1
|
Chien YC, Yoon GM. Subcellular dynamics of ethylene signaling drive plant plasticity to growth and stress: Spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400043. [PMID: 38571390 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Volatile compounds, such as nitric oxide and ethylene gas, play a vital role as signaling molecules in organisms. Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates a wide range of plant growth, development, and responses to stress and is perceived by a family of ethylene receptors that localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutive Triple Response 1 (CTR1), a Raf-like protein kinase and a key negative regulator for ethylene responses, tethers to the ethylene receptors, but undergoes nuclear translocation upon activation of ethylene signaling. This ER-to-nucleus trafficking transforms CTR1 into a positive regulator for ethylene responses, significantly enhancing stress resilience to drought and salinity. The nuclear trafficking of CTR1 demonstrates that the spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling is essential for stress adaptation. Understanding the mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal control of ethylene signaling elements is crucial for unraveling the system-level regulatory mechanisms that collectively fine-tune ethylene responses to optimize plant growth, development, and stress adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chi Chien
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gyeong Mee Yoon
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romero JM, Serrano-Bueno G, Camacho-Fernández C, Vicente MH, Ruiz MT, Pérez-Castiñeira JR, Pérez-Hormaeche J, Nogueira FTS, Valverde F. CONSTANS, a HUB for all seasons: How photoperiod pervades plant physiology regulatory circuits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2086-2102. [PMID: 38513610 PMCID: PMC11132886 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
How does a plant detect the changing seasons and make important developmental decisions accordingly? How do they incorporate daylength information into their routine physiological processes? Photoperiodism, or the capacity to measure the daylength, is a crucial aspect of plant development that helps plants determine the best time of the year to make vital decisions, such as flowering. The protein CONSTANS (CO) constitutes the central regulator of this sensing mechanism, not only activating florigen production in the leaves but also participating in many physiological aspects in which seasonality is important. Recent discoveries place CO in the center of a gene network that can determine the length of the day and confer seasonal input to aspects of plant development and physiology as important as senescence, seed size, or circadian rhythms. In this review, we discuss the importance of CO protein structure, function, and evolutionary mechanisms that embryophytes have developed to incorporate annual information into their physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Romero
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria Serrano-Bueno
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho-Fernández
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mateus Henrique Vicente
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Ruiz
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - J Román Pérez-Castiñeira
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Hormaeche
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio T S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Federico Valverde
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Hou Q, Jian S, Deng S. Molecular cloning and characterization of a salt overly sensitive3 (SOS3) gene from the halophyte Pongamia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:57. [PMID: 38743266 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A high concentration of sodium (Na+) is the primary stressor for plants in high salinity environments. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway is one of the best-studied signal transduction pathways, which confers plants the ability to export too much Na+ out of the cells or translocate the cytoplasmic Na+ into the vacuole. In this study, the Salt Overly Sensitive3 (MpSOS3) gene from Pongamia (Millettia pinnata Syn. Pongamia pinnata), a semi-mangrove, was isolated and characterized. The MpSOS3 protein has canonical EF-hand motifs conserved in other calcium-binding proteins and an N-myristoylation signature sequence. The MpSOS3 gene was significantly induced by salt stress, especially in Pongamia roots. Expression of the wild-type MpSOS3 but not the mutated nonmyristoylated MpSOS3-G2A could rescue the salt-hypersensitive phenotype of the Arabidopsis sos3-1 mutant, which suggested the N-myristoylation signature sequence of MpSOS3 was required for MpSOS3 function in plant salt tolerance. Heterologous expression of MpSOS3 in Arabidopsis accumulated less H2O2, superoxide anion radical (O2-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) than wild-type plants, which enhanced the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Under salt stress, MpSOS3 transgenic plants accumulated a lower content of Na+ and a higher content of K+ than wild-type plants, which maintained a better K+/Na+ ratio in transgenic plants. Moreover, no development and growth discrepancies were observed in the MpSOS3 heterologous overexpression plants compared to wild-type plants. Our results demonstrated that the MpSOS3 pathway confers a conservative salt-tolerant role and provided a foundation for further study of the SOS pathway in Pongamia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongzhao Hou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuguang Jian
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shulin Deng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ji MG, Khakurel D, Hwang JW, Nguyen CC, Nam B, Shin GI, Jeong SY, Ahn G, Cha JY, Lee SH, Park HJ, Kim MG, Yun DJ, Rubio V, Kim WY. The E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 regulates salt tolerance via GIGANTEA degradation in roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38741272 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Excess soil salinity significantly impairs plant growth and development. Our previous reports demonstrated that the core circadian clock oscillator GIGANTEA (GI) negatively regulates salt stress tolerance by sequestering the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE (SOS) 2 kinase, an essential component of the SOS pathway. Salt stress induces calcium-dependent cytoplasmic GI degradation, resulting in activation of the SOS pathway; however, the precise molecular mechanism governing GI degradation during salt stress remains enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that salt-induced calcium signals promote the cytoplasmic partitioning of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), leading to the 26S proteasome-dependent degradation of GI exclusively in the roots. Salt stress-induced calcium signals accelerate the cytoplasmic localization of COP1 in the root cells, which targets GI for 26S proteasomal degradation. Align with this, the interaction between COP1 and GI is only observed in the roots, not the shoots, under salt-stress conditions. Notably, the gi-201 cop1-4 double mutant shows an enhanced tolerance to salt stress similar to gi-201, indicating that GI is epistatic to COP1 under salt-stress conditions. Taken together, our study provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the COP1-mediated proteasomal degradation of GI for salt stress tolerance, raising new possibilities for developing salt-tolerant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Geun Ji
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhruba Khakurel
- Department of Biology, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Hwang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Cam Chau Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Nam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongik Ahn
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Department of Biology, Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacionalde Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang X, Li J, Yang Y, Jiang C, Guo Y. Designing salt stress-resilient crops: Current progress and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:303-329. [PMID: 38108117 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has scientific importance and practical significance. In recent decades, studies have characterized hundreds of genes associated with plant responses to salt stress in different plant species. These studies have substantially advanced our molecular and genetic understanding of salt tolerance in plants and have introduced an era of molecular design breeding of salt-tolerant crops. This review summarizes our current knowledge of plant salt tolerance, emphasizing advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of osmotic stress tolerance, salt-ion transport and compartmentalization, oxidative stress tolerance, alkaline stress tolerance, and the trade-off between growth and salt tolerance. We also examine recent advances in understanding natural variation in the salt tolerance of crops and discuss possible strategies and challenges for designing salt stress-resilient crops. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the four most-studied crops: rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), and soybean (Glycine max).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100194, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Caifu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao H, Li D, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhao X, Su H, Li J. Flavin-containing monooxygenases FMO GS-OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14287. [PMID: 38606719 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress substantially leads to flowering delay. The regulation of salt-induced late flowering has been studied at the transcriptional and protein levels; however, the involvement of secondary metabolites has rarely been investigated. Here, we report that FMOGS-OXs (EC 1.14.13.237), the enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GSLs), promote flowering transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. It has been reported that WRKY75 is a positive regulator, and MAF4 is a negative regulator of flowering transition. The products of FMOGS-OXs, methylsulfinylalkyl GSLs (MS GSLs), facilitate flowering by inducing WRKY75 and repressing the MAS-MAF4 module. We further show that the degradation of MS GSLs is involved in salt-induced late flowering and salt tolerance. Salt stress induces the expression of myrosinase genes, resulting in the degradation of MS GSLs, thereby relieving the promotion of WRKY75 and inhibition of MAF4, leading to delayed flowering. In addition, the degradation products derived from MS GSLs enhance salt tolerance. Previous studies have revealed that FMOGS-OXs exhibit alternative catalytic activity to form trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) under salt stress, which activates multiple stress-related genes to promote salt tolerance. Therefore, FMOGS-OXs integrate flowering transition and salt tolerance in various ways. Our study shed light on the functional diversity of GSLs and established a connection between flowering transition, salt resistance, and GSL metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongzhu Su
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gámez-Arjona F, Park HJ, García E, Aman R, Villalta I, Raddatz N, Carranco R, Ali A, Ali Z, Zareen S, De Luca A, Leidi EO, Daniel-Mozo M, Xu ZY, Albert A, Kim WY, Pardo JM, Sánchez-Rodriguez C, Yun DJ, Quintero FJ. Inverse regulation of SOS1 and HKT1 protein localization and stability by SOS3/CBL4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320657121. [PMID: 38386704 PMCID: PMC10907282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320657121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To control net sodium (Na+) uptake, Arabidopsis plants utilize the plasma membrane (PM) Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 to achieve Na+ efflux at the root and Na+ loading into the xylem, and the channel-like HKT1;1 protein that mediates the reverse flux of Na+ unloading off the xylem. Together, these opposing transport systems govern the partition of Na+ within the plant yet they must be finely co-regulated to prevent a futile cycle of xylem loading and unloading. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis SOS3 protein acts as the molecular switch governing these Na+ fluxes by favoring the recruitment of SOS1 to the PM and its subsequent activation by the SOS2/SOS3 kinase complex under salt stress, while commanding HKT1;1 protein degradation upon acute sodic stress. SOS3 achieves this role by direct and SOS2-independent binding to previously unrecognized functional domains of SOS1 and HKT1;1. These results indicate that roots first retain moderate amounts of salts to facilitate osmoregulation, yet when sodicity exceeds a set point, SOS3-dependent HKT1;1 degradation switches the balance toward Na+ export out of the root. Thus, SOS3 functionally links and co-regulates the two major Na+ transport systems operating in vascular plants controlling plant tolerance to salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gámez-Arjona
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Korea
| | - Elena García
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irene Villalta
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Université de Tours, Tours37200, France
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Raul Carranco
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shah Zareen
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Anna De Luca
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Eduardo O. Leidi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville41012, Spain
| | - Miguel Daniel-Mozo
- Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun130024, China
| | - Armando Albert
- Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju660-701, South Korea
| | - Jose M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich8092, Switzerland
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CSIC), Pozuelo de Alarcón28223, Spain
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul05029, South Korea
| | - Francisco J. Quintero
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and University of Seville, Seville41092, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu L, Xie Y, Yahaya BS, Wu F. GIGANTEA Unveiled: Exploring Its Diverse Roles and Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:94. [PMID: 38254983 PMCID: PMC10815842 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved nuclear protein crucial for orchestrating the clock-associated feedback loop in the circadian system by integrating light input, modulating gating mechanisms, and regulating circadian clock resetting. It serves as a core component which transmits blue light signals for circadian rhythm resetting and overseeing floral initiation. Beyond circadian functions, GI influences various aspects of plant development (chlorophyll accumulation, hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, and anthocyanin metabolism). GI has also been implicated to play a pivotal role in response to stresses such as freezing, thermomorphogenic stresses, salinity, drought, and osmotic stresses. Positioned at the hub of complex genetic networks, GI interacts with hormonal signaling pathways like abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) at multiple regulatory levels. This intricate interplay enables GI to balance stress responses, promoting growth and flowering, and optimize plant productivity. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of GI, supported by genetic and molecular evidence, and recent insights into the dynamic interplay between flowering and stress responses, which enhance plants' adaptability to environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China;
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.X.); (B.S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quinn O, Kumar M, Turner S. The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:51-66. [PMID: 37682865 PMCID: PMC10756762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary cell walls are the first line of defense against pathogens and regulate cell expansion. Specialized cells deposit a secondary cell wall that provides support and permits water transport. The composition and organization of the cell wall varies between cell types and species, contributing to the extensibility, stiffness, and hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis, maintenance, and remodeling of the cell wall have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures and attach to proteins at different sites, which defines the specific role played by each lipid modification. The introduction of relatively hydrophobic lipid moieties promotes the interaction of proteins with membranes and can act as sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery to the plasma membrane regions and secretion into the apoplast. Disruption of lipid modification results in aberrant deposition of cell wall components and defective cell wall remodeling in response to stresses, demonstrating the essential nature of these modifications. Although much is known about which proteins bear lipid modifications, many questions remain regarding the contribution of lipid-driven membrane domain localization and lipid heterogeneity to protein function in cell wall metabolism. In this update, we highlight the contribution of lipid modifications to proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of plant cell walls, with a focus on the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, and S-acylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quinn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee Z, Kim S, Choi SJ, Joung E, Kwon M, Park HJ, Shim JS. Regulation of Flowering Time by Environmental Factors in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3680. [PMID: 37960036 PMCID: PMC10649094 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The timing of floral transition is determined by both endogenous molecular pathways and external environmental conditions. Among these environmental conditions, photoperiod acts as a cue to regulate the timing of flowering in response to seasonal changes. Additionally, it has become clear that various environmental factors also control the timing of floral transition. Environmental factor acts as either a positive or negative signal to modulate the timing of flowering, thereby establishing the optimal flowering time to maximize the reproductive success of plants. This review aims to summarize the effects of environmental factors such as photoperiod, light intensity, temperature changes, vernalization, drought, and salinity on the regulation of flowering time in plants, as well as to further explain the molecular mechanisms that link environmental factors to the internal flowering time regulation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zion Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (Z.L.); (S.K.); (S.J.C.); (E.J.)
| | - Sohyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (Z.L.); (S.K.); (S.J.C.); (E.J.)
| | - Su Jeong Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (Z.L.); (S.K.); (S.J.C.); (E.J.)
| | - Eui Joung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (Z.L.); (S.K.); (S.J.C.); (E.J.)
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Division of Life Science, ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Shim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (Z.L.); (S.K.); (S.J.C.); (E.J.)
- Institute of Synthetic Biology for Carbon Neutralization, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du J, Zhu X, He K, Kui M, Zhang J, Han X, Fu Q, Jiang Y, Hu Y. CONSTANS interacts with and antagonizes ABF transcription factors during salt stress under long-day conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1675-1694. [PMID: 37379562 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
CONSTANS (CO) is a critical regulator of flowering that combines photoperiodic and circadian signals in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). CO is expressed in multiple tissues, including seedling roots and young leaves. However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of CO in modulating physiological processes outside of flowering remain obscure. Here, we show that the expression of CO responds to salinity treatment. CO negatively mediated salinity tolerance under long-day (LD) conditions. Seedlings from co-mutants were more tolerant to salinity stress, whereas overexpression of CO resulted in plants with reduced tolerance to salinity stress. Further genetic analyses revealed the negative involvement of GIGANTEA (GI) in salinity tolerance requires a functional CO. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that CO physically interacts with 4 critical basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors; ABSCISIC ACID-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTOR1 (ABF1), ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4. Disrupting these ABFs made plants hypersensitive to salinity stress, demonstrating that ABFs enhance salinity tolerance. Moreover, ABF mutations largely rescued the salinity-tolerant phenotype of co-mutants. CO suppresses the expression of several salinity-responsive genes and influences the transcriptional regulation function of ABF3. Collectively, our results show that the LD-induced CO works antagonistically with ABFs to modulate salinity responses, thus revealing how CO negatively regulates plant adaptation to salinity stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancan Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kunrong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyi Kui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qiantang Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanjuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yanru Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jun SE, Shim JS, Park HJ. Beyond NPK: Mineral Nutrient-Mediated Modulation in Orchestrating Flowering Time. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3299. [PMID: 37765463 PMCID: PMC10535918 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time in plants is a complex process regulated by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature, as well as nutrient conditions. While the impact of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on flowering time has been well recognized, the significance of micronutrient imbalances and their deficiencies should not be neglected because they affect the floral transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. The secondary major nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur participate in various aspects of flowering. Micronutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, and copper play crucial roles in enzymatic reactions and hormone biosynthesis, affecting flower development and reproduction as well. The current review comprehensively explores the interplay between microelements and flowering time, and summarizes the underlying mechanism in plants. Consequently, a better understanding of the interplay between microelements and flowering time will provide clues to reveal the roles of microelements in regulating flowering time and to improve crop reproduction in plant industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Sun Shim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ali A, Petrov V, Yun DJ, Gechev T. Revisiting plant salt tolerance: novel components of the SOS pathway. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1060-1069. [PMID: 37117077 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway plays a central role in plant salinity tolerance. Since the discovery of the SOS pathway, transcriptional and post-translational regulations of its core components have garnered considerable attention. To date, several proteins that regulate these core components, either positively or negatively at the protein and transcript levels, have been identified. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the functional regulation of the core proteins of the SOS pathway and an expanding spectrum of their upstream effectors in plants. Furthermore, we also discuss how these novel regulators act as key signaling nodes of multilayer control of plant development and stress adaptation through modulation of the SOS core proteins at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Ali
- Department Molecular Stress Physiology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria; Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
| | - Veselin Petrov
- Department Molecular Stress Physiology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria; Department of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Tsanko Gechev
- Department Molecular Stress Physiology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria; Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salinity-Induced Cytosolic Alkaline Shifts in Arabidopsis Roots Require the SOS Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043549. [PMID: 36834961 PMCID: PMC9960406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to sense, respond to and overcome the detrimental effects of high soil salinity. The role of calcium transients in salinity stress signaling is well established, but the physiological significance of concurrent salinity-induced changes in cytosolic pH remains largely undefined. Here, we analyzed the response of Arabidopsis roots expressing the genetically encoded ratiometric pH-sensor pHGFP fused to marker proteins for the recruitment of the sensor to the cytosolic side of the tonoplast (pHGFP-VTI11) and the plasma membrane (pHGFP-LTI6b). Salinity elicited a rapid alkalinization of cytosolic pH (pHcyt) in the meristematic and elongation zone of wild-type roots. The pH-shift near the plasma membrane preceded that at the tonoplast. In pH-maps transversal to the root axis, the epidermis and cortex had cells with a more alkaline pHcyt relative to cells in the stele in control conditions. Conversely, seedlings treated with 100 mM NaCl exhibited an increased pHcyt in cells of the vasculature relative to the external layers of the root, and this response occurred in both reporter lines. These pHcyt changes were substantially reduced in mutant roots lacking a functional SOS3/CBL4 protein, suggesting that the operation of the SOS pathway mediated the dynamics of pHcyt in response to salinity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Eckardt NA, Cutler S, Juenger TE, Marshall-Colon A, Udvardi M, Verslues PE. Focus on climate change and plant abiotic stress biology. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1-3. [PMID: 36377781 PMCID: PMC9806593 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Cutler
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- Guest Editor, The Plant Cell and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Reviewing Editor, The Plant Cell and University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Verslues
- Senior Editor, The Plant Cell and Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
| |
Collapse
|