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Wang W, Hong L, Shen Z, Zheng M, Meng H, Ye T, Lin Z, Chen L, Guo Y, He E. Molecular insights into the anti-spoilage effect of salicylic acid in Favorita potato processing. Food Chem 2024; 461:140823. [PMID: 39153374 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid is a commonly used anti-spoilage agent to prevent browning and quality degradation during potato processing, yet its precise mechanism remains unclear. This study elucidates the role of StuPPO2, a functional protein in Favorita potato shreds, in relation to the anti-browning and starch degradation effects of 52 SA analogues. By employing molecular docking and Gaussian computing, SA localizes within the hydrophobic cavity of StuPPO2, facilitated by hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The inhibitory effect depends on the distribution pattern of the maximal electrostatic surface potential, requiring hydroxyl ion potentials of >56 kcal/mol and carboxyl ion potentials of >42 kcal/mol, respectively. Multiomics analysis, corroborated by validation tests, indicates that SA synthetically suppresses activities linked to defense response, root regeneration, starch degradation, glycoalkaloids metabolism, and potato shred discoloration, thereby preserving quality. Furthermore, SA enhances antimicrobial and insect-repellent aromas, thereby countering biotic threats in potato shreds. These collective mechanisms underscore SA's anti-spoilage properties, offering theoretical foundations and potential new anti-browning agents for agricultural preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Liping Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Zhijun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Mingqiong Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Hongyan Meng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Zhikai Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China
| | - Enming He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, Fujian 361006, China.
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Zhang M, Hu K, Ma L, Geng M, Zhang C, Yao G, Zhang H. Persulfidation and phosphorylation of transcription factor SlWRKY6 differentially regulate tomato fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:210-227. [PMID: 38728423 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine desulfhydrase catalyses the generation of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in plants. In this study, we found that H2S can inhibit tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening and SlWRKY6 undergoes differential protein persulfidation in SlLCD1-overexpressing leaves. Then, further study indicated that SlWRKY6 could be persulfidated by H2S at Cys396. By construction of slwrky6 mutants and SlWRKY6-OE lines, we found that SlWRKY6 positively regulates leaf senescence and fruit ripening by activating the transcription of ripening-related genes STAYGREEN 1 (SlSGR1) and Senescence-Associated Gene 12 (SlSAG12). In addition, SlWRKY6 interacted with kinase SlMAPK4 and was phosphorylated at Ser33. Dual-luciferase transient expression assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that SlWRKY6 persulfidation attenuated its transcriptional regulation of target genes SlSGR1 and SlSAG12, whereas SlWRKY6 phosphorylation by SlMAPK4 activated the transcription of target genes to promote fruit ripening. Moreover, we provided evidence that SlWRKY6 persulfidation attenuated its SlMAPK4-mediated phosphorylation to inhibit tomato fruit ripening. By transient expression of SlWRKY6, SlWRKY6C396A, SlWRKY6S33A, and SlWRKY6S33D in slwrky6 fruits, we found that SlWRKY6 persulfidation attenuated the expression of SlSGR1 and SlSAG12 thereby delaying tomato fruit ripening, while SlWRKY6 phosphorylation increased the expression of target genes. As tomato fruits ripened, endogenous H2S production decreased, while SlMAPK4 expression increased. Therefore, our findings reveal a model in which SlWRKY6 persulfidation due to higher endogenous H2S levels in un-ripened fruit inhibits its ability to activate SlSGR1 and SlSAG12 expression, while SlWRKY6 phosphorylation by SlMAPK4 activates its transcriptional activity, thereby promoting tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangdi Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Meihui Geng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Conghe Zhang
- Winall Hi-Tech Seed Co., Ltd, Hefei 231283, China
| | - Gaifang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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3
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Wei R, Lu Y, Mo Z, Sun Q, Yue P, Xie Z, Ye J, Deng X. CsERF003 enhanced peel coloration by promoting both chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation in citrus. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112131. [PMID: 38801863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Uneven coloration is a common phenomenon in citrus fruit during the ripening stage, as affects the appearance and economic value of the fruit. The elevated expression of CsERF003 during the degreening process of both lemon and satsuma mandarin peels was reported. In this research, a similar performance of CsERF003 in the pericarp coloration process was also identified by transcriptome analysis of 'Fengjie 72-1' navel orange and Lane Late navel orange. However, the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 is not clear yet. Overexpression of CsERF003 could deepen the color of citrus callus and promote peel degreening of Newhall navel orange, which was attributed to the upregulation of genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid synthesis. Furthermore, CsERF003 acted as an activator to promote the expression of CsLCYE, but couldn't activate the expression of CsLCYB1 and CsLCYB2; CsERF003 could also bind to the promoter of CsSGR to activate its expression. Together, our findings shed light on the regulatory mechanism of CsERF003 in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, particularly in the α-branch of carotenoid metabolism. These insights offer valuable perspectives for the genetic enhancement of peel coloration in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijing Mo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengtao Yue
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wang F, Liang Z, Ma X, He Z, Li J, Zhao M. LcMPK3 and LcMPK6 positively regulate fruitlet abscission in litchi. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:29. [PMID: 39103914 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been discovered to play a fundamental role in regulating organ abscission. However, the identity of protein substrates targeted by MAPK cascades, as well as whether the role of MAPK protein cascades in the abscission process is conserved across different plant species, remain unknown. Here, the role of homologs of MPK3 and MPK6 in regulating fruit abscission were characterized in litchi. Ectopic expression of LcMPK3 or LcMPK6 in Arabidopsis mpk3 mpk6 mutant rescued the deficiency in floral organ abscission, while silencing of LcMPK3 or LcMPK6 in litchi significantly decreased fruitlet abscission. Importantly, a total of 49 proteins interacting with LcMPK3 were identified through yeast two-hybrid screening, including two components of the MAPK signaling cascade, five transcription factors, and two aquaporins. Furthermore, the interaction between LcMPK3/6 with LcBZR1/2, core components in brassinosteroids signaling that suppress litchi fruitlet abscission, was confirmed using in vitro and in vivo assays. Moreover, phos-tag assays demonstrated that LcMPK3/6 could phosphorylate LcBZR1/2, with several phosphorylation residues identified. Together, our findings suggest that LcMPK3 and LcMPK6 play a positive regulatory role in fruitlet abscission in litchi, and offer crucial information for the investigation of mechanisms underlying MPK3/6-mediated organ abscission in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zidi He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Wang Y, Li S, Shi Y, Lv S, Zhu C, Xu C, Zhang B, Allan AC, Grierson D, Chen K. The R2R3 MYB Ruby1 is activated by two cold responsive ethylene response factors, via the retrotransposon in its promoter, to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38922743 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural pigments and dietary antioxidants that play multiple biological roles in plants and are important in animal and human nutrition. Low temperature (LT) promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in many species including blood orange. A retrotransposon in the promoter of Ruby1, which encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, controls cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation in blood orange flesh. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we characterized two LT-induced ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (CsERF054 and CsERF061). Both CsERF054 and CsERF061 can activate the expression of CsRuby1 by directly binding to a DRE/CRT cis-element within the retrotransposon in the promoter of CsRuby1, thereby positively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further investigation indicated that CsERF061 also forms a protein complex with CsRuby1 to co-activate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, providing a dual mechanism for the upregulation of the anthocyanin pathway. These results provide insights into how LT mediates anthocyanin biosynthesis and increase the understanding of the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in blood orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changjie Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donald Grierson
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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Li H, Wang S, Zhai L, Cui Y, Tang G, Huo J, Li X, Bian S. The miR156/SPL12 module orchestrates fruit colour change through directly regulating ethylene production pathway in blueberry. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:386-400. [PMID: 37797061 PMCID: PMC10826998 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Colour change is an important event during fruit ripening in blueberry. It is well known that miR156/SPLs act as regulatory modules mediating anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene plays critical roles during colour change, but the intrinsic connections between the two pathways remain poorly understood. Previously, we demonstrated that blueberry VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 affects the accumulation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we first showed that VcMIR156a overexpression in blueberry led to enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis, decreased chlorophyll accumulation, and, intriguingly, concomitant elevation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes and the level of the ethylene precursor ACC. Conversely, VcSPL12 enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and suppressed anthocyanin biosynthesis and ACC synthesis in fruits. Moreover, the treatment with ethylene substitutes and inhibitors attenuated the effects of VcMIR156a and VcSPL12 on pigment accumulation. Protein-DNA interaction assays indicated that VcSPL12 could specifically bind to the promoters and inhibit the activities of the ethylene biosynthetic genes VcACS1 and VcACO6. Collectively, our results show that VcMIR156a/VcSPL12 alters ethylene production through targeting VcACS1 and VcACO6, therefore governing fruit colour change. Additionally, VcSPL12 may directly interact with the promoter region of the chlorophyll biosynthetic gene VcDVR, thereby activating its expression. These findings established an intrinsic connection between the miR156/SPL regulatory module and ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shouwen Wang
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, London Research and Development CentreLondonONCanada
- Department of BiologyWestern UniversityLondonONCanada
| | - Guiliang Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Science and Technology InstituteMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Junwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shaomin Bian
- College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Guo Z, Liu H, Zheng S, Qi K, Xie Z, Wang X, Hong Y, Cui Y, Liu X, Gu C, Zhang SL. The transcription factor PbbHLH164 is destabilized by PbRAD23C/D.1 and mediates ethylene biosynthesis during pear fruit ripening. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00004-3. [PMID: 38190939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene plays an important role in climacteric fruit ripening. However, the knowledge on molecular regulation of ethylene biosynthesis remains limited in pear fruit. Herein, a new basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, PbbHLH164, was identified based on the transcriptome analysis of different developing and ripening fruits of two pear cultivars 'Sucui No. 1' and 'Cuiguan'. PbbHLH164 was more highly expressed in ripening fruit than in developing fruit and positively correlated with ethylene production in both cultivars. PbbHLH164 could directly bind to the promoter of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, PbACS1b, to enhance the expression, leading to the increase of ethylene production and the acceleration of fruit ripening. Interestingly, PbbHLH164 physically interacted with an ubiquitin-like/ubiquitin-associated protein PbRAD23C/D.1, and the interaction of PbbHLH164 with PbRAD23C/D.1 attenuated the function of PbbHLH164 in enhancing the activity of the PbACS1b promoter. Notably, PbRAD23C/D.1 was involved in the degradation of PbbHLH164, and this degradation was inhibited by an ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG132. Different from PbbHLH164, PbRAD23C/D.1 was more highly expressed in developing fruit than in ripening fruit of both cultivars. These results suggest that the increase of ethylene production during pear fruit ripening results from the up-regulated expression of PbbHLH164 and the down-regulated expression of PbRAD23C/D.1. This information provided new insights into the molecular regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiHua Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - SiQi Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - KaiJie Qi
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - ZhiHua Xie
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - XuePing Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - YeMei Hong
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - YanBo Cui
- Nanjing Ningcui Biological Seed Company Limited, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Gu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre for Pear, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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8
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Wang T, Duan S, Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Chen L, Han Z, Wu T. Pan-genome analysis of 13 Malus accessions reveals structural and sequence variations associated with fruit traits. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7377. [PMID: 37968318 PMCID: PMC10651928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to trait variations in fleshy-fruited species. Here, we assemble 10 genomes of genetically diverse Malus accessions, including the ever-green cultivar 'Granny Smith' and the widely cultivated cultivar 'Red Fuji'. Combining with three previously reported genomes, we assemble the pan-genome of Malus species and identify 20,220 CNVs and 317,393 SVs. We also observe CNVs that are positively correlated with expression levels of the genes they are associated with. Furthermore, we show that the noncoding RNA generated from a 209 bp insertion in the intron of mitogen-activated protein kinase homology encoding gene, MMK2, regulates the gene expression and affects fruit coloration. Moreover, we identify overlapping SVs associated with fruit quality and biotic resistance. This pan-genome uncovers possible contributions of CNVs to gene expression and highlights the role of SVs in apple domestication and economically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyao Duan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Smartgenomics Technology Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Li X, Martín-Pizarro C, Zhou L, Hou B, Wang Y, Shen Y, Li B, Posé D, Qin G. Deciphering the regulatory network of the NAC transcription factor FvRIF, a key regulator of strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruit ripening. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4020-4045. [PMID: 37506031 PMCID: PMC10615214 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The NAC transcription factor ripening inducing factor (RIF) was previously reported to be necessary for the ripening of octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit, but the mechanistic basis of RIF-mediated transcriptional regulation and how RIF activity is modulated remains elusive. Here, we show that FvRIF in diploid strawberry, Fragaria vesca, is a key regulator in the control of fruit ripening and that knockout mutations of FvRIF result in a complete block of fruit ripening. DNA affinity purification sequencing coupled with transcriptome deep sequencing suggests that 2,080 genes are direct targets of FvRIF-mediated regulation, including those related to various aspects of fruit ripening. We provide evidence that FvRIF modulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit softening by directly regulating the related core genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that FvRIF interacts with and serves as a substrate of MAP kinase 6 (FvMAPK6), which regulates the transcriptional activation function of FvRIF by phosphorylating FvRIF at Thr-310. Our findings uncover the FvRIF-mediated transcriptional regulatory network in controlling strawberry fruit ripening and highlight the physiological significance of phosphorylation modification on FvRIF activity in ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
| | - Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga 29071,Spain
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Bingzhu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga 29071,Spain
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
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10
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Wei Y, Liu Z, Lv T, Xu Y, Wei Y, Liu W, Liu L, Wang A, Li T. Ethylene enhances MdMAPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MdNAC72 to promote apple fruit softening. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2887-2909. [PMID: 37132483 PMCID: PMC10396387 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene plays an important role in promoting the softening of climacteric fruits, such as apples (Malus domestica); however, important aspects of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we identified apple MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MdMAPK3) as an important positive regulator of ethylene-induced apple fruit softening during storage. Specifically, we show that MdMAPK3 interacts with and phosphorylates the transcription factor NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2 72 (MdNAC72), which functions as a transcriptional repressor of the cell wall degradation-related gene POLYGALACTURONASE1 (MdPG1). The increase in MdMAPK3 kinase activity was induced by ethylene, which promoted the phosphorylation of MdNAC72 by MdMAPK3. Additionally, MdPUB24 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to ubiquitinate MdNAC72, resulting in its degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway, which was enhanced by ethylene-induced phosphorylation of MdNAC72 by MdMAPK3. The degradation of MdNAC72 increased the expression of MdPG1, which in turn promoted apple fruit softening. Notably, using variants of MdNAC72 that were mutated at specific phosphorylation sites, we observed that the phosphorylation state of MdNAC72 affected apple fruit softening during storage. This study thus reveals that the ethylene-MdMAPK3-MdNAC72-MdPUB24 module is involved in ethylene-induced apple fruit softening, providing insights into climacteric fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, China
| | - Yaxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yajing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology (Liaoning Province), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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11
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Wang W, Wang Y, Chen T, Qin G, Tian S. Current insights into posttranscriptional regulation of fleshy fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1785-1798. [PMID: 36250906 PMCID: PMC10315313 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complicated process that is accompanied by the formation of fruit quality. It is not only regulated at the transcriptional level via transcription factors or DNA methylation but also fine-tuned after transcription occurs. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of key regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit ripening after transcription. We mainly highlight the typical mechanisms by which fruit ripening is controlled, namely, alternative splicing, mRNA N6-methyladenosine RNA modification methylation, and noncoding RNAs at the posttranscriptional level; regulation of translation efficiency and upstream open reading frame-mediated translational repression at the translational level; and histone modifications, protein phosphorylation, and protein ubiquitination at the posttranslational level. Taken together, these posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, along with transcriptional regulation, constitute the molecular framework of fruit ripening. We also critically discuss the potential usage of some mechanisms to improve fruit traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Anthocyanins distribution, transcriptional regulation, epigenetic and post-translational modification in fruits. Food Chem 2023; 411:135540. [PMID: 36701918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have indispensable functions in plant resistance, human health, and fruit coloring, which arouse people's favorite. It has been reported that anthocyanins are widely found in fruits, and can be affected by numerous factors. In this review, we systematically summarize anthocyanin functions, classifications, distributions, biosynthesis, decoration, transportation, transcriptional regulation, DNA methylation, and post-translational regulation in fruits.
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13
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Liu Y, Lv G, Yang Y, Ma K, Ren X, Li M, Liu Z. Interaction of AcMADS68 with transcription factors regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed kiwifruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac252. [PMID: 36751270 PMCID: PMC9896601 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In red-fleshed kiwifruit, anthocyanin pigmentation is a crucial commercial trait. The MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex and other transcription factors regulate its accumulation. Herein, a new SEP gene, AcMADS68, was identified as a regulatory candidate for anthocyanin biosynthesis in the kiwifruit by transcriptome data and bioinformatic analyses. AcMADS68 alone could not induce the accumulation of anthocyanin both in Actinidia arguta fruit and tobacco leaves. However, in combination with AcMYBF110, AcMYB123, and AcbHLH1, AcMADS68 co-overexpression increased anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas its silencing reduced anthocyanin accumulation. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter, firefly luciferase complementation, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that AcMADS68 could interact with both AcMYBF110 and AcMYB123 but not with AcbHLH1, thereby co-regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis by promoting the activation of the target genes, including AcANS, AcF3GT1, and AcGST1. Moreover, AcMADS68 also could activate the promoter of AcbHLH1 surported by dual-luciferase reporter and yeast one-hybrid assays, thereby further amplifying the regulation signals from the MBW complex, thus resulting in enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in the kiwifruit. These findings may facilitate better elucidation of various regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation and contribute to the quality enhancement of red-fleshed kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
| | - Kangxun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shannxi, China
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14
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Xing Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Li J, Zhang J, Wu T, Song T, Yao Y, Tian J. MPK6-mediated HY5 phosphorylation regulates light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:283-301. [PMID: 36208018 PMCID: PMC9884024 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Light is known to regulate anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis in plants on several levels, but the significance of protein phosphorylation in light-induced anthocyanin accumulation needs further investigation. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the apple fruit phosphoproteome in response to light, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Among the differentially phosphorylated proteins, the bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor, HY5, which has been identified as an anthocyanin regulator, was rapidly activated by light treatment of the fruit. We hypothesized that phosphorylated MdHY5 may play a role in light-induced anthocyanin accumulation of apple fruit. Protein interaction and phosphorylation assays showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase MdMPK6 directly interacted with, and activated, MdHY5 via phosphorylation under light conditions, thereby increasing its stability. Consistent with this finding, the suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase genes MdMPK6 or MdHY5 resulted in an inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation, and further showed that light-induced anthocyanin accumulation is dependent on MdMPK6 kinase activity, and is required for maximum MdHY5 activity. Under light conditions, active MdMPK6 phosphorylated MdHY5 leading to accumulation of phospho-MdHY5, which enhanced the binding of MdHY5 to its target anthocyanin related genes in fruit. Our findings reveal an MdMPK6-MdHY5 phosphorylation pathway in light-induced anthocyanin accumulation, providing new insights into the regulation of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yuying Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Jialin Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tingting Song
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular DesignBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Plant Science and Technology CollegeBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
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15
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Zhai Y, Fan Z, Cui Y, Gu X, Chen S, Ma H. APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor in fruit ripening: Roles, interactions and expression regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979348. [PMID: 36061806 PMCID: PMC9434019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects and animals are attracted to, and feed on ripe fruit, thereby promoting seed dispersal. As a vital vitamin and nutrient source, fruit make up an indispensable and enjoyable component of the human diet. Fruit ripening involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes in, among others, pigmentation, chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, texture, sugar accumulation, and flavor. Growing evidence indicates that the coordinated and ordered trait changes during fruit ripening depend on a complex regulatory network consisting of transcription factors, co-regulators, hormonal signals, and epigenetic modifications. As one of the predominant transcription factor families in plants and a downstream component of ethylene signaling, more and more studies are showing that APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors act as critical regulators in fruit ripening. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of AP2/ERFs in fruit ripening, and in particular the recent results on their target genes and co-regulators. We summarize and discuss the role of AP2/ERFs in the formation of key fruit-ripening attributes, the enactment of their regulatory mechanisms by interaction with other proteins, their role in the orchestration of phytohormone-signaling networks, and the epigenetic modifications associated with their gene expression. Our aim is to provide a multidimensional perspective on the regulatory mechanisms of AP2/ERFs in fruit ripening, and a reference for understanding and furthering research on the roles of AP2/ERF in fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqin Ma,
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