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Zan W, Wu Q, Dou S, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Xing S, Yu Y. Analysis of flower color diversity revealed the co-regulation of cyanidin and peonidin in the red petals coloration of Rosa rugosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109126. [PMID: 39288572 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Rosa rugosa is limited in landscaping applications due to its monotonous color, especially the lack of red-flowered varieties. Comprehensive assessment of petal color diversity in R. rugosa could promote to explore the mechanism of flower color formation. In this study, the variation and diversity of petal coloring of 193 R. rugosa germplasms were assessed by chromatic values (L∗, a∗, and b∗), and then divided into seven clusters belonging to three groups with pinkish-purple (185 individuals), white (6), and red (2) petals, respectively. Total anthocyanin content was the most important factor affecting flower color diversity and red hue formation of R. rugosa petals. There were significant correlations between petal color chromatic indexes and the sum content and the ratio of two major anthocyanin, namely cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Cy3G5G), peonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Pn3G5G). Both high levels of Cy3G5G + Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G/Pn3G5G were necessary conditions for red phenotype formation. Five cyanidin up-stream structural genes (RrF3'H1, RrDFR1, RrANS1, RrUF3GT1, RrUF35GT1) and one cyanidin down-stream structural gene (RrCCoAOMT1) were the key indicators which contributed to Cy3G5G + Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G/Pn3G5G, respectively. Functional verification showed that overexpression of RrDFR1, combined with silent expression of RrCCoAOMT1, could make R. rugosa petals redder by increasing the levels of Cy3G5G + Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G/Pn3G5G. These results provided a robust theoretical basis for further revealing the molecular mechanism of red petals coloration in R. rugosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zan
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Qikui Wu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shenghan Dou
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shutang Xing
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Yunyan Yu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center of Demonstration Engineering Technology for Urban and Rural Landscape, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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2
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Chen Q, Gao K, Pan B, Wang Y, Chen L, Yu J, Wang L, Fan Y, Li H, Huang C. Construction of Optimal Regeneration System for Chrysanthemum '11-C-2' Stem Segment with Buds. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2403. [PMID: 39273887 PMCID: PMC11397693 DOI: 10.3390/plants13172403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium '11-C-2' is a variety of chrysanthemums with high ornamental and tea value, experiencing significant market demand. However, as cultivation areas expand, issues such as viral infection, germplasm degradation, low proliferation coefficient, and slow proliferation rate arise, necessitating the establishment of an efficient in vitro regeneration system. This study, based on the principles of orthogonal experimental design, explored the regeneration system of Chrysanthemum cultivar '11-C-2' using sterile seedlings. The research focused on three key stages: adventitious bud differentiation, rooting culture, and acclimatization-transplantation, employing shoot-bearing stem segments and leaves as explants. The findings indicate that the optimal explant for the Chrysanthemum '11-C-2' sterile seedlings is the shoot-bearing stem segment. The best medium for adventitious bud differentiation was determined to be MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. Bud differentiation began on day 17 with a 100% differentiation rate, completing around day 48. The maximum differentiation coefficient reached 87, with an average of 26.67. The adventitious buds were then cultured for rooting in the optimal medium of 1/2 MS supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA. Rooting was initiated on day 4 and was completed by day 14, achieving a rooting rate of 97.62%. After a 5-day acclimatization under natural light, the rooted seedlings were transplanted into a growth substrate with a peat-to-vermiculite ratio of 1:2. The plants exhibited optimal growth, with a transplantation survival rate of 100%. The findings provide data support for the efficient large-scale propagation of '11-C-2' and lay the foundation for germplasm preservation and genetic transformation research of tea chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbing Chen
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Kang Gao
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Bo Pan
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Junjun Yu
- China United Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yongming Fan
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Haiying Li
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Wang YG, Zhang YM, Wang YH, Zhang K, Ma J, Hang JX, Su YT, Tan SS, Liu H, Xiong AS, Xu ZS. The Y locus encodes a REPRESSOR OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENES protein that represses carotenoid biosynthesis via interaction with APRR2 in carrot. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2798-2817. [PMID: 38593056 PMCID: PMC11289637 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the factors regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in roots. In this study, we characterized DCAR_032551, the candidate gene of the Y locus responsible for the transition of root color from ancestral white to yellow during carrot (Daucus carota) domestication. We show that DCAR_032551 encodes a REPRESSOR OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENES (RPGE) protein, named DcRPGE1. DcRPGE1 from wild carrot (DcRPGE1W) is a repressor of carotenoid biosynthesis. Specifically, DcRPGE1W physically interacts with DcAPRR2, an ARABIDOPSIS PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR2 (APRR2)-like transcription factor. Through this interaction, DcRPGE1W suppresses DcAPRR2-mediated transcriptional activation of the key carotenogenic genes phytoene synthase 1 (DcPSY1), DcPSY2, and lycopene ε-cyclase (DcLCYE), which strongly decreases carotenoid biosynthesis. We also demonstrate that the DcRPGE1W-DcAPRR2 interaction prevents DcAPRR2 from binding to the RGATTY elements in the promoter regions of DcPSY1, DcPSY2, and DcLCYE. Additionally, we identified a mutation in the DcRPGE1 coding region of yellow and orange carrots that leads to the generation of alternatively spliced transcripts encoding truncated DcRPGE1 proteins unable to interact with DcAPRR2, thereby failing to suppress carotenoid biosynthesis. These findings provide insights into the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis and offer potential target genes for enhancing carotenoid accumulation in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jia-Xin Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan-Shan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Wang X, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhou L, Li F, Wang L, Jiang J, Chen F, Chen S. Transcription factor CmHSFA4-CmMYBS3 complex enhances salt tolerance in chrysanthemum by repressing CmMYB121 expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:3119-3135. [PMID: 38668629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Excessive soil salinity not only hampers plant growth and development but can also lead to plant death. Previously, we found that heat-shock factor A4 (CmHSFA4) enhances the tolerance of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) to salt. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified a candidate MYB transcription factor, CmMYB121, which responded to salt stress. We observed that the CmMYB121 transcription is suppressed by CmHSFA4. Moreover, overexpression of CmMYB121 exacerbated chrysanthemum sensitivity to salt stress. CmHSFA4 directly bound to the promoter of CmMYB121 at the heat-shock element. Protein-protein interaction assays identified an interaction between CmHSFA4 and CmMYBS3, a transcriptional repressor, and recruited the corepressor TOPLESS (CmTPL) to inhibit CmMYB121 transcription by impairing the H3 and H4 histone acetylation levels of CmMYB121. Our study demonstrated that a CmHSFA4-CmMYBS3-CmTPL complex modulates CmMYB121 expression, consequently regulating the tolerance of chrysanthemum to salt. The findings shed light on the responses of plants to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Likai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement/Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration/College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
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5
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Wang Y, Li S, Shi Y, Lv S, Zhu C, Xu C, Zhang B, Allan AC, Grierson D, Chen K. The R2R3 MYB Ruby1 is activated by two cold responsive ethylene response factors, via the retrotransposon in its promoter, to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in citrus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38922743 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural pigments and dietary antioxidants that play multiple biological roles in plants and are important in animal and human nutrition. Low temperature (LT) promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in many species including blood orange. A retrotransposon in the promoter of Ruby1, which encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, controls cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation in blood orange flesh. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we characterized two LT-induced ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (CsERF054 and CsERF061). Both CsERF054 and CsERF061 can activate the expression of CsRuby1 by directly binding to a DRE/CRT cis-element within the retrotransposon in the promoter of CsRuby1, thereby positively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further investigation indicated that CsERF061 also forms a protein complex with CsRuby1 to co-activate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, providing a dual mechanism for the upregulation of the anthocyanin pathway. These results provide insights into how LT mediates anthocyanin biosynthesis and increase the understanding of the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in blood orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Changjie Xu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donald Grierson
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Manipulation, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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6
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Geng Z, Liu M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang H, Zhou L, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal CmMYB308 as a key regulator in the pink flower color variation of 'Dante Purple' chrysanthemum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:157. [PMID: 38819475 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE CmMYB308 was identified as a key regulator in chrysanthemum flower color variation from purple to pink by conducting transcriptome and metabolome analysis. CmMYB308 can inhibit anthocyanin biosynthesis by suppressing the expression of CmPAL, CmC4H, and Cm4CL. Flower color variation is a widespread natural occurrence that plays a significant role in floral breeding. We discovered a variation in the flower of the chrysanthemum cultivar 'Dante Purple' (abbreviated as 'DP'), where the flower color shifted from purple to pink. We successfully propagated these pink flowers through tissue culture and designated them as DPM. By conducting transcriptome and metabolome analysis, we identified a reduction in the expression of critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis-CmPAL, CmC4H, and Cm4CL-in the DPM. This downregulation led to an accumulation of phenylalanine and cinnamic acid within the general phenylpropanoid pathway (GPP), which prevented their conversion into cyanidin and cyanidin 3-glucoside. As a result, the flowers turned pink. Additional transformation and biochemical experiments confirmed that the upregulation of CmMYB308 gene expression in the DPM directly suppressed CmPAL-1 and CmC4H genes, which indirectly affected Cm4CL-3 expression and ultimately inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in the DPM. This study offers a preliminary insight into the molecular mechanism underlying chrysanthemum flower color mutation, paving the way for genetic improvements in chrysanthemum flower color breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - You Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - YanYan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Key Laboratory of Flower Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Pei Z, Huang Y, Ni J, Liu Y, Yang Q. For a Colorful Life: Recent Advances in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis during Leaf Senescence. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:329. [PMID: 38785811 PMCID: PMC11117936 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, and it is accompanied by a leaf color change. In some species, anthocyanins are accumulated during leaf senescence, which are vital indicators for both ornamental and commercial value. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence, which would provide new insight into autumn coloration and molecular breeding for more colorful plants. Anthocyanin accumulation is a surprisingly complex process, and significant advances have been made in the past decades. In this review, we focused on leaf coloration during senescence. We emphatically discussed several networks linked to genetic, hormonal, environmental, and nutritional factors in regulating anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence. This paper aims to provide a regulatory model for leaf coloration and to put forward some prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junbei Ni
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinsong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.P.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.)
- Research Center of Deciduous Oaks, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang Y, Zhou LJ, Song A, Wang Y, Geng Z, Zhao K, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. Comparative transcriptome analysis and flavonoid profiling of floral mutants reveals CmMYB11 regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111837. [PMID: 37611834 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, of which the major groups are flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins, confer a variety of colors on plants. Bud sports with variation of floral colors occur occasionally during chrysanthemum cultivation. Although it has been reported that methylation at the promoter of CmMYB6 was related to anthocyanin contents, the regulatory networks of flavonoid biosynthesis still remain largely unknown in mutation of chrysanthemum. We compared phenotypes, pigment composition and transcriptomes in two chrysanthemum cultivars, 'Anastasia Dark Green' and 'Anastasia Pink', and regenerated bud sports of these cultivars with altered floral colors. Increased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Dark Green' mutant red, while decreased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Pink' mutant white. Moreover, total flavonoids were reduced in both mutants. Multiple flavonoid biosynthetic genes and regulatory genes encoding MYBs and bHLHs transcription factors were differentially expressed in pairwise comparisons of transcriptomes in 'Anastasia Dark Green' or 'Anastasia Pink' and their mutants at different flowering stages. Among these regulatory genes, the expression patterns of CmMYB6 and CmbHLH2 correlated to changes of anthocyanin contents, and down-regulation of CmMYB11 correlated to decreased total flavonoid contents in two mutants. CmMYB11 was shown to directly activate the promoter activities of CmCHS2, CmCHI, CmDFR, CmANS, CmFNS, and CmFLS. Furthermore, overexpression of CmMYB11 increased both flavonols and anthocyanins in tobacco petals. Our work provides new insights into regulatory networks involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and coloration in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou LJ, Peng J, Chen C, Liu S, Song A, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. CmNAC25 targets CmMYB6 to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage in chrysanthemum. BMC Biol 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 37807042 PMCID: PMC10561465 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanin is a class of important secondary metabolites that determines colorful petals in chrysanthemum, a famous cut flower. 'Arctic Queen' is a white chrysanthemum cultivar that does not accumulate anthocyanin during the flowering stage. During the post-flowering stage, the petals of 'Arctic Queen' accumulate anthocyanin and turn red. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this flower color change remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, by using transcriptome analysis, we identified CmNAC25 as a candidate gene promoting anthocyanin accumulation in the post-flowering stage of 'Arctic Queen'. CmNAC25 is directly bound to the promoter of CmMYB6, a core member of the MBW protein complex that promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum, to activate its expression. CmNAC25 also directly activates the promoter of CmDFR, which encodes the key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis. CmNAC25 was highly expressed during the post-flowering stage, while the expression level of CmMYB#7, a known R3 MYB transcription factor interfering with the formation of the CmMYB6-CmbHLH2 complex, significantly decreased. Genetic transformation of both chrysanthemum and Nicotiana tabacum verified that CmNAC25 was a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Another two cultivars that turned red during the post-flowering stages also demonstrated a similar mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data revealed that CmNAC25 positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum petals during the post-flowering stages by directly activating CmMYB6 and CmDFR. Our results thus revealed a crucial role of CmNAC25 in regulating flower color change during petal senescence and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding of flower color in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jialin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Gao K, Chen Q, Pan B, Sun Y, Xu Y, Chen D, Liu H, Luo C, Chen X, Li H, Huang C. Current Achievements and Future Prospects in Virus Elimination Technology for Functional Chrysanthemum. Viruses 2023; 15:1770. [PMID: 37632112 PMCID: PMC10459880 DOI: 10.3390/v15081770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is an important functional plant that is used for food, medicine and tea. Functional chrysanthemums become infected with viruses all around the world, seriously lowering their quality and yield. Viral infection has become an important limiting factor in chrysanthemum production. Functional chrysanthemum is often propagated asexually by cutting during production, and viral infection of seedlings is becoming increasingly serious. Chrysanthemums can be infected by a variety of viruses causing different symptoms. With the development of biotechnology, virus detection and virus-free technologies for chrysanthemum seedlings are becoming increasingly effective. In this study, the common virus species, virus detection methods and virus-free technology of chrysanthemum infection are reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for virus prevention, treatment and elimination in functional chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Gao
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Qingbing Chen
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Q.C.); (B.P.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bo Pan
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Q.C.); (B.P.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yahui Sun
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Q.C.); (B.P.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yuran Xu
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Q.C.); (B.P.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Chang Luo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Haiying Li
- College of Architecture, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Q.C.); (B.P.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (K.G.); (D.C.); (H.L.); (C.L.); (X.C.)
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11
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Lu R, Song M, Wang Z, Zhai Y, Hu C, Perl A, Ma H. Independent flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flesh of a red-fleshed table grape revealed by metabolome and transcriptome co-analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:361. [PMID: 37454071 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red flesh is a desired fruit trait, but the regulation of red flesh formation in grape is not well understood. 'Mio Red' is a seedless table grape variety with light-red flesh and blue-purple skin. The skin color develops at veraison whereas the flesh color develops at a later stage of berry development. The flesh and skin flavonoid metabolomes and transcriptomes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 161 flavonoids were identified, including 16 anthocyanins. A total of 66 flavonoids were found at significantly different levels in the flesh and skin (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, variable importance in projection (VIP) ≥ 1). The main anthocyanins in the flesh were pelargonidin and peonidin, and in the skin were peonidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. Transcriptome comparison revealed 57 differentially expressed structural genes of the flavonoid-metabolism pathway (log2fold change ≥ 1, FDR < 0.05, FPKM ≥ 1). Two differentially expressed anthocyanin synthase (ANS) genes were annotated, ANS2 (Vitvi02g00435) with high expression in flesh and ANS1 (Vitvi11g00565) in skin, respectively. One dihydro flavonol 4-reductase (DFR, Vitvi18g00988) gene was differentially expressed although high in both skin and flesh. Screened and correlation analysis of 12 ERF, 9 MYB and 3 bHLH genes. The Y1H and dual luciferase assays showed that MYBA1 highly activates the ANS2 promoter in flesh and that ERFCBF6 was an inhibitory, EFR23 and bHLH93 may activate the DFR gene. These genes may be involved in the regulation of berry flesh color. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape flesh is independent of that in the skin. Differentially expressed ANS, MYB and ERF transcription factors provide new clues for the future breeding of table grapes that will provide the health benefits as red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiang Lu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miaoyu Song
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanlei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Avihai Perl
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Fang S, Qiu S, Chen K, Lv Z, Chen W. The transcription factors SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 regulate flavone biosynthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107794. [PMID: 37257409 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is an important Chinese medicinal plant that is rich in the flavones baicalin, wogonoside, and wogonin, providing it with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, although the biosynthetic pathways of baicalin and its derivates have been elucidated, the regulation of flavone biosynthesis in S. baicalensis is poorly understood. Here, we found that the contents of baicalin and its derivates increased and that baicalin biosynthetic pathway genes were induced in response to light, and baicalin and baicalein are not exclusively produced in the roots of S. baicalensis. Based on the fact that MYB transcription factors are known to play important roles in flavone biosynthesis, we identified SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 in S. baicalensis and determined that they bind to the promoter of the flavone biosynthesis gene SbCHI to enhance its transcription. Moreover, overexpressing SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 enhanced the accumulation of baicalin in S. baicalensis leaves. We demonstrate that SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 bind to the cis-acting element MBSII in the promoter of CHI to redundantly induce its expression upon light exposure. These findings indicate that SbMYB45 and SbMYB86.1 transcriptionally activate SbCHI in response to light and enhance flavone contents in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Fang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Li J, Wu X, Liu H, Wang X, Yi S, Zhong X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Carlavirus Infecting Chrysanthemum morifolium in China. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041029. [PMID: 37113009 PMCID: PMC10141686 DOI: 10.3390/v15041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an important ornamental and medicinal plant suffering from many viruses and viroids worldwide. In this study, a new carlavirus, tentatively named Chinese isolate of Carya illinoinensis carlavirus 1 (CiCV1-CN), was identified from chrysanthemum plants in Zhejiang Province, China. The genome sequence of CiCV1-CN was 8795 nucleotides (nt) in length, with a 68-nt 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and a 76-nt 3'-UTR, which contained six predicted open reading frames (ORFs) that encode six corresponding proteins of various sizes. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length genome and coat protein sequences revealed that CiCV1-CN is in an evolutionary branch with chrysanthemum virus R (CVR) in the Carlavirus genus. Pairwise sequence identity analysis showed that, except for CiCV1, CiCV1-CN has the highest whole-genome sequence identity of 71.3% to CVR-X6. At the amino acid level, the highest identities of predicted proteins encoded by the ORF1, ORF2, ORF3, ORF4, ORF5, and ORF6 of CiCV1-CN were 77.1% in the CVR-X21 ORF1, 80.3% in the CVR-X13 ORF2, 74.8% in the CVR-X21 ORF3, 60.9% in the CVR-BJ ORF4, 90.2% in the CVR-X6 and CVR-TX ORF5s, and 79.4% in the CVR-X21 ORF6. Furthermore, we also found a transient expression of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) encoded by the ORF6 of CiCV1-CN in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a potato virus X-based vector, which can result in a downward leaf curl and hypersensitive cell death over the time course. These results demonstrated that CiCV1-CN is a pathogenic virus and C. morifolium is a natural host of CiCV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiaoyin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Shaokui Yi
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xueting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
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