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Niu Y, Gao C, Liu J. Complete mitochondrial genomes of three Mangifera species, their genomic structure and gene transfer from chloroplast genomes. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:147. [PMID: 35183120 PMCID: PMC8857841 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Among the Mangifera species, mango (Mangifera indica) is an important commercial fruit crop. However, very few studies have been conducted on the Mangifera mitochondrial genome. This study reports and compares the newly sequenced mitochondrial genomes of three Mangifera species.
Results
Mangifera mitochondrial genomes showed partial similarities in the overall size, genomic structure, and gene content. Specifically, the genomes are circular and contain about 63–69 predicted functional genes, including five ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 24–27 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The GC contents of the Mangifera mitochondrial genomes are similar, ranging from 44.42–44.66%. Leucine (Leu) and serine (Ser) are the most frequently used, while tryptophan (Trp) and cysteine (Cys) are the least used amino acids among the protein-coding genes in Mangifera mitochondrial genomes. We also identified 7–10 large chloroplast genomic fragments in the mitochondrial genome, ranging from 1407 to 6142 bp. Additionally, four intact mitochondrial tRNAs genes (tRNA-Cys, tRNA-Trp, tRNA-Pro, and tRNA-Met) and intergenic spacer regions were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on the common protein-coding genes of most branches provided a high support value.
Conclusions
We sequenced and compared the mitochondrial genomes of three Mangifera species. The results showed that the gene content and the codon usage pattern of Mangifera mitochondrial genomes is similar across various species. Gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the mitochondrial genome were identified. This study provides valuable information for evolutionary and molecular studies of Mangifera and a basis for further studies on genomic breeding of mango.
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Hong Z, Liao X, Ye Y, Zhang N, Yang Z, Zhu W, Gao W, Sharbrough J, Tembrock LR, Xu D, Wu Z. A complete mitochondrial genome for fragrant Chinese rosewood (Dalbergia odorifera, Fabaceae) with comparative analyses of genome structure and intergenomic sequence transfers. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:672. [PMID: 34536995 PMCID: PMC8449883 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalbergia odorifera is an economically and culturally important species in the Fabaceae because of the high-quality lumber and traditional Chinese medicines made from this plant, however, overexploitation has increased the scarcity of D. odorifera. Given the rarity and the multiple uses of this species, it is important to expand the genomic resources for utilizing in applications such as tracking illegal logging, determining effective population size of wild stands, delineating pedigrees in marker assisted breeding programs, and resolving gene networks in functional genomics studies. Even the nuclear and chloroplast genomes have been published for D. odorifera, the complete mitochondrial genome has not been assembled or assessed for sequence transfer to other genomic compartments until now. Such work is essential in understanding structural and functional genome evolution in a lineage (Fabaceae) with frequent intergenomic sequence transfers. RESULTS We integrated Illumina short-reads and PacBio CLR long-reads to assemble and annotate the complete mitochondrial genome of D. odorifera. The mitochondrial genome was organized as a single circular structure of 435 Kb in length containing 33 protein coding genes, 4 rRNA and 17 tRNA genes. Nearly 4.0% (17,386 bp) of the genome was annotated as repetitive DNA. From the sequence transfer analysis, it was found that 114 Kb of DNA originating from the mitochondrial genome has been transferred to the nuclear genome, with most of the transfer events having taken place relatively recently. The high frequency of sequence transfers from the mitochondria to the nuclear genome was similar to that of sequence transfer from the chloroplast to the nuclear genome. CONCLUSION For the first-time, the complete mitochondrial genome of D. odorifera was assembled in this study, which will provide a baseline resource in understanding genomic evolution in the highly specious Fabaceae. In particular, the assessment of intergenomic sequence transfer suggests that transfers have been common and recent indicating a possible role in environmental adaptation as has been found in other lineages. The high turnover rate of genomic colinearly and large differences in mitochondrial genome size found in the comparative analyses herein providing evidence for the rapid evolution of mitochondrial genome structure compared to chloroplasts in Faboideae. While phylogenetic analyses using functional genes indicate that mitochondrial genes are very slowly evolving compared to chloroplast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xuezhu Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yuanjun Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ningnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zengjiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.,College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Biology Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA
| | - Luke R Tembrock
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Daping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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Duan L, Li SJ, Su C, Sirichamorn Y, Han LN, Ye W, Lôc PK, Wen J, Compton JA, Schrire B, Nie ZL, Chen HF. Phylogenomic framework of the IRLC legumes (Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae) and intercontinental biogeography of tribe Wisterieae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 163:107235. [PMID: 34146677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) is one of the most derived clades within the subfamily Papilionoideae of the legume family, and includes various economically important plants, e.g., chickpeas, peas, liquorice, and the largest genus of angiosperms, Astragalus. Tribe Wisterieae is one of the earliest diverged groups of the IRLC, and its generic delimitation and spatiotemporal diversification needs further clarifications. Based on genome skimming data, we herein reconstruct the phylogenomic framework of the IRLC, and infer the inter-generic relationships and historical biogeography of Wisterieae. We redefine tribe Caraganeae to contain Caragana only, and tribe Astragaleae is reduced to the Erophaca-Astragalean clade. The chloroplast capture scenario was hypothesized as the most plausible explanation of the topological incongruences between the chloroplast CDSs and nuclear ribosomal DNA trees in both the Glycyrrhizinae-Adinobotrys-Wisterieae clade and the Chesneyeae-Caraganeae-Hedysareae clade. A new name, Caragana lidou L. Duan & Z.Y. Chang, is proposed within Caraganeae. Thirteen genera are herein supported within Wisterieae, including a new genus, Villosocallerya L. Duan, J. Compton & Schrire, segregated from Callerya. Our biogeographic analyses suggest that Wisterieae originated in the late Eocene and its most recent common ancestor (MRCA) was distributed in continental southeastern Asia. Lineages of Wisterieae remained in the ancestral area from the early Oligocene to the early Miocene. By the middle Miocene, Whitfordiodendron and the MRCA of Callerya-Kanburia-Villosocallerya Clade became disjunct between the Sunda area and continental southeastern Asia, respectively; the MRCA of Wisteria migrated to North America via the Bering land bridge. The ancestor of Austrocallerya and Padbruggea migrated to the Wallacea-Oceania area, which split in the early Pliocene. In the Pleistocene, Wisteria brachybotrys, W. floribunda and Wisteriopsis japonica reached Japan, and Callerya cinerea dispersed to South Asia. This study provides a solid phylogenomic for further evolutionary/biogeographic/systematic investigations on the ecologically diverse and economically important IRLC legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shi-Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chun Su
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yotsawate Sirichamorn
- Silpakorn University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sanam Chandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Li-Na Han
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Phan Ke Lôc
- Department of Botany and HNU, Faculty of Biology, VNU Hanoi University of Science (HUS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA.
| | | | - Brian Schrire
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Ze-Long Nie
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, 416000, China
| | - Hong-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Clade-Specific Plastid Inheritance Patterns Including Frequent Biparental Inheritance in Passiflora Interspecific Crosses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052278. [PMID: 33668897 PMCID: PMC7975985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastid inheritance in angiosperms is presumed to be largely maternal, with the potential to inherit plastids biparentally estimated for about 20% of species. In Passiflora, maternal, paternal and biparental inheritance has been reported; however, these studies were limited in the number of crosses and progeny examined. To improve the understanding of plastid transmission in Passiflora, the progeny of 45 interspecific crosses were analyzed in the three subgenera: Passiflora, Decaloba and Astrophea. Plastid types were assessed following restriction digestion of PCR amplified plastid DNA in hybrid embryos, cotyledons and leaves at different developmental stages. Clade-specific patterns of inheritance were detected such that hybrid progeny from subgenera Passiflora and Astrophea predominantly inherited paternal plastids with occasional incidences of maternal inheritance, whereas subgenus Decaloba showed predominantly maternal and biparental inheritance. Biparental plastid inheritance was also detected in some hybrids from subgenus Passiflora. Heteroplasmy due to biparental inheritance was restricted to hybrid cotyledons and first leaves with a single parental plastid type detectable in mature plants. This indicates that in Passiflora, plastid retention at later stages of plant development may not reflect the plastid inheritance patterns in embryos. Passiflora exhibits diverse patterns of plastid inheritance, providing an excellent system to investigate underlying mechanisms in angiosperms.
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Tchórzewska D. Chondriokinesis during microsporogenesis in plants. PLANTA 2017; 246:1-18. [PMID: 28484865 PMCID: PMC5486550 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chondriokinesis represents a highly orchestrated process of organelle rearrangement in all dividing plant and animal cells, ensuring a proper course of karyokinesis and cytokinesis. This process plays a key role in male gametophyte formation. Chondriokinesis is a regular rearrangement of cell organelles, assuring their regular inheritance, during both mitotic and meiotic divisions in plant and animal cells. The universal occurrence of the process implies its high conservatism and its probable origin at an early stage of plant evolution. The role of chondriokinesis is not only limited to segregation of cell organelles into daughter cells, but also prevention of fusion of karyokinetic spindles and delineation of the cell division plane. Thus, chondriokinesis plays an indispensable role in mitosis and meiosis as one of the various factors in harmonised cell division, being a key process in the formation of viable cells. Therefore, disturbances in this process often result in development of abnormal daughter cells. This has far-reaching consequences for the meiotic division, as emergence of abnormal generative cells impedes sexual reproduction in plants. This review is focused on microsporogenesis, because various plants exhibit a problem with sexual reproduction caused by male sterility. In this paper for the first time in almost 100 years, it is presented a compilation of data on chondriokinesis proceeding during microsporogenesis in plants, and providing view of the role, mechanism, and classification of this process in male gametophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Tchórzewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Hoffberg SL, Kieran TJ, Catchen JM, Devault A, Faircloth BC, Mauricio R, Glenn TC. RAD
cap: sequence capture of dual‐digest
RAD
seq libraries with identifiable duplicates and reduced missing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:1264-78. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Department of Environmental Health Science University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Julian M. Catchen
- Department of Animal Biology University of Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | | | - Brant C. Faircloth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Rodney Mauricio
- Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Travis C. Glenn
- Department of Genetics University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
- Department of Environmental Health Science University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
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Duan L, Yang X, Liu P, Johnson G, Wen J, Chang Z. A molecular phylogeny of Caraganeae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) reveals insights into new generic and infrageneric delimitations. PHYTOKEYS 2016; 70:111-137. [PMID: 27829801 PMCID: PMC5088706 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.70.9641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on sequence data of nuclear ITS and plastid matK, trnL-F and psbA-trnH markers, the phylogeny of the subtribes Caraganinae and Chesneyinae in tribe Caraganeae was inferred. The results support the monophyly of each of the subtribes. Within subtribes Caraganinae, Calophaca and Halimodendron are herein transferred into Caragana to ensure its generic monophyly. The subtribe Chesneyinae is composed of four well-supported genera: Chesneya, Chesniella, Gueldenstaedtia and Tibetia. Based on phylogenetic, morphological, distributional and habitat type evidence, the genus Chesneya was divided into three monophyletic sections: Chesneya sect. Chesneya, Chesneya sect. Pulvinatae and Chesneya sect. Spinosae. Chesneya macrantha is herein transferred into Chesniella. Spongiocarpella is polyphyletic and its generic rank is not maintained. The position of Chesneya was incongruent in the nuclear ITS and the plastid trees. A paternal chloroplast capture event via introgression is hypothesized for the origin of Chesneya, which is postulated to have involved the common ancestor of Chesniella (♂) and that of the Gueldenstaedtia - Tibetia (GUT) clade (♀) as the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, P.R.China
| | - Xue Yang
- Agriculture School, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, P.R.China
| | - Peiliang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gabriel Johnson
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20013-7012, U.S.A.
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20013-7012, U.S.A.
| | - Zhaoyang Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Kim NR, Kim K, Lee SC, Lee JH, Cho SH, Yu Y, Kim YD, Yang TJ. The complete chloroplast genomes of two Wisteria species, W. floribunda and W. sinensis (Fabaceae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:4353-4354. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1089497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na-Rae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea,
| | - Kyunghee Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea,
| | - Seong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yeisoo Yu
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea,
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
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McCauley DE. Paternal leakage, heteroplasmy, and the evolution of plant mitochondrial genomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:966-77. [PMID: 23952142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial genomes are usually transmitted to the progeny from the maternal parent. However, cases of paternal transmission are known and are perhaps more common than once thought. This review will consider recent evidence, both direct and indirect, of paternal transmission (leakage) of the mitochondrial genome of seed plants, especially in natural populations, and how this can result in offspring that carry a mixture of maternally and paternally derived copies of the genome; a type of heteroplasmy. It will further consider how this heteroplasmy facilitates recombination between genetically distinct partners; a process that can enhance mitochondrial genotypic diversity. This will then form the basis for a discussion of five evolutionary questions that arise from these observations. Questions include how plant mitochondrial genome evolution can be placed on a sexual to asexual continuum, whether cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) facilitates the evolution of paternal leakage, whether paternal leakage is more likely in populations undergoing admixture, how leakage influences patterns of gene flow, and whether heteroplasmy occurs in natural populations at a frequency greater than predicted by crossing experiments. It is proposed that each of these questions offers fertile ground for future research on a diversity of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E McCauley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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Oshima M, Handa H. The identification of quantitative trait loci that control the paternal inheritance of a mitochondrial plasmid in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). Genes Genet Syst 2012; 87:19-27. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.87.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Oshima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hirokazu Handa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Plant Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences
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Nagata N. Mechanisms for independent cytoplasmic inheritance of mitochondria and plastids in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2010; 123:193-9. [PMID: 20196234 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-009-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inheritance of mitochondria and plastids in angiosperms has been categorized into three modes:maternal, biparental and paternal. Many mechanisms have been proposed for maternal inheritance, including: (1) physical exclusion of the organelle itself during pollenmitosis I (PMI); (2) elimination of the organelle by formation of enucleated cytoplasmic bodies (ECB); (3) autophagic degradation of organelles during male gametophyte development; (4) digestion of the organelle after fertilization; and (5)--the most likely possibility--digestion of organellar DNA in generative cells just after PMI. In detailed cytological observations, the presence or absence of mitochondrial and plastid DNA in generative cells corresponds to biparental/paternal inheritance or maternal inheritance of the respective organelle examined genetically. These improved cytological observations demonstrate that the replication or digestion of organellar DNA in young generative cells just after PMI is a critical point determining the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. This review describes the independent control mechanisms in mitochondria and plastids that lead to differences in cytoplasmic inheritance in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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