1
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Xu H, Bartley L, Libault M, Sundaresan V, Fu H, Russell S. The roles of a novel CDKB/KRP/FB3 cell cycle core complex in rice gametes and initiation of embryogenesis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:301-320. [PMID: 37491485 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle controls division and proliferation of all eukaryotic cells and is tightly regulated at multiple checkpoints by complexes of core cell cycle proteins. Due to the difficulty in accessing female gametes and zygotes of flowering plants, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying embryogenesis initiation despite the crucial importance of this process for seed crops. In this study, we reveal three levels of factors involved in rice zygotic cell cycle control and characterize their functions and regulation. Protein-protein interaction studies, including within zygote cells, and in vitro biochemical analyses delineate a model of the zygotic cell cycle core complex for rice. In this model, CDKB1, a major regulator of plant mitosis, is a cyclin (CYCD5)-dependent kinase; its activity is coordinately inhibited by two cell cycle inhibitors, KRP4 and KRP5; and both KRPs are regulated via F-box protein 3 (FB3)-mediated proteolysis. Supporting their critical roles in controlling the rice zygotic cell cycle, mutations in KRP4, KRP5 and FB3 result in the compromised function of sperm cells and abnormal organization of female germ units, embryo and endosperm, thus significantly reducing seed-set rate. This work helps reveal regulatory mechanisms controlling the zygotic cell cycle toward seed formation in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengping Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Laura Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA
| | | | - Hong Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Scott Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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2
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Tonosaki K, Kinoshita T. Polycomb repression of the asexual embryo. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1783-1784. [PMID: 37814023 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tonosaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Kinoshita
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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3
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Wu X, Xie L, Sun X, Wang N, Finnegan EJ, Helliwell C, Yao J, Zhang H, Wu X, Hands P, Lu F, Ma L, Zhou B, Chaudhury A, Cao X, Luo M. Mutation in Polycomb repressive complex 2 gene OsFIE2 promotes asexual embryo formation in rice. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1848-1861. [PMID: 37814022 PMCID: PMC10654051 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of autonomous division of the egg apparatus and central cell in a female gametophyte before fertilization ensures successful reproduction in flowering plants. Here we show that rice ovules of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) Osfie1 and Osfie2 double mutants exhibit asexual embryo and autonomous endosperm formation at a high frequency, while ovules of single Osfie2 mutants display asexual pre-embryo-like structures at a lower frequency without fertilization. Earlier onset, higher penetrance and better development of asexual embryos in the double mutants compared with those in Osfie2 suggest that the autonomous endosperm facilitated asexual embryo development. Transcriptomic analysis showed that male genome-expressed OsBBM1 and OsWOX8/9 were activated in the asexual embryos. Similarly, the maternal alleles of the paternally expressed imprinted genes were activated in the autonomous endosperm, suggesting that the egg apparatus and central cell convergently adopt PRC2 to maintain the non-dividing state before fertilization, possibly through silencing of the maternal alleles of male genome-expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoba Wu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Liqiong Xie
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P. R. China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ningning Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - E Jean Finnegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chris Helliwell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jialing Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Phil Hands
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Falong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lisong Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, P. R. China
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bing Zhou
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Abed Chaudhury
- Krishan Foundation Pty Ltd, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Zhu T, Hu J, Yang X, Kong L, Ling J, Wang J, An S. Analysis of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) subunits in Picea abies with a focus on embryo development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:347. [PMID: 37391710 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conserved polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates H3K27me3 to direct transcriptional repression and has a key role in cell fate determination and cell differentiation in both animals and plants. PRC2 subunits have undergone independent multiplication and functional divergence in higher plants. However, relevant information is still absent in gymnosperms. RESULTS To launch gymnosperm PRC2 research, we identified and cloned the PRC2 core component genes in the conifer model species Picea abies, including one Esc/FIE homolog PaFIE, two p55/MSI homologs PaMSI1a and PaMSI1b, two E(z) homologs PaKMT6A2 and PaKMT6A4, a Su(z)12 homolog PaEMF2 and a PaEMF2-like fragment. Phylogenetic and protein domain analyses were conducted. The Esc/FIE homologs were highly conserved in the land plant, except the monocots. The other gymnospermous PRC2 subunits underwent independent evolution with angiospermous species to different extents. The relative transcript levels of these genes were measured in endosperm and zygotic and somatic embryos at different developmental stages. The obtained results proposed the involvement of PaMSI1b and PaKMT6A4 in embryogenesis and PaKMT6A2 and PaEMF2 in the transition from embryos to seedlings. The PaEMF2-like fragment was predominantly expressed in the endosperm but not in the embryo. In addition, immunohistochemistry assay showed that H3K27me3 deposits were generally enriched at meristem regions during seed development in P. abies. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first characterization of the PRC2 core component genes in the coniferous species P. abies. Our work may enable a deeper understanding of the cell reprogramming process during seed and embryo development and may guide further research on embryonic potential and development in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Dongxiaofu 1, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Lisheng Kong
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Juanjuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian District, Dongxiaofu 1, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
| | - Sanping An
- Xiaolongshan Forestry Protection Center of Gansu Province, Tianshui, 741020, Gansu, PR China
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Xu Q, Yue Y, Liu B, Chen Z, Ma X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Zhou DX. ACL and HAT1 form a nuclear module to acetylate histone H4K5 and promote cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3265. [PMID: 37277331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA utilized by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) for chromatin modification is mainly generated by ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) from glucose sources. How ACL locally establishes acetyl-CoA production for histone acetylation remains unclear. Here we show that ACL subunit A2 (ACLA2) is present in nuclear condensates, is required for nuclear acetyl-CoA accumulation and acetylation of specific histone lysine residues, and interacts with Histone AcetylTransferase1 (HAT1) in rice. The rice HAT1 acetylates histone H4K5 and H4K16 and its activity on H4K5 requires ACLA2. Mutations of rice ACLA2 and HAT1 (HAG704) genes impair cell division in developing endosperm, result in decreases of H4K5 acetylation at largely the same genomic regions, affect the expression of similar sets of genes, and lead to cell cycle S phase stagnation in the endosperm dividing nuclei. These results indicate that the HAT1-ACLA2 module selectively promotes histone lysine acetylation in specific genomic regions and unravel a mechanism of local acetyl-CoA production which couples energy metabolism with cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengting Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Institute of Plant Science Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Luo M, Wu X, Xie L, Sun X, Wang N, Finnegan J, Helliwell C, Yao J, Zhang H, Wu X, Lu F, Ma L, Zhou B, Chaudhury A, Cao X, Hands P. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) suppresses asexual embryo and autonomous endosperm formation in rice.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1087314/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Prevention of autonomous division of the egg apparatus and central cell in a female gametophyte before fertilization ensures successful reproduction in flowering plants. Here we show that rice ovules with PRC2 Osfie1 and Osfie2 double mutations exhibit asexual embryo and autonomous endosperm formation at a high frequency, while ovules with a single Osfie2 mutation display asexual pre-embryo-like structures at a lower frequency without fertilization. Confocal microscopy images indicate that the asexual embryos were mainly derived from eggs in the double mutants, while the asexual pre-embryos likely originated from eggs or synergids. Early onsetting, higher penetrance and better development of asexual embryos in the double mutants compared with those in Osfie2 suggest that autonomous endosperm facilitated the asexual embryo development. Transcriptomic analysis showed pluripotency factors such as male genome expressed OsBBM1 and OsWOX8/9 were activated in the asexual embryos. Similarly, the maternal alleles of the paternally expressed imprinted genes were activated in the autonomous endosperm. Our results suggest that the egg apparatus and central cell convergently adopt PRC2 to suppresses asexual embryo and autonomous endosperm formation possibly through silencing male genome-expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaoba Wu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Liqiong Xie
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ningning Wang
- Faculty of agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jean Finnegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | - Hongyu Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Gene Discovery and Utilization, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | | | - Falong Lu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lisong Ma
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing
| | | | - Xiaofeng Cao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Phil Hands
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Box 1700, ACT 2601, Australia
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7
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Cheng K, Lei C, Zhang S, Zheng Q, Wei C, Huang W, Xing M, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang X. Genome-wide identification and characterization of polycomb repressive complex 2 core components in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:66. [PMID: 36721081 PMCID: PMC9890721 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolutionarily conserved Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) plays a vital role in epigenetic gene repression by depositing tri-methylation on lysine residue K27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) at the target loci, thus participating in diverse biological processes. However, few reports about PRC2 are available in plant species with large and complicated genomes, like cotton. RESULTS Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of cotton PRC2 core components, especially in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Firstly, a total of 8 and 16 PRC2 core components were identified in diploid and tetraploid cotton species, respectively. These components were classified into four groups, E(z), Su(z)12, ESC and p55, and the members in the same group displayed good collinearity, similar gene structure and domain organization. Next, we cloned G. hirsutum PRC2 (GhPRC2) core components, and found that most of GhPRC2 proteins were localized in the nucleus, and interacted with each other to form multi-subunit complexes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of GhPRC2 genes. The transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays indicated that GhPRC2 genes were ubiquitously but differentially expressed in various tissues, with high expression levels in reproductive organs like petals, stamens and pistils. And the expressions of several GhPRC2 genes, especially E(z) group genes, were responsive to various abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperature, and Verticillium dahliae (Vd) infection. CONCLUSION We identified PRC2 core components in upland cotton, and systematically investigated their classifications, phylogenetic and synteny relationships, gene structures, domain organizations, subcellular localizations, protein interactions, tissue-specific and stresses-responsive expression patterns. Our results will provide insights into the evolution and composition of cotton PRC2, and lay the foundation for further investigation of their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Cangbao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Minghui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475001, Kaifeng, China.
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Combined Hybridization and Evaluation of High-Lysine Rice: Nutritional and Physicochemical Qualities and Field Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012166. [PMID: 36293019 PMCID: PMC9603072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice, as a major food crop, provides necessary energy and nutrition for humans and livestock. However, its nutritional value is affected by lysine. Using point mutation, we previously obtained AK2 (aspartokinase) and DHDPS1 (dihydrodipicolinate synthase) genes insensitive to lysine feedback inhibition and constructed transgenic lines AK2-52 and DHDPS1-22, which show increased lysine synthesis, as well as Ri-12, which shows decreased lysine degradation by inhibiting rice lysine ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) activity. In this study, further transgenic lines were hybridized and evaluated. The lysine content of mature seeds from pyramid lines PRD and PRA increased 32.5- and 29.8-fold, respectively, compared with the wild-type, while the three-gene pyramiding line PRDA had a moderate lysine content. The total lysine, total free lysine, and total protein contents of PRD and PRA also increased and had no obvious impact on the physical and chemical quality, seed appearance, and main agronomic traits. Meanwhile, comparative analysis with polygenic polymeric lines GR containing bacterial AK (lysC) and DHDPS (dapA) genes revealed differences in the way bacterial and endogenous rice AK and DHDPS regulate lysine biosynthesis. These results provide a reference for further evaluation and commercialization of high-lysine transgenic rice.
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Tonosaki K, Fujimoto R, Dennis ES, Raboy V, Osabe K. Will epigenetics be a key player in crop breeding? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:958350. [PMID: 36247549 PMCID: PMC9562705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.958350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
If food and feed production are to keep up with world demand in the face of climate change, continued progress in understanding and utilizing both genetic and epigenetic sources of crop variation is necessary. Progress in plant breeding has traditionally been thought to be due to selection for spontaneous DNA sequence mutations that impart desirable phenotypes. These spontaneous mutations can expand phenotypic diversity, from which breeders can select agronomically useful traits. However, it has become clear that phenotypic diversity can be generated even when the genome sequence is unaltered. Epigenetic gene regulation is a mechanism by which genome expression is regulated without altering the DNA sequence. With the development of high throughput DNA sequencers, it has become possible to analyze the epigenetic state of the whole genome, which is termed the epigenome. These techniques enable us to identify spontaneous epigenetic mutations (epimutations) with high throughput and identify the epimutations that lead to increased phenotypic diversity. These epimutations can create new phenotypes and the causative epimutations can be inherited over generations. There is evidence of selected agronomic traits being conditioned by heritable epimutations, and breeders may have historically selected for epiallele-conditioned agronomic traits. These results imply that not only DNA sequence diversity, but the diversity of epigenetic states can contribute to increased phenotypic diversity. However, since the modes of induction and transmission of epialleles and their stability differ from that of genetic alleles, the importance of inheritance as classically defined also differs. For example, there may be a difference between the types of epigenetic inheritance important to crop breeding and crop production. The former may depend more on longer-term inheritance whereas the latter may simply take advantage of shorter-term phenomena. With the advances in our understanding of epigenetics, epigenetics may bring new perspectives for crop improvement, such as the use of epigenetic variation or epigenome editing in breeding. In this review, we will introduce the role of epigenetic variation in plant breeding, largely focusing on DNA methylation, and conclude by asking to what extent new knowledge of epigenetics in crop breeding has led to documented cases of its successful use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tonosaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Elizabeth S. Dennis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor Raboy
- Independent Researcher Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kenji Osabe
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Nagata H, Ono A, Tonosaki K, Kawakatsu T, Sato Y, Yano K, Kishima Y, Kinoshita T. Temporal changes in transcripts of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements during rice endosperm development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1035-1047. [PMID: 35128739 PMCID: PMC9314911 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The repression of transcription from transposable elements (TEs) by DNA methylation is necessary to maintain genome integrity and prevent harmful mutations. However, under certain circumstances, TEs may escape from the host defense system and reactivate their transcription. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa), DNA demethylases target the sequences derived from TEs in the central cell, the progenitor cell for the endosperm in the female gametophyte. Genome-wide DNA demethylation is also observed in the endosperm after fertilization. In the present study, we used a custom microarray to survey the transcripts generated from TEs during rice endosperm development and at selected time points in the embryo as a control. The expression patterns of TE transcripts are dynamically up- and downregulated during endosperm development, especially those of miniature inverted-repeat TEs (MITEs). Some TE transcripts were directionally controlled, whereas the other DNA transposons and retrotransposons were not. We also discovered the NUCLEAR FACTOR Y binding motif, CCAAT, in the region near the 5' terminal inverted repeat of Youren, one of the transcribed MITEs in the endosperm. Our results uncover dynamic changes in TE activity during endosperm development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagata
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University641‐12 MaiokaTotsuka, YokohamaKanagawa244‐0813Japan
| | - Akemi Ono
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University641‐12 MaiokaTotsuka, YokohamaKanagawa244‐0813Japan
| | - Kaoru Tonosaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University641‐12 MaiokaTotsuka, YokohamaKanagawa244‐0813Japan
- Faculty of AgricultureIwate University3‐18‐8 UedaMoriokaIwate020‐8550Japan
| | - Taiji Kawakatsu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization3‐1‐3 Kan‐nondaiTsukubaIbaraki305‐8604Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Genetic Strains Research CenterNational Institute of GeneticsMishima, Shizuoka411‐8540Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Department of Life SciencesSchool of Agriculture, Meiji University1‐1‐1 Higashi‐mitaKawasaki214‐8571Japan
| | - Yuji Kishima
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversityKita‐9 Nishi‐9Kita‐ku, Sapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Tetsu Kinoshita
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University641‐12 MaiokaTotsuka, YokohamaKanagawa244‐0813Japan
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11
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Matilla AJ. Exploring Breakthroughs in Three Traits Belonging to Seed Life. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040490. [PMID: 35214823 PMCID: PMC8875957 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on prior knowledge and with the support of new methodology, solid progress in the understanding of seed life has taken place over the few last years. This update reflects recent advances in three key traits of seed life (i.e., preharvest sprouting, genomic imprinting, and stored-mRNA). The first breakthrough refers to cloning of the mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase 3 (MKK3) gene in barley and wheat. MKK3, in cooperation with ABA signaling, controls seed dormancy. This advance has been determinant in producing improved varieties that are resistant to preharvest sprouting. The second advance concerns to uniparental gene expression (i.e., imprinting). Genomic imprinting primarily occurs in the endosperm. Although great advances have taken place in the last decade, there is still a long way to go to complete the puzzle regarding the role of genomic imprinting in seed development. This trait is probably one of the most important epigenetic facets of developing endosperm. An example of imprinting regulation is polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). The mechanism of PRC2 recruitment to target endosperm with specific genes is, at present, robustly studied. Further progress in the knowledge of recruitment of PRC2 epigenetic machinery is considered in this review. The third breakthrough referred to in this update involves stored mRNA. The role of the population of this mRNA in germination is far from known. Its relations to seed aging, processing bodies (P bodies), and RNA binding proteins (RBPs), and how the stored mRNA is targeted to monosomes, are aspects considered here. Perhaps this third trait is the one that will require greater experimental dedication in the future. In order to make progress, herein are included some questions that are needed to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lu D, Zhai J, Xi M. Regulation of DNA Methylation During Plant Endosperm Development. Front Genet 2022; 13:760690. [PMID: 35222527 PMCID: PMC8867698 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.760690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosperm is a vital storage tissue in plant seeds. It provides nutrients to the embryos or the seedlings during seed development and germination. Although the genetic information in the endosperm cannot be passed directly to the next generation, its inherited epigenetic marks affect gene expression and its development and, consequently, embryo and seed growth. DNA methylation is a major form of epigenetic modification that can be investigated to understand the epigenome changes during reproductive development. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the effects of endosperm DNA methylation on crop yield and traits. In this review, we discuss the changes in DNA methylation and the resulting imprinted gene expression levels during plant endosperm development, as well as their effects on seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jixian Zhai
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jixian Zhai, ; Mengli Xi,
| | - Mengli Xi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jixian Zhai, ; Mengli Xi,
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Vijayanathan M, Trejo-Arellano MG, Mozgová I. Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 in Eukaryotes-An Evolutionary Perspective. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:3. [PMID: 35076495 PMCID: PMC8788455 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) represents a group of evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit complexes that repress gene transcription by introducing trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3). PRC2 activity is of key importance for cell identity specification and developmental phase transitions in animals and plants. The composition, biochemistry, and developmental function of PRC2 in animal and flowering plant model species are relatively well described. Recent evidence demonstrates the presence of PRC2 complexes in various eukaryotic supergroups, suggesting conservation of the complex and its function. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of PRC2-mediated repression in different representatives of eukaryotic supergroups with a focus on the green lineage. By comparison of PRC2 in different eukaryotes, we highlight the possible common and diverged features suggesting evolutionary implications and outline emerging questions and directions for future research of polycomb repression and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Vijayanathan
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (M.G.T.-A.)
| | - María Guadalupe Trejo-Arellano
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (M.G.T.-A.)
| | - Iva Mozgová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (M.V.); (M.G.T.-A.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Ding X, Jia X, Xiang Y, Jiang W. Histone Modification and Chromatin Remodeling During the Seed Life Cycle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865361. [PMID: 35548305 PMCID: PMC9083068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for the reproduction and dispersion of spermatophytes. The seed life cycle from seed development to seedling establishment proceeds through a series of defined stages regulated by distinctive physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The role of histone modification and chromatin remodeling in seed behavior has been intensively studied in recent years. In this review, we summarize progress in elucidating the regulatory network of these two kinds of epigenetic regulation during the seed life cycle, especially in two model plants, rice and Arabidopsis. Particular emphasis is placed on epigenetic effects on primary tissue formation (e.g., the organized development of embryo and endosperm), pivotal downstream gene expression (e.g., transcription of DOG1 in seed dormancy and repression of seed maturation genes in seed-to-seedling transition), and environmental responses (e.g., seed germination in response to different environmental cues). Future prospects for understanding of intricate interplay of epigenetic pathways and the epigenetic mechanisms in other commercial species are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Ding
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuhui Jia
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Xiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhui Jiang,
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Singh A, Mathan J, Yadav A, K. Goyal A, Chaudhury A. Molecular and Transcriptional Regulation of Seed Development in Cereals: Present Status and Future Prospects. CEREAL GRAINS - VOLUME 1 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils and protein, making them the world’s most important source of nutrition. The influence of rising global population, as well as the emergence and spread of disease, has the major impact on cereal production. To meet the demand, there is a pressing need to increase cereal production. Optimal seed development is a key agronomical trait that contributes to crop yield. The seed development and maturation is a complex process that includes not only embryo and endosperm development, but also accompanied by huge physiological, biochemical, metabolic, molecular and transcriptional changes. This chapter discusses the growth of cereal seed and highlights the novel biological insights, with a focus on transgenic and new molecular breeding, as well as biotechnological intervention strategies that have improved crop yield in two major cereal crops, primarily wheat and rice, over the last 21 years (2000–2021).
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Zhou YF, Zhang YC, Sun YM, Yu Y, Lei MQ, Yang YW, Lian JP, Feng YZ, Zhang Z, Yang L, He RR, Huang JH, Cheng Y, Liu YW, Chen YQ. The parent-of-origin lncRNA MISSEN regulates rice endosperm development. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6525. [PMID: 34764271 PMCID: PMC8585977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cereal endosperm is a major factor determining seed size and shape. However, the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development are not fully understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in various biological processes. Here we show a lncRNA, MISSEN, that plays an essential role in early endosperm development in rice (Oryza sativa). MISSEN is a parent-of-origin lncRNA expressed in endosperm, and negatively regulates endosperm development, leading to a prominent dent and bulge in the seed. Mechanistically, MISSEN functions through hijacking a helicase family protein (HeFP) to regulate tubulin function during endosperm nucleus division and endosperm cellularization, resulting in abnormal cytoskeletal polymerization. Finally, we revealed that the expression of MISSEN is inhibited by histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) modification after pollination. Therefore, MISSEN is the first lncRNA identified as a regulator in endosperm development, highlighting the potential applications in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Meng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Qi Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zhao Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Rui He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Qin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
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Kinser TJ, Smith RD, Lawrence AH, Cooley AM, Vallejo-Marín M, Conradi Smith GD, Puzey JR. Endosperm-based incompatibilities in hybrid monkeyflowers. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2235-2257. [PMID: 33895820 PMCID: PMC8364248 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm is an angiosperm innovation central to their reproduction whose development, and thus seed viability, is controlled by genomic imprinting, where expression from certain genes is parent-specific. Unsuccessful imprinting has been linked to failed inter-specific and inter-ploidy hybridization. Despite their importance in plant speciation, the underlying mechanisms behind these endosperm-based barriers remain poorly understood. Here, we describe one such barrier between diploid Mimulus guttatus and tetraploid Mimulus luteus. The two parents differ in endosperm DNA methylation, expression dynamics, and imprinted genes. Hybrid seeds suffer from underdeveloped endosperm, reducing viability, or arrested endosperm and seed abortion when M. guttatus or M. luteus is seed parent, respectively, and transgressive methylation and expression patterns emerge. The two inherited M. luteus subgenomes, genetically distinct but epigenetically similar, are expressionally dominant over the M. guttatus genome in hybrid embryos and especially their endosperm, where paternal imprints are perturbed. In aborted seeds, de novo methylation is inhibited, potentially owing to incompatible paternal instructions of imbalanced dosage from M. guttatus imprints. We suggest that diverged epigenetic/regulatory landscapes between parental genomes induce epigenetic repatterning and global shifts in expression, which, in endosperm, may uniquely facilitate incompatible interactions between divergent imprinting schemes, potentially driving rapid barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taliesin J. Kinser
- Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
| | - Ronald D. Smith
- Department of Applied Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
| | - Amelia H. Lawrence
- Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
| | | | - Mario Vallejo-Marín
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | | | - Joshua R. Puzey
- Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185
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Shen Q, Lin Y, Li Y, Wang G. Dynamics of H3K27me3 Modification on Plant Adaptation to Environmental Cues. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061165. [PMID: 34201297 PMCID: PMC8228231 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Given their sessile nature, plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory networks to confer developmental plasticity for adaptation to fluctuating environments. Epigenetic codes, like tri-methylation of histone H3 on Lys27 (H3K27me3), are evidenced to account for this evolutionary benefit. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and PRC1 implement and maintain the H3K27me3-mediated gene repression in most eukaryotic cells. Plants take advantage of this epigenetic machinery to reprogram gene expression in development and environmental adaption. Recent studies have uncovered a number of new players involved in the establishment, erasure, and regulation of H3K27me3 mark in plants, particularly highlighting new roles in plants’ responses to environmental cues. Here, we review current knowledge on PRC2-H3K27me3 dynamics occurring during plant growth and development, including its writers, erasers, and readers, as well as targeting mechanisms, and summarize the emerging roles of H3K27me3 mark in plant adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Andreuzza S. EMFasizing the conserved function of polycomb in rice endosperm development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:7-8. [PMID: 35234945 PMCID: PMC8136899 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Andreuzza
- DBT-Cambridge Lecturer, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
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