PMCID: PMC11107443 DOI: 10.1177/07067437241231128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anees Bahji
- Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David Crockford
- Clinical Professor, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Brasch
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Lead, Addiction Psychiatry, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Past-President, Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christian Schutz
- Professor, Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Research Lead Adult Mental Health and Substance Use, Provincial Health Service Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leslie Buckley
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marlon Danilewitz
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Associate Medical Director, General Psychiatry, Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Dubreucq
- Psychiatrist, Department of Addiction Medicine, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Mak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Adjunct Research Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Adlard RJ, Roos T, Temmingh H. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test validity in bipolar and psychotic disorders. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023; 29:2109. [PMID: 38223305 PMCID: PMC10784206 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with multi-episode bipolar and psychotic disorders have a high prevalence of substance use disorders, with negative consequences. A brief, easily administered screening test such as the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is needed to identify those at risk in order to intervene appropriately. However, the ASSIST has not yet been validated in this population. Aim This article aims to determine the validity and reliability of the ASSIST in detecting substance use disorders in patients with multi-episode bipolar and psychotic disorders. Setting Western Cape Province, South Africa. Methods The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) was used as the gold standard for detecting substance abuse and dependence. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the ASSIST, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate its screening properties. Optimal cut off scores were calculated to maximise sensitivity and specificity. Results A total substance involvement lifetime score of ≥13 was found to have optimal sensitivity and specificity of just over 74%. The optimal cutoff score for alcohol was ≥4 and for cannabis, methamphetamine, and 'other drugs' was ≥3. The area under the curve was 0.7 or above for both the total and specific substance involvement scores. Conclusion The ASSIST is a psychometrically sound screening test for substance use disorders in patients with multi-episode bipolar and psychotic disorders. Contribution This is the first study to validate the ASSIST in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Adlard
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tessa Roos
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henk Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Price O, Sutherland R, Man N, Bruno R, Dietze P, Salom C, Akhurst J, Peacock A. Trends and psychosocial correlates of same day polysubstance use among people who inject drugs in Australia, 2012-2022. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023:104150. [PMID: 37541925 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is associated with negative health and social outcomes among people who inject drugs. We aimed to describe trends in polysubstance use and identify psychosocial correlates and associated drug use risk behaviours. We defined polysubstance use as intentional same day use of more than one of three drug classes: opioids, other non-opioid depressants (hereafter 'depressants'), and stimulants. METHODS We used 10 years (2012-2022, excluding 2020) of data from annual surveys in Australian capital cities with people who inject drugs (N=5657) to construct five mutually exclusive polysubstance use profiles: opioid-depressant, opioid-stimulant, stimulant-depressant, opioid-stimulant-depressant, and single drug class use. We examined time trends using the Mann Kendall test and identified correlates using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Same day polysubstance use was relatively common among this sample (43.6%). Opioid-depressant use was the most frequent polysubstance use profile, but this decreased over the study period (32.6% to 13.3%, p<0.001). This aligned with observed decreases in use of pharmaceutical opioids (p<0.001), opioid agonist treatment (p=0.007), and benzodiazepines (p=0.001). There was no evidence for any trend in the other polysubstance use profiles, although single drug class use increased (51.9% to 64.7%, p=0.031). The different polysubstance use profiles were variously associated with psychosocial factors, including unstable housing and very high psychological distress, and other drug use risk behaviours, including non-fatal overdose, receptive and/or distributive needle sharing, and reusing one's own needles. CONCLUSION Same day polysubstance use has remained relatively common among this sample over time, although the typology has changed. Collectively, our findings point to diverse drug use patterns among people who inject drugs and reiterate the need for a range of harm reduction, treatment, and support options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Price
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola Man
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
| | - Caroline Salom
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jane Akhurst
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Levit JD, Meyers JL, Georgakopoulos P, Pato MT. Risk for alcohol use problems in severe mental illness: Interactions with sex and racial/ethnic minority status. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:329-336. [PMID: 36587907 PMCID: PMC9942932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is exceedingly common among individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. However, studies on alcohol use in psychiatric illness rely largely on population surveys with limited representation of severe mental illness (SMI); schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHODS Using data from the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) (Pato MT, 2013), associations of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia with alcohol use problems were examined in a diverse US based sample, considering the influence of self-described race (African Ancestry (AA), European Ancestry (EA), or Latinx Ancestry (LA)), sex, and tobacco use. Participants answered alcohol use problem items derived from the CAGE instrument, yielding a summed "probable" alcohol use disorder (pAUD) risk score. RESULTS This study included 1952 individuals with bipolar disorder with psychosis (BDwP), 409 with bipolar disorder without psychosis (BD), 9218 with schizophrenia (SCZ), and 10,416 unaffected individuals. We found that SMI (BDwP, BD, SCZ) was associated with elevated AUD risk scores (B = 0.223, p < 0.001), an association which was strongest in females, particularly those of AA and LA, and in tobacco users. Schizophrenia was associated with the greatest increase in pAUD score (B = 0.141, p < 0.001). pAUD risk scores were increased among participants with bipolar disorder, with greater increases in BDwP (B = 0.125, p < 0.001) than in BD without psychosis (B = 0.027, p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Limitations include reliance on self-report data, screening items for AUD, voluntary recruitment bias, and differences in race/sex distribution between groups, which were statistically adjusted for in analytic models. CONCLUSIONS SMI is associated with risk for AUD, particularly among females from racial minority groups, smokers, and those with psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Levit
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Thomas S, Cotroneo S, Pham D, Kalogeropoulos R, Tyler J, Arunogiri S. Social work in alcohol and other drug service navigation: supporting social complexity in dual diagnosis. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/add-10-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
Many people with dual diagnosis present with social complexity that impedes service access. The role of social work support in such service navigation is poorly understood. This study aims to characterise client presentations to an Australian telephone-based social work alcohol and other drug (AOD) service navigation and linkage program, with consideration of presentation complexity compared between those clients who present with or without self-reported mental health (MH) concerns and a history of MH diagnoses, to identify differences in baseline characteristics, and linkage outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach
A retrospective audit was conducted of routinely collected clinical information from a six-month period, selected to capture the social and health challenges experienced during the mid-pandemic period (mid-2021) in Victoria, Australia, during which a number of lockdowns resulted in a reliance on telephone-based services. The audit focused on client and presentation characteristics, and compared clients with and without a history of co-occurring MH and AOD concerns.
Findings
It was found that three in four people accessing an Australian telephone-based AOD service navigation and linkage program presented with dual diagnosis. Individuals with dual diagnosis required more support from the service compared to those without a co-occurring MH disorder; but overall, were just as likely to achieve a successful linkage to services, when offered holistic, long-term social work support.
Originality/value
This study focused on the role of social workers in this service navigation program in supporting individuals with complexity. It also highlights the challenges in operationalising social complexity factors alongside clinical MH and AOD diagnoses, and points to the need for further research to guide future service development for this vulnerable client group.
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Kuitunen-Paul S, Eichler A, Wiedmann M, Basedow LA, Roessner V, Golub Y. Comparing self-report and parental report of psychopathologies in adolescents with substance use disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:331-342. [PMID: 34480628 PMCID: PMC9970943 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Both internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies interfere with the treatment of substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescents. Self-reports of psychopathologies are likely biased and may be validated with parental reports. We compared N = 70 standardized self-reports of adolescents entering outpatient SUD treatment (13.2-18.6 years old, 43% female) to parental reports on the same psychopathologies, and explored biases due to gender, age, SUD diagnoses and SUD severity. Bivariate bootstrapped Pearson correlation coefficients revealed several small to moderate correlations between both reporting sources (r = 0.29-0.49, all pcorrected ≤ 0.039). A repeated measures MANOVA revealed moderately stronger parental reports of adolescent psychopathologies compared to adolescent self-reports for most externalizing problems (dissocial and aggressive behaviors, p ≤ 0.016, η2part = 0.09-0.12) and social/attention problems (p ≤ 0.012, η2part = 0.10), but no differences for most internalizing problems (p ≥ 0.073, η2part = 0.02-0.05). Differences were not associated with other patient or parental characteristics including age, gender, number of co-occurring diagnoses or presence/absence of a certain SUD (all puncorrected ≥ 0.088). We concluded that treatment-seeking German adolescents with SUD present with a multitude of extensive psychopathologies. The relevant deviation between self- and parental reports indicate that the combination of both reports might help to counteract dissimulation and other reporting biases. The generalizability of results to inpatients, psychiatry patients in general, or adolescents without SUD, as well as the validity of self- and parental reports in comparison to clinical judgements remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Eichler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melina Wiedmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas A. Basedow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yulia Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Rao R(T. Editorial: Dual diagnosis – what’s in a name? ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/add-08-2022-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ghosh A, Sharma N, Noble D, Basu D, Mattoo SK, Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya S, Pillai RR. Predictors of Five-year Readmission to an Inpatient Service among Patients with Opioid Use Disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2022; 55:213-223. [PMID: 35348049 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2057260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Opioid use disorder (OUD), a relapsing-remitting chronic medical disease, accounts for a sizable proportion of all-cause adult inpatient stays. We evaluated the incidence and predictors of any and multiple readmissions to inpatient care for OUD. Methods This retrospective, register-based cohort study assessed consecutive patients with OUD admitted to a federally-funded inpatient service of an addiction treatment center in North India between January 2007 and December 2014. Binary logistic regression was used to determine independent readmission predictors based on demographic, clinical, and treatment variables that significantly differed in bivariate analysis. Results Among 908 patients, 306 (33.7%) and 106 (11.7%) had any and multiple readmissions, respectively. Injection drug use (Odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.90-4.49), comorbid severe mental illness (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.42-5.55) and common mental disorder (OR 3.4 95% CI 1.65-6.95), antagonist treatment (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.14-2.27), and urban residence (OR 1.38 95% CI 1.01-1.90) increased odds of readmission. 'Improved' discharge status (OR 0.48 95% CI 0.34-0.70) in first admissions reduced odds of any readmission. Similar risk factors also influenced multiple readmissions with higher odds ratios. Conclusions Identification and adequate treatment of risk factors may reduce the chances of readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ghosh
- & Treatment Centre & Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education & ResearchDrug De-addiction, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Dalton Noble
- Department of Psychiatry, Ivy Hospital, Nawanshahr, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- & Treatment Centre & Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education & ResearchDrug De-addiction, Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Mattoo
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Community Mental Health Clinic, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear Foundation Nhs Trust, Molineux Nhs Centre, Byker, UK
| | - Subodh Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya
- & Treatment Centre & Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education & ResearchDrug De-addiction, Chandigarh, India
| | - R R Pillai
- & Treatment Centre & Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of medical Education & ResearchDrug De-addiction, Chandigarh, India
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Bouchard M, Lecomte T, Cloutier B, Herrera-Roberge J, Potvin S. Dropout Rates in Psychosocial Interventions for People With Both Severe Mental Illness and Substance Misuse: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842329. [PMID: 35633799 PMCID: PMC9133375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the years, many psychosocial interventions for individual having both a psychotic spectrum disorder and a substance use disorder diagnoses have been developed and studied. However, there is a high dropout rate among this clinical population. OBJECTIVES This meta-analysis aims to replicate a previous meta-analysis on the effects of psychosocial treatment for dual disorders, while including and determining the dropout rates in those type of interventions. METHOD Based on a Cochrane systematic review conducted in 2019, we conducted a meta-analysis including 40 randomized clinical trials on psychosocial treatment among persons suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder and substance use disorder. RESULTS A dropout rate of 27,2% was obtained. Stimulants use significantly affected dropout rates. Age, gender, diagnosis, alcohol and cannabis abuse, and duration of treatment did not affect dropout rates. CONCLUSION The 27,2% rate of dropout from psychosocial treatment highlights the need to engage participants having a dual diagnosis from the start by focusing on therapeutic alliance and motivation for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Bouchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Briana Cloutier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zale EL, Maisto SA, De Vita MJ, Hooten WM, Ditre JW. Increasing cessation motivation and treatment engagement among smokers in pain: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:593-604. [PMID: 32757595 PMCID: PMC8499853 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smokers with co-occurring pain report greater difficulty quitting, face unique cessation challenges, and may benefit from targeted smoking interventions. We developed and tested a brief motivational intervention aimed at increasing knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations, motivation to quit, and cessation treatment engagement among smokers in pain. Nontreatment seeking daily cigarette smokers with chronic pain (N = 76, 57.9% women, 52.6% White) were randomized to the targeted or ask, advise, refer (AAR) intervention. The targeted intervention included personalized feedback and pain-smoking psychoeducation to help participants develop discrepancy between continued smoking and desired pain outcomes. At postintervention, the targeted intervention (vs. AAR) increased knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations and several indices of motivation to quit smoking (ps < .01). Participants who received the targeted intervention were also more likely to accept information about and report intention to engage evidence-based cessation treatments (ps < .05). Increased knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations mediated postintervention effects on motivation to quit and willingness to learn about treatments. At 1-month follow up, gains in knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations were maintained (p = .009). Participants who received the targeted intervention were more likely to report having subsequently engaged cessation treatment (p = .019), but this was not mediated by increased knowledge of pain-smoking interrelations. Smokers with chronic pain may benefit from targeted interventions that address smoking in the context of pain. Smokers in pain may become increasingly motivated to quit and engage cessation treatment as they become aware of how smoking may exacerbate their pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - W. Michael Hooten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
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Wamel AV, Lempens A, Neven A. Integrated treatment of dual disorders in The Netherlands: a qualitative study of client experiences. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/add-12-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Many clients who suffer from severe mental health problems also struggle with alcohol and drug use. And although there seems to be a consensus in most European countries that integrated treatment models (especially the integrated treatment of dual disorder clients model) are best fitted to help these clients, none of these have strong evidence, mostly owing to methodological limitations in the studies. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of why integrated treatment is helpful by conducting in-depth interviews with dual disorder clients who are currently receiving integrated treatment.
Design/methodology/approach
This study is a qualitative thematic analysis using a timeline tool to elicit participants’ responses. In the interviews, dual diagnosis clients with severe problems reflected on their situation at admission, the care they received in integrated treatment and their opinions on positive and negative elements. The interviews were coded and analysed with MAXQDA.
Findings
In the analyses of the interviews, this study found three clusters of elements that clients indicated were the most helpful during their treatment and recovery process: trusting and meaningful relationship with the team, components of integrated treatment and organisation of care.
Originality/value
The findings emphasized the importance of working relationship in the treatment of complex and long-term problems. This has implications for the evaluation of these integrated treatment models which so far mainly focuses on specific interventions.
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Subramaniam S, Yee A, Bin Amer Nordin AS, Bin Khalib AQ. Prevalence of Severe Mental Illness Dual Diagnosis Among Inpatients in a Psychiatric Hospital in Malaysia. J Dual Diagn 2021; 17:4-12. [PMID: 33308058 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2020.1854410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol or non-alcohol substance use dual diagnosis among inpatients with severe mental illness in a psychiatric institution in Malaysia. In addition, this study aimed to determine adverse outcomes between dual diagnosis versus single diagnosis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the inpatient ward using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to establish the diagnosis of severe mental illness and to screen for alcohol or non-alcohol substance use disorder comorbidity. Outcomes and severity of different domains among severe mental illness patients were assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Results: Out of 152 patients who participated in this study, 51.3% (n = 78) had comorbid alcohol use disorder, and 29.6% (n = 45) had non-alcohol substance use disorder. Males with Kadazan ethnicity with severe mental illness and alcohol use disorder had a higher risk of having comorbid non-alcohol substance use disorder. Similarly, male Kadazan patients with severe mental illness and non-alcohol substance use disorder had a higher risk of having a comorbid alcohol use disorder. Dual diagnosis patients with alcohol and non-alcohol substance use disorder had higher rates of hospitalizations (p < .001 and p = .001). Family and social relationships were affected among the alcohol use disorder group as shown by the higher composite score for family status (FCOMP; p < .001). This group also showed more severe psychiatric status, as the composite score for psychiatric status (PCOMP) was high (p = .004). Suicidality was higher among patients with alcohol use disorder and severe mental illness (p < .001). Conclusions: The prevalence of severe mental illness dual diagnosis was high in this study with poorer outcomes, higher rates of admissions, and risk of suicidality. This highlights the importance of provisions for a more holistic treatment approach among patients with dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sughashini Subramaniam
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anne Yee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amer Siddiq Bin Amer Nordin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kuitunen-Paul S, Roessner V, Basedow LA, Golub Y. Beyond the tip of the iceberg: A narrative review to identify research gaps on comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescents with methamphetamine use disorder or chronic methamphetamine use. Subst Abus 2020; 42:13-32. [PMID: 32870121 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1806183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) frequently begins in adolescence, often accompanied by other psychiatric or mental disorders. Up to now, no comprehensive review about MUD and comorbid disorders in adolescents is available. We thus aimed to review the literature on comorbid mental disorders and MUD in adolescents in order to identify future research topics. Method: A PubMed search was conducted in July 2019. Relevant comorbidities were defined as attention-deficit disorder with/without hyperactivity, anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, borderline personality disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder, as well as other substance use disorders. For each comorbidity, we summarized prevalence rates, findings on comorbidity mechanisms, and recommended treatment options, if applicable. Results: Few articles focused on MUD in adolescents. Prevalence rates differed largely between comorbid disorders, with tobacco use disorder, conduct disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit disorders being the most prevalent comorbidities while eating disorders were rare. Examined onset patterns and comorbidity mechanisms indicated three groups of comorbidities: preexisting disorders self-medicated with methamphetamine, disorders induced by chronic methamphetamine use, and disorders arising due to risk factors shared with MUD. Reviewed comorbidities were frequently associated with worse treatment outcomes. Conclusions: The limited evidence is in stark contrast to the presumably high prevalence and relevance of comorbid mental disorders in adolescents with MUD. Suggestions for future research topics, informed by adult findings, include genetic vulnerabilities, biological changes, and consequences of different use patterns. Surprisingly few MUD treatment programs explicitly integrate comorbid mental disorder modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kuitunen-Paul
- Research Group Stress and Addiction, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Research Group Stress and Addiction, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas A Basedow
- Research Group Stress and Addiction, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yulia Golub
- Research Group Stress and Addiction, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Bidirectional relationship between heroin addiction and depression: Behavioural and neural studies. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Antipsychotic Adherence Intervention for Veterans over 40 with Schizophrenia: Results of a Pilot Study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:S1171. [PMID: 20463858 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and effect-sizes of a multimodal, individual intervention designed to optimize antipsychotic medication use in patients >/=40 years of age with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHODS: We randomized 40 patients into two groups: usual care (UC) or a nine-session, manualized, antipsychotic adherence intervention (AAI). The AAI attempted to improve adherence by combining three psychosocial techniques: a) education, b) skills training, and c) alliance building. Sessions employed a semi-structured format to facilitate open communication. The primary outcome was antipsychotic adherence at study end. We obtained qualitative data regarding patient preferences for the duration and modality for receiving the adherence intervention. RESULTS: Compared to the UC group, a greater proportion of the AAI group was adherent post-intervention (65% vs. 55.6%; OR=1.49), a difference that was statistically not significant. The entire AAI group reported that they intended to take medications, and 75% were satisfied with the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The AAI was feasible and acceptable. Preliminary data on its effectiveness warrant a larger study. Qualitative data shows that patients prefer brief adherence interventions and accept telephone strategies.
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16
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Wieczorek Ł, Dąbrowska K. Difficulties in treatment of people with comorbid gambling and substance use disorders. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1704078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wieczorek
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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van Hagen LJ, de Waal MM, Christ C, Dekker JJM, Goudriaan AE. Patient Characteristics Predicting Abstinence in Substance Use Disorder Patients With Comorbid Mental Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2019; 15:312-323. [PMID: 31566115 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1667043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Patients with both a substance use disorder and comorbid mental disorder, or dual diagnosis, form a heterogeneous group with complex treatment needs. Dual diagnosis patients have worse treatment outcomes compared to patients with substance use disorders alone. There is a lack of research focusing on predictors of treatment outcome in dual diagnosis patients. The aim of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with abstinence in dual diagnosis patients. Methods: In a cohort design, we examined associations between baseline demographic and clinical patient characteristics and abstinence at 14-month follow-up in 102 dual diagnosis patients undergoing treatment in an addiction-psychiatry service in Amsterdam. Immigration, employment, housing, age, emotion regulation, psychiatric symptoms, and frequency and nature of substance abuse were examined as possible predictors of abstinence. Patients were considered abstinent if they had refrained from any substance use in the 30 days prior to the follow-up assessment, as measured with the Timeline Follow Back method. Results: In a multiple logistic regression analysis corrected for treatment utilization, being a first- or second-generation immigrant was associated with lower odds of abstinence (OR = 5.13; 95% CI [1.63, 18.18]), as well as higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms at baseline (OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.81, 0.99]). Gender, age, housing, employment, emotion regulation, frequency and nature of substance abuse, and the psychiatric symptoms positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and manic excitement and disorganization did not show a significant relationship with abstinence. Conclusions: The results indicate that being a first- or second-generation immigrant and experiencing more symptoms of depression and anxiety are predictive of non-abstinence. Attention for linguistic and cultural congruence of dual diagnosis treatments may enhance abstinence in immigrants. Additionally, addressing symptoms of depression and anxiety in dual diagnosis treatment may be beneficial for the maintenance of abstinence. More research is needed on factors influencing treatment success in dual diagnosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne J van Hagen
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen M de Waal
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Christ
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J M Dekker
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Hooten WM, LaRowe LR, Zale EL, Ditre JW, Warner DO. Effects of a brief pain and smoking cessation intervention in adults with chronic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Addict Behav 2019; 92:173-179. [PMID: 30641335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco cigarette smokers with comorbid chronic pain experience greater difficulty quitting smoking relative to those without chronic pain. A brief smoking cessation intervention was developed to address smoking in the context of chronic pain to increase the intention to engage in smoking cessation treatment. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a brief pain and smoking (BPS) cessation intervention on the willingness to consider quitting smoking in adults with chronic pain seeking treatment in a pain specialty outpatient clinic. Subjects randomized to the BPS intervention were 7.5 times more likely to endorse willingness to consider quitting smoking. Subjects who received the BPS intervention were also greater than 2.5 times more likely to report an interest in learning about cessation programs, and nearly 5 times more likely to endorse willingness to consider participating in an intensive smoking cessation program. Moreover, subjects who received the BPS intervention evinced a trend-level reduction in perceived difficulty of quitting smoking. These results contribute to a growing multidisciplinary literature examining pain-smoking interrelations and suggest that smokers with chronic pain may become more willing to consider engaging a cessation attempt as awareness increases about how continued smoking may interfere with the clinical outcomes of pain treatment. These results are also consistent with clinical practice guidelines for promoting intention to quit among smokers currently unwilling to engage a quit attempt by incorporating strategies aimed at identifying ambivalence about the continued use of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Hooten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Lisa R LaRowe
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Emily L Zale
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - David O Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
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19
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Psychiatric Disorders and Alcohol Consumption Among Low-Income African Americans:Gender Differences. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040086. [PMID: 31003459 PMCID: PMC6523251 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although cooccurrence of nonsubstance use disorders (non-SUDs) and substance use is well-established in the literature, most of what we know in this regard is derived from studies that have recruited predominantly White sample populations. As a result, there is a gap in knowledge on this link among low-income African Americans (AAs). There is also a need to understand how low-income AA men and women differ in these associations. Objective: To study whether there is an association between number of non-SUDs and amount of alcohol consumption by AA adults, and whether this association varies between AA men and women. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a nonrandom sample of 150 AA adults with non-SUDs (i.e., major depression, bipolar disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, paranoid disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizoaffective disorder). The independent variable was the number of non-SUDs. The dependent variable was the amount of alcohol consumption. Age, socioeconomic status (educational attainment and household income), and self-rated health were covariates. Gender was the moderator. Linear regression models were used to analyze the data. Results: A higher number of non-SUDs was not associated with a higher amount of alcohol use in the pooled sample of AA adults. We, however, found a significant interaction between gender and number of non-SUDs on the amount of alcohol use, suggesting a stronger effect of non-SUDs on alcohol consumption in AA men than in AA women. Gender-stratified linear regression models showed a positive association between number of non-SUDs and amount of alcohol consumption in AA men but not in AA women. Conclusion: Non-SUDs impact alcohol use of AA men but not women. Future research should test whether AA men may have a higher tendency to turn to alcohol to regulate their emotions and cope with psychological pain due to multiple non-SUDs. The results also suggest that integration of services for SUDs and non-SUDs may be more relevant to provision of mental health services for AA men than AA women.
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20
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Renner JA. Counteracting the Effect of Stigma on Education for Substance Use Disorders. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2019; 17:134-140. [PMID: 31975969 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20180039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The national failure to adequately respond to the opioid epidemic has exposed major deficits in the U.S. health care education system. Treatment services are inadequate; clinicians are ill prepared and uninformed about existing effective treatments; and even when specially trained, over 25% fail to provide any treatment, and the majority rarely treat more than a handful of patients. Stigma has been identified as a significant roadblock to the needed expansion of treatment services. Educators in the health professions need to rethink their approaches to the substance use disorder curriculum, both to significantly expand the training time and content and to devise programs that successfully modify the stigma that has undermined existing educational efforts. The neurobiological basis of stigma is described, along with techniques historically shown to reverse stigma. The Boston University Medical Center/VA (Veterans Affairs) Boston Healthcare System Psychiatry Program has developed a successful model curriculum that has expanded substance use disorders training and has incorporated clinical experiences that have been shown to modify stigma and generate enthusiasm for working with patients with substance use disorders. This article presents recommendations for implementing this model in other psychiatry training programs and adapting it for other clinical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Renner
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, and VA Outpatient Clinic, Boston
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21
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Searby A, Maude P, McGrath I. The Experiences of Older Adults with Dual Diagnosis in an Inner Melbourne Community Mental Health Service. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2018; 39:420-426. [PMID: 29370568 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1413458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Less is known about the experiences of older adults (65+ years of age) with co-occurring mental health and alcohol and other drug use disorders (dual diagnosis) than is known about the experiences of their younger counterparts. This exploratory qualitative study sought to interview individuals receiving case management from an inner Melbourne community mental health service to determine their experiences of living with dual diagnosis and explore their interactions with mental health and addiction treatment, and general medical services alike. Six older adults with a dual mental health and substance disorder agreed to participate in a semi-structured interview process and provided their perspectives about living with complex mental illness and alcohol and other drug use. Several key themes emerged throughout the interview process, mirroring the notion of dual diagnosis being a complex phenomenon involving a number of interrelated factors: these include medical complexity, poor service engagement and long-term use of alcohol and other drugs. Interviews also demonstrate the challenges inherent in providing care to this cohort, with the participants frequently describing their experiences with services as being fraught with difficulty. The increased understanding of the perspectives of older adults with dual diagnosis provides the foundation for further research into this population in addition to influencing future nursing care provided to this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Searby
- a RMIT University (School of Health and Biomedical Sciences - Nursing) , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Phillip Maude
- b RMIT University (School of Health and Biomedical Sciences - Nursing), Bundoora, Australia/University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences (Nursing) , Hobart , Australia
| | - Ian McGrath
- c RMIT University (School of Health and Biomedical Sciences - Nursing) , Bundoora , Australia
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22
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Abstract
Purpose
Studies have shown that mental health professionals find working with patients with dual diagnosis challenging, and the purpose of this paper is to examine some of these challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 85 mental health professionals from 8 different mental health centres in Denmark were interviewed. The data analysis was inspired by a grounded theory approach.
Findings
Different challenges in the dual diagnosis treatment were identified and they suggested that the focus of treatment was mainly on the mental illness rather than the substance use disorder. The single focus of the treatment made it challenging to treat patients with dual diagnosis sufficiently. While several studies explain the single focus by inadequate competencies among professionals, the present study suggests that the single focus is also explained by the way that the treatment is organised. For instance, standardized treatment packages and insufficient guidelines on substance abuse treatment make it challenging to treat patients with dual diagnosis.
Originality/value
This paper suggests that a more flexible, and a longer period of, treatment, together with more sufficient guidelines on dual diagnosis treatment and a more formalized collaboration with the substance abuse treatment centres, will make it a less challenging issue to treat patients with dual diagnosis.
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23
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Pinderup P. Improving the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Mental Health Professionals Regarding Dual Diagnosis Treatment - a Mixed Methods Study of an Intervention. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2018; 39:292-303. [PMID: 29436889 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1398791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined an intervention, which aimed at improving the dual diagnosis treatment at eight Danish mental health centres. The intervention included training in dual diagnosis treatment to program champions who were intended to implement at their workplace the knowledge gained from training. The study used mixed methods (questionnaires, interviews, and field observations) to examine whether there was a change in the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the colleagues of the program champions following the intervention. Results showed that the intervention overall yielded improvement in knowledge and attitudes, while the impact on assessment and treatment practices was limited. Possible factors that might have affected the implementation of the intervention as well as the weaknesses of the intervention and the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Pinderup
- a Mental Health Services - Capital Region of Denmark, Competence Centre for Dual Diagnosis , Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans , Roskilde , Denmark
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24
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Independent associations and effect modification between lifetime substance use and recent mood disorder diagnosis with household food insecurity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191072. [PMID: 29360862 PMCID: PMC5779657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor mental health and substance use are associated with food insecurity, however, their potential combined effects have not been studied. This study explored independent associations and effect modification between lifetime substance use and mood disorder in relation to food insecurity. Poisson regression analysis of data from British Columbia respondents (n = 13,450; 12 years+) in the 2007/08 Canadian Community Health Survey was conducted. Measures included The Household Food Security Survey Module (7.3% food insecure), recent diagnosis of a mood disorder (self-reported; 9.5%), lifetime use of cannabis, cocaine/crack, ecstasy, hallucinogens, and speed, any lifetime substance use, sociodemographic covariates, and the interaction terms of mood disorder by substance. For those with recent diagnosis of a mood disorder the prevalence of lifetime substance use ranged between 1.2 to 5.7% and were significantly higher than those without recent mood disorder diagnosis or lifetime use of substances (p’s < 0.05). For respondents with a recent mood disorder diagnosis or who used cannabis, food insecurity prevalence was higher compared to the general sample (p < 0.001); prevalence was lower for cocaine/crack use (p < 0.05). Significant effect modification was found between mood disorder with cannabis, ecstasy, hallucinogen and any substance use over the lifetime (PRs 0.51 to 0.64, p’s 0.022 to 0.001). Independent associations were found for cocaine/crack and speed use (PRs 1.68, p’s < 0.001) and mood disorder (PRs 2.02, p’s < 0.001). Based on these findings and the existing literature, future study about coping and resilience in the context of substance use, mental health, and food insecurity may lead to the development of relevant interventions aimed at mental well-being and food security.
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25
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Abstract
Recent developments in UK government policy have highlighted the unmet needs of people with dual diagnosis (comorbidity of substance misuse and psychiatric disorder, particularly severe mental illness). Advances in assessment techniques and diagnostic practice have informed the treatment of comorbidity and improved its outcome. There is growing evidence for the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions such as motivational interviewing and cognitive–behavioural therapy, mostly from US studies. However, within the secondary care provided by addiction and general psychiatric services there are serious implementation barriers related to service organisation, staffing levels, training and – most importantly – the difficulties of engaging people with severe mental illness and comorbid substance misuse in treatment. The evidence for the effectiveness of psychosocial treatments and models of service is reviewed and challenges for optimal practice in the UK are highlighted.
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26
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Abstract
Amphetamines, cocaine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) have been prominent on the UK drugs scene over the past decade. Much cocaine is now in the form of ‘crack’, which produces particularly acute versions of well-known complications including paranoid psychosis, mood disorders and cardiovascular problems. Ecstasy has additional hallucinogenic properties, and the slightly different range of psychiatric effects can be long-lasting. Assessment for stimulant misuse should include drug screening more than is currently common in general settings. Management comprises psychosocial (particularly behavioural counselling) and pharmacological approaches. A wide range of dopaminergic and other medications have been studied in cocaine misuse, and specialised substitute prescribing may be appropriate for heavy amphetamine injecting. There has been recent focus on problems of dual diagnosis, with particular strategies required to address stimulant misuse by people with severe mental illnesses.
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27
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Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Rade CB, Burris EN, Cuddeback GS, Johnson KL, Tueller SJ, Comfort ML, Mueser KT. Jail-to-community treatment continuum for adults with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:365. [PMID: 28778175 PMCID: PMC5545037 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders (CODs) are overrepresented in jails. In-custody barriers to treatment, including a lack of evidence-based treatment options and the often short periods of incarceration, and limited communication between jails and community-based treatment agencies that can hinder immediate enrollment into community care once released have contributed to a cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among this vulnerable and high-risk population. This paper describes a study that will develop research and communication protocols and adapt two evidence-based treatments, dual-diagnosis motivational interviewing (DDMI) and integrated group therapy (IGT), for delivery to adults with CODs across a jail-to-community treatment continuum. METHODS/DESIGN Adaptations to DDMI and IGT were guided by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model and the National Institute of Corrections' implementation competencies; the development of the implementation framework and communication protocols were guided by the Evidence-Based Interagency Implementation Model for community corrections and the Inter-organizational Relationship model, respectively. Implementation and evaluation of the protocols and adapted interventions will occur via an open trial and a pilot randomized trial. The clinical intervention consists of two in-jail DDMI sessions and 12 in-community IGT sessions. Twelve adults with CODs and four clinicians will participate in the open trial to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of, and fidelity to, the interventions and research and communication protocols. The pilot controlled trial will be conducted with 60 inmates who will be randomized to either DDMI-IGT or treatment as usual. A baseline assessment will be conducted in jail, and four community-based assessments will be conducted during a 6-month follow-up period. Implementation, clinical, public health, and treatment preference outcomes will be evaluated. DISCUSSION Findings have the potential to improve both jail- and community-based treatment services for adults with CODs as well as inform methods for conducting rigorous pilot implementation and evaluation research in correctional settings and as inmates re-enter the community. Findings will contribute to a growing area of work focused on interrupting the cycle of limited treatment engagement, unaddressed criminogenic risks, and (re)arrest among adults with CODs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02214667 . Registered on 10 August 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Van Dorn
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Sarah L Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Candalyn B Rade
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Burris
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gary S Cuddeback
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kiersten L Johnson
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Stephen J Tueller
- Risk Behavior and Family Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Megan L Comfort
- Urban Health Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kim T Mueser
- Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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28
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Thylstrup B, Johansen KS, Sønderby L. Treatment effect and recovery — dilemmas in dual diagnosis treatment. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/145507250902600601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Thylstrup
- Ph.D Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research Artillerivej 90, 2. floor 2300 Copenhagen S
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29
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Cleary M, Thomas SP. Addiction and Mental Health Across the Lifespan: An Overview of Some Contemporary Issues. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:2-8. [PMID: 27936330 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1259336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- a University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Sandra P Thomas
- b University of Tennessee, Knoxville College of Nursing , Knoxville , Tennessee
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30
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Schnell T, Gliese R, Schröter R, Kasten E, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E. Motivational changes of cannabis use prior to and during the course of schizophrenia. Am J Addict 2016; 26:122-128. [PMID: 28004866 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We investigated subjective reasons/motivation for cannabis use in patients with schizophrenia (n = 51) compared to otherwise healthy cannabis users (n = 109). Moreover, we explored possible changes in the motivational patterns of both groups over time. METHODS A questionnaire was developed with six dimensions of motivations to use cannabis: affect regulation, relaxation, habit, structuring everyday life, creativity, and sociability. Participants filled out the instrument regarding their present and initial use of cannabis. RESULTS At the time of onset of consumption, groups only differed significantly in habit with higher ratings for patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use (SCH+CAN group) and in sociability with higher ratings for otherwise healthy users (CAN group). In respect of present use, the motivation to consume cannabis was significantly higher for affect regulation and structuring everyday life in the SCH+CAN group and for relaxation and sociability in the CAN group. With reference to time-based variations, the SCH+CAN group reported increased relevance of structuring everyday life over time. Furthermore, the CAN group reported increased importance of habit over time, whereas the SCH+CAN patients showed decreased ratings of habit over time. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Our findings must be considered preliminary because of the retrospective nature of the assessment. Nevertheless, the present study provides an indication of the time-dependent variation of cannabis-use motivation in schizophrenia, which may provide a better understanding of the functions of cannabis use within the population. Results argue for specific motivational based interventions for the group of schizophrenia patients with regular cannabis use. (Am J Addict 2017;26:122-128).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnell
- LVR Clinics Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Medical School Hamburg (MSH), University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajac Gliese
- Medical School Hamburg (MSH), University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romy Schröter
- Medical School Hamburg (MSH), University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erich Kasten
- Medical School Hamburg (MSH), University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Purpose
Positive psychology is an area of rapid development in mainstream psychology, yet it has had little impact thus far in the field of dual diagnosis (DD). Effective treatment for clients with DD is limited, due to the lack of all-encompassing interventions that treat the two conditions simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to discover the prevalence of DD among users of selected drug services in Manchester; second, to explore differences between DD clients and those with substance use in hope, resilience, and well-being; and third, to identify predictors of hope, resilience, and well-being in this population.
Design/methodology/approach
The Snyder Hope Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale were administered to 113 users of drug services through a convenience sampling method.
Findings
Findings from this preliminary investigation indicated that the DD group were more vulnerable as they were less hopeful, less resilient, and had poorer well-being than their counterparts.
Practical implications
This population of clients might benefit from specialized integrated treatment facilitating hope and resilience, which in turn would improve their well-being.
Originality/value
The present study addresses a gap in the literature. Although the above positive psychological aspects have been looked at in relation to mental health, and in relation to addiction, the current research explores these positive dimensions with regard to the co-occurrence of substance abuse and mental illness.
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32
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Drebing CE, Fleitas R, Moore A, Krebs C, Van Ormer A, Penk W, Seibyl C, Rosenheck R. Patterns in Work Functioning and Vocational Rehabilitation Associated with Coexisting Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00343552020460010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Archival data from 25,480 adults entering the Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) program of the Veterans Health Administration were analyzed to identify differences in work functioning and vocational rehabilitation among participants with psychiatric disorders alone, substance use disorders (SUD) alone, and psychiatric disorders with coexisting SUD. The co-existence of psychiatric disorders and SUD was associated with better work functioning, more participation in vocational rehabilitation, and a better outcome, compared to psychiatric disorders alone. Poorer functioning was seen on all variables relative to participants with SUD alone. These findings are due in part to correlates of substance abuse, but they may suggest that clinicians should focus on work and vocational goals to support other clinical efforts for clients with dual diagnoses.
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Luoto KE, Koivukangas A, Lassila A, Kampman O. Outcome of patients with dual diagnosis in secondary psychiatric care. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:470-6. [PMID: 27049473 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2016.1160149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual diagnosis (DD) is a common co-morbidity of mental illness and substance use disorder (SUD) and patients with DD are prone to complications. Better knowledge on the outcome, mortality and management of patients with DD in usual secondary psychiatric care would help to inform improved treatment strategies in the future. AIMS To explore the functional outcome and mortality of patients with DD receiving psychiatric treatment. To assess the recognition of substance use disorders (SUDs) in terms of diagnosis, and the associations of clinically diagnosed SUDs with treatment-related variables. METHODS The sample of 330 patients was collected by screening all currently treated patients with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and a question about other substances used. The inclusion criteria were AUDIT >7 and/or reported use of other substances during the preceding 12 months. The Global Assessment of Functioning scale was used to assess functional outcomes during a 2-year follow-up. Information concerning treatment and patient characteristics was collected retrospectively. RESULTS Level of functioning remained stable among all study patients during follow-up. The mortality rate was not increased. Effective medication use was associated with improved functional outcomes. SUDs were underdiagnosed. A clinically diagnosed SUD seemed to have an impact on the regularity of appointments and the doses of prescribed medications. CONCLUSIONS Given our results suggesting a stable level of functioning, patients with DD appear to be well managed within secondary psychiatric care. Attention should be paid to more precise diagnostics of SUDs and to effective use of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa E Luoto
- a Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland ;,b University of Tampere, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere , Finland
| | - Antti Koivukangas
- a Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland ;,b University of Tampere, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere , Finland
| | - Antero Lassila
- a Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland
| | - Olli Kampman
- a Department of Psychiatry , Seinäjoki Hospital District , Seinäjoki , Finland ;,b University of Tampere, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere , Finland
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Temperament and character dimensions in male patients with substance use disorders: Differences relating to psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 2016; 237:1-8. [PMID: 26921044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has not considered the influence of the Comorbid Mental Disorder (CMD) among Substance Use Disorders (SUD) patients. We explored the possible differences in personality dimensions among SUD patients taking into account their CMD (Schizophrenia, SZ; Bipolar Disorder, BD; Major Depressive Disorder, MDD); and elucidated clinical factors related to personality dimensions according to the CMD. The Temperament and Character Inventory Revised was used to assess a sample of 102 SUD male patients, considered in three groups according to their CMD: SUD+SZ (N=37), SUD+BD (N=30) and SUD+MDD (N=35). SUD+BD patients had the highest levels of Novelty Seeking and Persistence, SUD+SZ patients showed the highest levels of Harm Avoidance, and SUD+MDD patients reported a lower level of Self-transcendence. Novelty Seeking was positively associated with severity of addiction for SUD+BD; Harm Avoidance was positively associated with psychiatric symptoms for SUD+SZ; and the age of SUD onset was positively linked to Cooperativeness for SUD+BD and to Self-transcendence for SUD+MDD. The different personality characteristics associated to the type of CMD among SUD patients are related to several clinical variables. Interventions in these patients should be tailored according the personality traits that could influence treatment outcomes and patients' prognoses.
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Prevalence of substance use disorders in psychiatric patients: a nationwide Danish population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:129-40. [PMID: 26260950 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study established the national prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) among Danish psychiatric patients. Furthermore, patients with SUDs and those without SUDs were compared on a range of socio-demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics. METHODS Data were obtained from several Danish population-based registers. The study population was defined as all individuals with incidents of schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder, other psychoses, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and personality disorders since 1969. The prevalence of SUDs was examined for the following psychoactive substances: alcohol, opioids, cannabis, sedatives, cocaine, psycho-stimulants and hallucinogens. RESULTS A total of 463,003 patients were included in the analysis. The prevalence of any lifetime SUD was: 37 % for schizophrenia, 35 % for schizotypal disorder, 28 % for other psychoses, 32 % for bipolar disorder, 25 % for depression, 25 % for anxiety, 11 % for OCD, 17% for PTSD, and 46 % for personality disorders. Alcohol use disorder was the most dominating SUD in every psychiatric category (25 % of all included patients). Patients with SUDs were more often men, had fewer years of formal education, more often received disability pension and died due to unnatural causes. CONCLUSIONS The study was the most comprehensive of its kind so far to estimate the prevalence of SUDs in an unselected population-based cohort, and it revealed remarkably high prevalence among the psychiatric patients. The results should encourage continuous focus on possible comorbidity of psychiatric patients, as well as specialised and integrated treatment along with increased support of patients with comorbid disorders.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic and treatment hierarchical reductionisms have resulted in an oversight of anxiety syndromes in schizophrenia. AIM The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of different anxiety disorders in schizophrenia patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on inpatients of a tertiary care psychiatric hospital using a prospective, purposive sampling technique. The study consisted of 93 schizophrenia patients and a similar number of normal controls. The schizophrenia patients and controls were evaluated for psychopathology and the presence of anxiety disorder. RESULTS The prevalence of anxiety disorder was significantly higher in schizophrenia patients (45.16%) compared to controls (16.12%). Further, the prevalence of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was significantly higher in schizophrenia patients. No significant correlation was observed between anxiety disorder scores and psychopathology scores. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders (panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and OCD) in schizophrenia is significantly higher in the general population. The onset of anxiety disorder commonly precedes the onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kiran
- Department of Psychiatry, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Rural Medical College and Hospital, Loni, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, König S, Koebke S, Schnell T, Schmitz-Buhl M, Daumann J. Trans-Sector Integrated Treatment in Psychosis and Addiction. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 112:683-91. [PMID: 26554316 PMCID: PMC4643160 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with psychosis often develop comorbid addiction, with a lifetime prevalence of ca. 50%. Dual diagnoses are considered hard to treat. Long-term integrated treatment programs might improve such patients' outcomes, at least to a moderate extent, but they have not yet been adequately studied or implemented in Germany to date. METHODS 100 dual diagnosis patients participated in a single-center, randomized, controlled trial under standard hospital treatment conditions. They were randomly allotted to two groups. Patients in the intervention group were admitted to a specialized open hospital ward, where they were given integrated treatment, including disorder-specific group therapy. Their treatment was continued with further disorder-specific group therapy in the outpatient setting. Patients in the control group were admitted to an open general psychiatric ward and received treatment as usual, but no disorder-specific treatment either during their hospitalization or in the subsequent outpatient phase. Follow-up examinations were performed three, six, and twelve months after inclusion. The primary outcome was defined as the changes in substance use and abstinence motivation. The secondary outcome consisted of the patients' satisfaction with treatment and with life in general, retention rate, psychopathology, rehospitalizations, and global level of functioning. RESULTS The patients in the intervention group developed higher abstinence motivation than those in the control group (p = 0.009) and transiently reduced their substance use to a greater extent (p = 0.039 at three months). They were also more satisfied with their treatment (group effect: p = 0.011). Their global level of functioning and their retention rate were also higher, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Low-threshold, motivational, integrated treatment programs with psycho-educative and behavioral therapeutic elements may be helpful in the treatment of dual diagnosis patients and should be more extensively implemented as part of standard hospital treatment. Larger-scale, methodologically more complex studies will be needed to identify subgroups of patients that respond to such treatments in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Daumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne
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Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, Glenthøj B, Gattaz WF, Thibaut F, Möller HJ. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia. Part 3: Update 2015 Management of special circumstances: Depression, Suicidality, substance use disorders and pregnancy and lactation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:142-70. [PMID: 25822804 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1009163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
These updated guidelines are based on the first edition of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia published in the years 2005 and 2006. For this 2015 revision, all available publications pertaining to the biological treatment of schizophrenia were reviewed systematically to allow for an evidence-based update. These guidelines provide evidence-based practice recommendations which are clinically and scientifically relevant. They are intended to be used by all physicians diagnosing and treating patients with schizophrenia. Based on the first version of these guidelines a systematic review, as well as a data extraction from national guidelines have been performed for this update. The identified literature was evaluated with respect to the strength of evidence for its efficacy and subsequently categorised into six levels of evidence (A-F) and five levels of recommendation (1-5). This third part of the updated guidelines covers the management of the following specific treatment circumstances: comorbid depression, suicidality, various comorbid substance use disorders (legal and illegal drugs), and pregnancy and lactation. These guidelines are primarily concerned with the biological treatment (including antipsychotic medication and other pharmacological treatment options) of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
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Spidel A, Greaves C, Yuille J, Lecomte T. A comparison of treatment adherence in individuals with a first episode of psychosis and inpatients with psychosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2015; 39:90-98. [PMID: 25703818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In predicting treatment compliance in individuals with severe mental illness, research has focused on variables such as substance abuse, personality, history of child abuse, and symptomatology, although these relationships have not been investigated in great detail in individuals at the onset of mental illness. To better understand these correlates of treatment compliance, two samples were examined: a sample of 117 individuals presenting with a first episode of psychosis and a more chronic forensic sample of 65 participants recruited from a psychiatric hospital. These samples were investigated for service engagement in terms of violence history, substance abuse, symptom severity, psychopathic traits and history of childhood abuse. Linear regressions performed for the first episode sample revealed that childhood physical abuse was the strongest predictor of poor service engagement, followed by problems with alcohol, a history of physical violence, any history of violence and higher psychopathic traits. Linear regression revealed for the forensic group that a lower level of service engagement was most strongly predicted by a history of childhood abuse and a higher score on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results are presented in light of the existing literature and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Greaves
- BC Mental Health & Addiction Services, Canada; The University of British Columbia, Canada
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Di Pierro R, Preti E, Vurro N, Madeddu F. Dimensions of personality structure among patients with substance use disorders and co-occurring personality disorders: a comparison with psychiatric outpatients and healthy controls. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1398-404. [PMID: 24850071 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dual diagnosis has been a topic of great scientific interest for a long time, few studies have investigated the personality traits that characterize patients suffering from substance use disorders and co-occurring personality disorders through a dimensional approach. The present study aimed to evaluate structural personality profiles among dual-diagnosis inpatients to identify specific personality impairments associated with dual diagnosis. METHODS The present study involved 97 participants divided into three groups: 37 dual-diagnosis inpatients, 30 psychiatric outpatients and 30 nonclinical controls. Dimensions of personality functioning were assessed and differences between groups were tested using Kernberg's dimensional model of personality. RESULTS Results showed that dual diagnosis was associated with the presence of difficulties in three main dimensions of personality functioning. Dual-diagnosis inpatients reported a poorly integrated identity with difficulties in the capacity to invest, poorly integrated moral values, and high levels of self-direct and other-direct aggression. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlighted that a dimensional approach to the study of dual diagnosis may clarify the personality functioning of patients suffering from this pathological condition. The use of the dimensional approach could help to advance research on dual diagnosis, and it could have important implications on clinical treatment programs for dual-diagnosis inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Preti
- Department of psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Vurro
- Department of psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Madeddu
- Department of psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Schnell T, Becker T, Thiel MC, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E. Craving in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorders. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2013; 58:646-9. [PMID: 24246436 DOI: 10.1177/070674371305801111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use is widespread among patients with schizophrenia despite its negative impact on the course of the disease. Craving is a considerable predictor for relapse in people with substance use disorders. Our investigation aimed to gain insight into the intensity and dimensions of cravings in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorders (CUDs), compared with otherwise healthy people with CUDs (control subjects). METHOD We examined 51 patients with schizophrenia and CUDs and 51 control subjects by means of the Cannabis-Craving Screening questionnaire. RESULTS We found greater overall intensity of craving and greater relief craving in patients with schizophrenia and CUDs. Reward craving was greater in the CUDs group. Relief craving was associated with symptoms of schizophrenia in patients with schizophrenia and CUDs. CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with the view that aspects of self-medication or affect regulation may account (at least in part) for cannabis use in people with schizophrenia. A better understanding of the dimensions of craving may help to improve targeted therapeutic interventions that aim to reduce drug consumption in this difficult-to-treat patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnell
- Psychologist, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, LVR Clinics Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Frequent emergency department visits are more prevalent in psychiatric, alcohol abuse, and dual diagnosis conditions than in chronic viral illnesses such as hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus. J Emerg Med 2013; 45:520-5. [PMID: 23845528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeat users of Emergency Departments (ED), so-called "frequent visitors," place a substantial burden on limited ED resources. The illness features of frequent visitors have not been well defined, though chronic medical and psychiatric illness and substance abuse are implicated. STUDY OBJECTIVES This study assessed whether chronic conditions such as hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more prevalent in frequent ED users compared to a viral condition with relatively less disability, hepatitis B (HBV). As a comparison, psychiatric complaints and alcohol abuse were also compared in frequent and non-frequent visitors. METHODS All visits to a university ED in a particular calendar year were retrospectively reviewed. Frequent visitors were defined as those who made four or more visits. Presenting complaints and past medical history were examined for HCV, HIV, HBV, psychiatric complaints, and alcohol abuse. RESULTS Frequent visitors accounted for 28% of all ED visits. HCV, HIV, and alcohol abuse were more prevalent in frequent visitors than non-frequent visitors. People with HBV comprised a small proportion of both groups. Frequent visitors with psychiatric complaints were more prevalent than those with HBV or alcohol abuse. Psychiatric history comorbid with alcohol abuse and HCV with alcohol abuse were more prevalent in frequent vs. non-frequent visitors. CONCLUSION Although chronic hepatitis and psychiatric complaints are both implicated in frequent ED visits, patients with psychiatric complaints present to the ED more often. Patients with a "dual diagnosis" of psychiatric condition and alcohol abuse are likely to be frequent visitors. This population should be targeted for creative intervention strategies, both within and outside of the emergency system, that comprehensively screen for symptomatology and integrate mental health treatment with substance abuse interventions.
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Vayalapalli S, Fareed A, Byrd-Sellers J, Stout S, Casarella J, Drexler K. Predictors of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcome in Hospitalized Veterans. Am J Addict 2013; 22:358-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Predictors of retention in “transitional” rehabilitation: dynamic versus static client variables. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1108/09641861311330473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeProblematic substance use is associated with adverse outcomes that extend beyond the individual, resulting in significant cost to the community through health care, criminal justice and other psychosocial factors, including child protection and family support. These factors create concerns for treatment services, with an increasing demand for cost‐effective solutions to this problem. This paper seeks to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis prospective cohort study examined the effect of client variables on retention within a short‐term (56 days) modified therapeutic community (MTC) in the Australian Capital Territory. A total of 28 residents (17 males, 11 females) took part in the study, which included quantitative and qualitative measures.FindingsResults demonstrate a trend in favour of dynamic client variables as effective predictors of retention, with substance use severity being a significant predictor (p=0.023, d=0.91). Content analysis demonstrates that those with severe substance use have more intentions to engage in aftercare.Originality/valueShort term treatments are seen as providing a gateway to further treatment, especially for chronic substance‐using clients.
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Cariprazine (RGH-188), a D₃-preferring dopamine D₃/D₂ receptor partial agonist antipsychotic candidate demonstrates anti-abuse potential in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:285-93. [PMID: 23138433 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cariprazine (RGH-188) is a D₃-preferring dopamine D₃/D₂ receptor partial agonist antipsychotic candidate for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar mania. Substance abuse is a frequent comorbidity of both disorders and is associated with serious health issues. Based on preclinical efficacy, dopamine D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonists and antagonists are assumed to have relapse-preventing potential in human cocaine addiction. OBJECTIVES We investigated the anti-abuse potential of cariprazine in cocaine self-administration paradigms. Aripiprazole and bifeprunox were used as comparators because of their pharmacological similarity to cariprazine. METHODS The effects of compounds on cocaine's rewarding effect were investigated in a continuous self-administration regimen. The relapse-preventing potential of drugs was studied in rats with a history of cocaine self-administration after a period of complete abstinence in a relapse to cocaine-seeking paradigm. RESULTS Cariprazine, as well as aripiprazole and bifeprunox, were able to reduce the rewarding effect of cocaine (minimum effective doses were 0.17, 1, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively) and attenuated relapse to cocaine seeking with half maximal effective dose [ED₅₀] values of 0.2, 4.2, and 0.17 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results may predict a relapse-preventing action for cariprazine in humans in addition to its already established antipsychotic and antimanic efficacy.
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Richardson TH. Substance misuse in depression and bipolar disorder: a review of psychological interventions and considerations for clinical practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17523281.2012.680485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Chan YF, Huang H, Sieu N, Unützer J. Substance screening and referral for substance abuse treatment in an integrated mental health care program. Psychiatr Serv 2013; 64:88-90. [PMID: 23280462 PMCID: PMC3727141 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined rates of substance screening and referral for substance abuse treatment as part of an integrated care program providing mental health services to low-income patients in primary care. METHODS Adults (N=11,150) who were enrolled in the program between 2008 and 2010 were included. Primary outcomes included substance screening rates, treatment referral rates, and correlates of accessing recommended treatment. RESULTS A total of 7,513 (67%) participants were screened for substance abuse. Among the 2,856 (38%) participants with a positive screen, 1,344 (47%) were referred for treatment. After adjustment for covariates, accessing recommended treatment was associated with past substance abuse treatment history, alcohol use, heavy drug use, posttraumatic stress disorder, and number of follow-up contacts with a care manager. CONCLUSION This study of a vulnerable population highlights missed opportunities for identifying and referring patients in primary care to substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Chan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1595 NE Pacific St., Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Desmarais SL, Van Dorn RA, Sellers BG, Young MS, Swartz MS. Accuracy of self-report, biological tests, collateral reports and clinician ratings in identifying substance use disorders among adults with schizophrenia. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2012; 27:774-87. [PMID: 23276310 DOI: 10.1037/a0031256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identifying substance use disorders among adults with schizophrenia presents unique challenges but is critical to research and practice. This study examined: (a) the accuracy of assessments completed using various approaches in identifying substance use disorders, (b) their ability to discriminate between disorders of abuse and dependence, and (c) the benefits of using multiple indicators to identify substance use disorders. Data are from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study. The sample comprised 1,460 community-based adults with schizophrenia, 15.8% (n = 230) of whom were positive for a current (past month) drug or alcohol use disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID). Clinician ratings, self-report, collateral reports, and results of hair and urine tests were compared to SCID diagnoses. Congruence with SCID diagnoses was good across approaches and evidence for superiority of one approach over another was limited. No approach discriminated between abuse and dependence. There was limited benefit of using multiple indicators. Findings suggest that the decision regarding the "best" approach for identifying substance use disorders among adults with schizophrenia may be made through consideration of practical issues and assessment purpose, rather than selection of the approach that yields the most accurate diagnostic assessment.
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Dubreucq S, Chanut F, Jutras-Aswad D. [Integrated treatment of cooccurring mental and substance use disorders in urban populations : the situation in Montréal]. SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC 2012; 37:31-46. [PMID: 23254825 DOI: 10.7202/1012642ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of patients diagnosed with both a psychiatric and an addiction disorder is considerable. Like many other large urban centers, Montreal harbors many of these socially marginalized individuals. In spite of a wide range of resources for the treatment of each condition taken singly, there has been until recently an alarming dearth of programs aimed at providing integrated treatment models. In recent years, the CHUM has endeavored to implement such a program in order to address the multiple needs of a population often rendered vulnerable in many respects. In this article, the authors address the magnitude of this "dual diagnosis" problem, existing intervention models and the obstacles faced by this population in terms of access to health care ; they describe the steps leading to the establishment of an Addiction Psychiatric Unit at the CHUM and the challenges arising from the creation of a multidisciplinary integrated treatment model in an urban setting.
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