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Yang J, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Lenczowski E, Tian Y, Yang J, Zhang C, Hardt M, Qiao C, Tanzi RE, Moore A, Ye H, Ran C. The double-edged role of copper in the fate of amyloid beta in the presence of anti-oxidants. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6155-6164. [PMID: 28989646 PMCID: PMC5627602 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fate of amyloid beta (Aβ) species is a fundamental question in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The competition between clearance and aggregation of Aβs is critical for the onset of AD. Copper has been widely considered to be an inducer of harmful crosslinking of Aβs, and an important triggering factor for the onset of AD. In this report, however, we present data to show that copper can also be an inducer of Aβ degradation in the presence of a large excess of well-known intrinsic (such as dopamine) or extrinsic (such as vitamin C) anti-oxidants. The degraded fragments were identified using SDS-Page gels, and validated via nanoLC-MS/MS. A tentative mechanism for the degradation was proposed and validated with model peptides. In addition, we performed electrophysiological analysis to investigate the synaptic functions in brain slices, and found that in the presence of a significant excess of vitamin C, Cu(ii) could prevent an Aβ-induced deficit in synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Collectively, our evidence strongly indicated that a proper combination of copper and anti-oxidants might have a positive effect on the prevention of AD. This double-edged function of copper in AD has been largely overlooked in the past. We believe that our report is very important for fully understanding the function of copper in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA . .,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , 215006 , China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA . .,Center for Drug Discovery , School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Yiying Zhu
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences , The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA 02142 , USA
| | - Emily Lenczowski
- Department of Biology , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL 60660 , USA .
| | - Yanli Tian
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA . .,Department of Parasitology , Zhongshan School of Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , 510080 , China
| | - Jian Yang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA . .,Center for Drug Discovery , School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 210009 , China
| | - Can Zhang
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit , Department of Neurology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Building 114 , Charlestown , Massachusetts 02129 , USA
| | - Markus Hardt
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences , The Forsyth Institute , Cambridge , MA 02142 , USA
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , 215006 , China
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit , Department of Neurology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Building 114 , Charlestown , Massachusetts 02129 , USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA .
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Biology , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , IL 60660 , USA .
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory , MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging , Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown , Boston , Massachusetts 02129 , USA .
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McNiff ML, Chadwick JS. Metal-bound claMP Tag inhibits proteolytic cleavage. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:467-475. [PMID: 28541524 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologics can be an improvement to small molecule drugs, providing high specificity for an identified target, lowering toxicity and limiting side effects. To achieve effective delivery, the biologic must have sufficient time to reach the target tissue. A prolonged half-life in the circulating environment is desired, but often serum stability is limited by proteases. Proteolysis in the serum causes degradation and inactivation as the biologic is fragmented and more rapidly cleared from the body. To improve the circulating half-life, large, hydrophilic polymers may be conjugated or stable fusion tags may be engineered to increase the effective size of the peptide and to hinder degradation by proteases. Improved resistance to proteases is essential for effective delivery. Here, a proof of concept study is presented using a metal-binding tripeptide tag known as the claMP Tag to create an inline conjugate and the ability of the tag to inhibit proteolysis was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela L McNiff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Jennifer S Chadwick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047.,BioAnalytix Inc., 790 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA 02139
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Yadav DK, Yadav N, Yadav S, Haque S, Tuteja N. An insight into fusion technology aiding efficient recombinant protein production for functional proteomics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:57-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Metal assisted peptide bond hydrolysis: Chemistry, biotechnology and toxicological implications. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Atomic resolution structure of a protein prepared by non-enzymatic His-tag removal. Crystallographic and NMR study of GmSPI-2 inhibitor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106936. [PMID: 25233114 PMCID: PMC4169406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purification of suitable quantity of homogenous protein is very often the bottleneck in protein structural studies. Overexpression of a desired gene and attachment of enzymatically cleavable affinity tags to the protein of interest made a breakthrough in this field. Here we describe the structure of Galleria mellonella silk proteinase inhibitor 2 (GmSPI-2) determined both by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy methods. GmSPI-2 was purified using a new method consisting in non-enzymatic His-tag removal based on a highly specific peptide bond cleavage reaction assisted by Ni(II) ions. The X-ray crystal structure of GmSPI-2 was refined against diffraction data extending to 0.98 Å resolution measured at 100 K using synchrotron radiation. Anisotropic refinement with the removal of stereochemical restraints for the well-ordered parts of the structure converged with R factor of 10.57% and Rfree of 12.91%. The 3D structure of GmSPI-2 protein in solution was solved on the basis of 503 distance constraints, 10 hydrogen bonds and 26 torsion angle restraints. It exhibits good geometry and side-chain packing parameters. The models of the protein structure obtained by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy are very similar to each other and reveal the same β2αβ fold characteristic for Kazal-family serine proteinase inhibitors.
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Lv XL, Wei Y, Luo SZ. A "turn-on" fluorescent chemosensor based on peptidase for detecting copper(II). ANAL SCI 2014; 28:749-52. [PMID: 22878628 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescent chemosensor for Cu(II) ions was designed and synthesized on the basis of the sequence-specific cleavage of the peptide bond by the peptidase (metal or metal complexes). In the chemosensor system, the substrate was labeled with a FAM fluorophore (6-carboxyfluorescein) at the N-terminal and with a Dabcyl quencher 4-(4'-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid at the ε-N of C-terminal Lys. In the presence of Cu(II), the substrate strand is cleaved, and the release of the cleaved fragment results in a significant fluorescence increase. The design was aided by the FRET study that showed a "turn-on" response for Cu(II) in an aqueous medium. Under optimum conditions, the novel chemosensor described here had a linear response range for Cu(II) from 1.0 × 10(-8) to 1.0 × 10(-6) mol dm(-3) with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10(-8) mol dm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, PR China
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Podobas EI, Bonna A, Polkowska-Nowakowska A, Bal W. Dual catalytic role of the metal ion in nickel-assisted peptide bond hydrolysis. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Belczyk-Ciesielska A, Zawisza IA, Mital M, Bonna A, Bal W. Sequence-specific Cu(II)-dependent peptide bond hydrolysis: similarities and differences with the Ni(II)-dependent reaction. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4639-46. [PMID: 24735221 DOI: 10.1021/ic5003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometry and UV-vis and circular dichroism spectroscopies were applied to characterize Cu(II) coordination to the Ac-GASRHWKFL-NH2 peptide. Using HPLC and ESI-MS, we demonstrated that Cu(II) ions cause selective hydrolysis of the Ala-Ser peptide bond in this peptide and characterized the pH and temperature dependence of the reaction. We found that Cu(II)-dependent hydrolysis occurs solely in 4N complexes, in which the equatorial coordination positions of the Cu(II) ion are saturated by peptide donor atoms, namely, the pyridine-like nitrogen of the His imidazole ring and three preceding peptide bond nitrogens. Analysis of the reaction products led to the conclusion that Cu(II)-dependent hydrolysis proceeds according to the mechanism demonstrated previously for Ni(II) ions (Kopera, E.; Krężel, A.; Protas, A. M.; Belczyk, A.; Bonna, A.; Wysłouch-Cieszyńska, A.; Poznański, J.; Bal, W. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 6636-6645). However, the pseudo-first-order reaction rate found for Cu(II) is, on average, 100 times lower than that for Ni(II) ions. The greater ability of Cu(II) ions to form 4N complexes at lower pH partially compensates for this difference in rates, resulting in similar hydrolytic activities for the two ions around pH 7.
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Hwang PM, Pan JS, Sykes BD. Targeted expression, purification, and cleavage of fusion proteins from inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:247-52. [PMID: 24076468 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Today, proteins are typically overexpressed using solubility-enhancing fusion tags that allow for affinity chromatographic purification and subsequent removal by site-specific protease cleavage. In this review, we present an alternative approach to protein production using fusion partners specifically designed to accumulate in insoluble inclusion bodies. The strategy is appropriate for the mass production of short peptides, intrinsically disordered proteins, and proteins that can be efficiently refolded in vitro. There are many fusion protein systems now available for insoluble expression: TrpLE, ketosteroid isomerase, PurF, and PagP, for example. The ideal fusion partner is effective at directing a wide variety of target proteins into inclusion bodies, accumulates in large quantities in a highly pure form, and is readily solubilized and purified in commonly used denaturants. Fusion partner removal under denaturing conditions is biochemically challenging, requiring harsh conditions (e.g., cyanogen bromide in 70% formic acid) that can result in unwanted protein modifications. Recent advances in metal ion-catalyzed peptide bond cleavage allow for more mild conditions, and some methods involving nickel or palladium will likely soon appear in more biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Jonathan S Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brian D Sykes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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10
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Vanhaecht S, Absillis G, Parac-Vogt TN. Amino acid side chain induced selectivity in the hydrolysis of peptides catalyzed by a Zr(iv)-substituted Wells–Dawson type polyoxometalate. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:15437-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Kopera E, Belczyk-Ciesielska A, Bal W. Application of Ni(II)-assisted peptide bond hydrolysis to non-enzymatic affinity tag removal. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36350. [PMID: 22574150 PMCID: PMC3344860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a non-enzymatic method for hydrolytic peptide bond cleavage, applied to the removal of an affinity tag from a recombinant fusion protein, SPI2-SRHWAP-His(6). This method is based on a highly specific Ni(II) reaction with (S/T)XHZ peptide sequences. It can be applied for the protein attached to an affinity column or to the unbound protein in solution. We studied the effect of pH, temperature and Ni(II) concentration on the efficacy of cleavage and developed an analytical protocol, which provides active protein with a 90% yield and ∼100% purity. The method works well in the presence of non-ionic detergents, DTT and GuHCl, therefore providing a viable alternative for currently used techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Kopera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Miskevich F, Davis A, Leeprapaiwong P, Giganti V, Kostić NM, Angel LA. Metal complexes as artificial proteases in proteomics: A palladium(II) complex cleaves various proteins in solutions containing detergents. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:675-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Krȩżel A, Kopera E, Protas AM, Poznański J, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A, Bal W. Sequence-Specific Ni(II)-Dependent Peptide Bond Hydrolysis for Protein Engineering. Combinatorial Library Determination of Optimal Sequences. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3355-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907567r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Krȩżel
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Kopera
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Protas
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wysłouch-Cieszyńska
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland, and Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland
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Mauk MR, Rosell FI, Mauk AG. Metal ion facilitated dissociation of heme from b-type heme proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16976-83. [PMID: 19874033 DOI: 10.1021/ja907484j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition of Ni(2+), Cu(2+), or Zn(2+) (10-40 equiv) to metMb in sodium bicarbonate buffer (25 degrees C) at alkaline pH (7.8-9.5) results in a time-dependent (2-6 h) change in the electronic absorption spectrum of the protein that is consistent with dissociation of the heme from the active site and that can be largely reversed by addition of EDTA. Similar treatment of cytochrome b(5), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and cytochrome P450(cam) (in the presence or absence of camphor) produces a similar spectroscopic response. Elution of metMb treated with Ni(2+) in this manner over an anion exchange column in buffer containing Ni(2+) affords apo-myoglobin without exposure to acidic pH or organic solvents as usually required. Bovine liver catalase, in which the heme groups are remote from the surface of the protein, and horseradish peroxidase, which has four disulfide bonds and just three histidyl residues, exhibit a much smaller spectroscopic response. We propose that formation of carbamino groups by reaction of bicarbonate with protein amino groups promotes both protein solubility and the interaction of the protein with metal ions, thereby avoiding precipitation while destabilizing the interaction of heme with the protein. From these observations, bicarbonate buffers may be of value in the study of nonmembrane proteins of limited solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Mauk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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15
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Cepeda SS, Grant KB. Hydrolysis of insulin chain B using zirconium(iv) at neutral pH. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b715589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Andberg M, Jäntti J, Heilimo S, Pihkala P, Paananen A, Koskinen AMP, Söderlund H, Linder MB. Cleavage of recombinant proteins at poly-His sequences by Co(II) and Cu(II). Protein Sci 2007; 16:1751-61. [PMID: 17600148 PMCID: PMC2203371 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072846407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved ways to cleave peptide chains at engineered sites easily and specifically would form useful tools for biochemical research. Uses of such methods include the activation or inactivation of enzymes or the removal of tags for enhancement of recombinant protein expression or tags used for purification of recombinant proteins. In this work we show by gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy that salts of Co(II) and Cu(II) can be used to cleave fusion proteins specifically at sites where sequences of His residues have been introduced by protein engineering. The His residues could be either consecutive or spaced with other amino acids in between. The cleavage reaction required the presence of low concentrations of ascorbate and in the case of Cu(II) also hydrogen peroxide. The amount of metal ions required for cleavage was very low; in the case of Cu(II) only one to two molar equivalents of Cu(II) to protein was required. In the case of Co(II), 10 molar equivalents gave optimal cleavage. The reaction occurred within minutes, at a wide pH range, and efficiently at temperatures ranging from 0 degrees C to 70 degrees C. The work described here can also have implications for understanding protein stability in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Andberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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17
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Nallamsetty S, Kapust RB, Tözsér J, Cherry S, Tropea JE, Copeland TD, Waugh DS. Efficient site-specific processing of fusion proteins by tobacco vein mottling virus protease in vivo and in vitro. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 38:108-15. [PMID: 15477088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Affinity tags are widely used as vehicles for the production of recombinant proteins. Yet, because of concerns about their potential to interfere with the activity or structure of proteins, it is almost always desirable to remove them from the target protein. The proteases that are most often used to cleave fusion proteins are factor Xa, enterokinase, and thrombin, yet the literature is replete with reports of fusion proteins that were cleaved by these proteases at locations other than the designed site. It is becoming increasingly evident that certain viral proteases have more stringent sequence specificity. These proteases adopt a trypsin-like fold but possess an unconventional catalytic triad in which Cys replaces Ser. The tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease is the best-characterized enzyme of this type. TEV protease cleaves the sequence ENLYFQG/S between QG or QS with high specificity. The tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) protease is a close relative of TEV protease with a distinct sequence specificity (ETVRFQG/S). We show that, like TEV protease, TVMV protease can be used to cleave fusion proteins with high specificity in vitro and in vivo. We compared the catalytic activity of the two enzymes as a function of temperature and ionic strength, using an MBP-NusG fusion protein as a model substrate. The behavior of TVMV protease was very similar to that of TEV protease. Its catalytic activity was greatest in the absence of NaCl, but diminished only threefold with increasing salt up to 200 mM. We found that the optimum temperatures of the two enzymes are nearly the same and that they differ only two-fold in catalytic efficiency, both at room temperature and 4 degrees C. Hence, TVMV protease may be a useful alternative to TEV protease when a recombinant protein happens to contain a sequence that is similar to a TEV protease recognition site or for protein expression strategies that involve the use of more than one protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Nallamsetty
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, USA
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Antibody Fragments. Antibodies (Basel) 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8875-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Zhang L, Mei Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Sun X, Zhu L. Regioselective cleavage of myoglobin with copper(II) compounds at neutral pH. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:492-8. [PMID: 12693231 DOI: 10.1021/ic025619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective hydrolytic cleavage of myoglobin was studied with CuCl2, Cu(ClO4)2, Cu(AC)2, and binuclear Cu(II) complexes of 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaaza-6,19-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-tricyclo- [22,2,2,2(11,14)]-triaconta-1,11,13,24,27,29-hexaene (1) and 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaaza-tricyclo-[22,2,2,2(11,14)]-triaconta- 1,11,13,24,27,29-hexaene (2). The sites of cleavage were precisely determined by LC-ESIMS and further confirmed by an MS/MS method through fragmentation from both the N-terminal and C-terminal. The peptide bonds of Gln91-Ser92 and Ala94-Thr95 were remarkably cleaved by Cu(II) anchored to the side chain of the His93 residue. The data presented in this study show that Cu(II)-mediated cleavage of myoglobin is able to proceed at neutral pH, more selectively than Pd(II)-mediated cleavage, and buffer solution of phosphate and NH4HCO3 accelerates the cleavage reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Abstract
We have compiled a comprehensive list of the articles published in the year 2000 that describe work employing commercial optical biosensors. Selected reviews of interest for the general biosensor user are highlighted. Emerging applications in areas of drug discovery, clinical support, food and environment monitoring, and cell membrane biology are emphasized. In addition, the experimental design and data processing steps necessary to achieve high-quality biosensor data are described and examples of well-performed kinetic analysis are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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