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Krueger JG, Eyerich K, Kuchroo VK, Ritchlin CT, Abreu MT, Elloso MM, Fourie A, Fakharzadeh S, Sherlock JP, Yang YW, Cua DJ, McInnes IB. IL-23 past, present, and future: a roadmap to advancing IL-23 science and therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331217. [PMID: 38686385 PMCID: PMC11056518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-23, an IL-12 cytokine family member, is a hierarchically dominant regulatory cytokine in a cluster of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. We review IL-23 biology, IL-23 signaling in IMIDs, and the effect of IL-23 inhibition in treating these diseases. We propose studies to advance IL-23 biology and unravel differences in response to anti-IL-23 therapy. Experimental evidence generated from these investigations could establish a novel molecular ontology centered around IL-23-driven diseases, improve upon current approaches to treating IMIDs with IL-23 inhibition, and ultimately facilitate optimal identification of patients and, thereby, outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher T. Ritchlin
- Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology Division, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Anne Fourie
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Steven Fakharzadeh
- Immunology Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Sherlock
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Immunology Global Medical Affairs, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Robert M, Miossec P. Structural cell heterogeneity underlies the differential contribution of IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-23 to joint versus skin chronic inflammation. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103529. [PMID: 38492906 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The current therapeutic strategy used in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) primarily targets immune cells or associated-pathways. However, recent evidence suggests that the microenvironment modulates immune cell development and responses. During inflammation, structural cells acquire a pathogenetic phenotype and the interactions with immune cells are often greatly modified. Understanding the importance of these tissue-specific interactions may allow to explain why some biologics are effective in some IMIDs but not in others. The differential effects of interleukin (IL)-17 A, IL-17F and IL-23 in joint versus skin inflammation depends on structural cell heterogeneity. In addition, the sometimes opposite effects of immune/structural cell interactions on the production of these cytokines illustrate the importance of these cells in chronic inflammation, using the examples of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and spondyloarthritis. This review describes these concepts, shows their interests through clinical observations, and finally discusses strategies to optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Robert
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley L, Striz I. M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality? Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1067-1093. [PMID: 37530555 PMCID: PMC10407193 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Benesova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Rene Novysedlak
- Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lily Koumbas Foley
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Bai LK, Su YZ, Ning ZD, Zhang CQ, Zhang LY, Zhang GL. Challenges and opportunities in animal models of psoriatic arthritis. Inflamm Res 2023:10.1007/s00011-023-01752-w. [PMID: 37300584 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the preparation, characteristics and research progress of different PsA animal models. METHODS Computerized searches were conducted in CNKI, PubMed and other databases to classify and discuss the relevant studies on PsA animal models. The search keywords were "PsA and animal model(s), PsA and animal(s), PsA and mouse, PsA and mice, PsA and rat(s), PsA and rabbit(s), PsA and dog(s)" RESULTS: The experimental animals currently used to study PsA are mainly rodents, including mice and rats. According to the different methods of preparing the models, the retrieved animal models were classified into spontaneous or genetic mutation, transgenic and induced animal models. These PsA animal models involve multiple pathogenesis, some experimental animals' lesions appear in a short and comprehensive cycle, some have a high success rate in molding, and some are complex and less reproducibility. This article summarizes the preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages of different models. CONCLUSIONS The animal models of PsA aim to mimic the clinicopathological alterations of PsA patients through gene mutation, transgenesis or targeted proinflammatory factor and to reveal new pathogenic pathways and therapeutic targets by exploring the pathological features and clinical manifestations of the disease. This work will have very far-reaching implications for the in-depth understanding of PsA and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Kun Bai
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Su
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Zong-Di Ning
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Cheng-Qiang Zhang
- Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Gai-Lian Zhang
- Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, China.
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Phenotypic heterogeneity in psoriatic arthritis: towards tissue pathology-based therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:153-165. [PMID: 36596924 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous disease involving multiple potential tissue domains. Most outcome measures used so far in randomized clinical trials do not sufficiently reflect this domain heterogeneity. The concept that pathogenetic mechanisms might vary across tissues within a single disease, underpinning such phenotype diversity, could explain tissue-distinct levels of response to different therapies. In this Review, we discuss the tissue, cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive clinical heterogeneity in PsA phenotypes, and detail existing tissue-based research, including data generated using sophisticated interrogative technologies with single-cell precision. Finally, we discuss how these elements support the need for tissue-based therapy in PsA in the context of existing and new therapeutic modes of action, and the implications for future PsA trial outcomes and design.
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Liu H, Nie H, Lai W, Shi Y, Liu X, Li K, Tian L, Xi Z, Lin B. Different exposure modes of PM 2.5 induces bronchial asthma and fibrosis in male rats through macrophage activation and immune imbalance induced by TIPE2 methylation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114200. [PMID: 36274320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 can aggravate the occurrence and development of bronchial asthma and fibrosis. Here, we investigated the differences in bronchial injury caused by different exposure modes of PM2.5 (high concentration intermittent exposure and low concentration continuous exposure), and the mechanism of macrophage activation and respiratory immune imbalance induced by PM2.5, leading to bronchial asthma and airway fibrosis using animal and cell models. A "PM2.5 real-time online concentrated animal whole-body exposure system" was used to conduct PM2.5 respiratory exposure of Wistar rats for 12 weeks, which can enhance oxidative stress in rat bronchus, activate epithelial cells and macrophages, release chemokines, recruit inflammatory cells, release inflammatory factors and extracellular matrix, promote bronchial mucus hypersecretion, inhibit the expression of epithelial cytoskeletal proteins, destroy airway barrier, and induce asthma. Furthermore, PM2.5 induced M2 polarization in lung bronchial macrophages through JAK/STAT and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and compared with low concentration continuous exposure, high concentration intermittent exposure of PM2.5 could regulate significantly higher expression of TIPE2 protein through promoter methylation of TIPE2 DNA, thereby activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and more effectively inducing M2 polarization of macrophages. Additionally, activated macrophages release IL-23, and activated epithelial cells and macrophages released TGF-β1, which promoted the differentiation of Th17 cells, triggered the Th17 dominant immune response, and activated the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway, finally causing bronchial fibrosis. Moreover, when the total amount of PM2.5 exposure was equal, high concentration-intermittent exposure was more serious than low concentration-continuous exposure. In vitro experiments, the co-culture models of PM2.5 with BEAS-2B, WL-38 and rat primary alveolar macrophages further confirmed that PM2.5 could induce the macrophage activation through oxidative stress and TIPE2 DNA methylation, and activate the TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway, leading to the occurrence of bronchial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanliang Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Huipeng Nie
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wenqing Lai
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Kang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Zeng W, Zhou X, Yu S, Liu R, Quek CWN, Yu H, Tay RYK, Lin X, Feng Y. The Future of Targeted Treatment of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Focus on Extra-Glandular Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214135. [PMID: 36430611 PMCID: PMC9694487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease defined by exocrine gland hypofunction resulting in dry eyes and dry mouth. Despite increasing interest in biological therapies for pSS, achieving FDA-approval has been challenging due to numerous complications in the trials. The current literature lacks insight into a molecular-target-based approach to the development of biological therapies. This review focuses on novel research in newly defined drug targets and the latest clinical trials for pSS treatment. A literature search was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov using the search term "Primary Sjögren's syndrome". Articles published in English between 2000 and 2021 were included. Our findings revealed potential targets for pSS treatment in clinical trials and the most recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of pSS. A prominent gap in current trials is in overlooking the treatment of extraglandular symptoms such as fatigue, depression, and anxiety, which are present in most patients with pSS. Based on dryness and these symptom-directed therapies, emerging biological agents targeting inflammatory cytokines, signal pathways, and immune reaction have been studied and their efficacy and safety have been proven. Novel therapies may complement existing non-pharmacological methods of alleviating symptoms of pSS. Better grading systems that add extraglandular symptoms to gauge disease activity and severity should be created. The future of pSS therapies may lie in gene, stem-cell, and tissue-engineering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng 100053, China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng 100053, China
| | - Chrystie Wan Ning Quek
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Haozhe Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ryan Yong Kiat Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.F.)
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Effects of Biological/Targeted Therapies on Bone Mineral Density in Inflammatory Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084111. [PMID: 35456929 PMCID: PMC9029148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis has been reported to be associated with the development of osteoporosis. Recent research has investigated the mechanisms of bone metabolism in chronic inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). Progress in both animal and clinical studies has provided a better understanding of the osteoclastogenesis-related pathways regarding the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), and Wnt signaling and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk-1). The complex interplay between inflammatory cytokines and bone destruction has been elucidated, especially that in the interleukin-17/23 (IL-17/23) axis and Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling. Moreover, advances in biological and targeted therapies have achieved essential modifications to the bone metabolism of these inflammatory arthritis types. In this narrative review, we discuss recent findings on the pathogenic effects on bone in RA and SpA. Proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and multiple signaling pathways play an essential role in bone destruction in RA and SpA patients. We also reviewed the underlying pathomechanisms of bone structure in biological and targeted therapies of RA and SpA. The clinical implications of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, abatacept, rituximab, tocilizumab, Janus kinase inhibitors, and inhibitors of the IL-17/23 axis are discussed. Since these novel therapeutics provide new options for disease improvement and symptom control in patients with RA and SpA, further rigorous evidence is warranted to provide a clinical reference for physicians and patients.
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Batko B. Exploring the Diverse Immune and Genetic Landscape of Psoriatic Arthritis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245926. [PMID: 34945224 PMCID: PMC8706996 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is characterized by delays in diagnosis and modest effect of treatment in terms of joint response. An understanding of molecular pathomechanisms may aid in developing diagnostic and prognostic models. Genetic susceptibility (e.g., HLA class I genes, IL-23-related genes) can be responsible for the pattern of psoriatic manifestations and affinity for tissue involvement. Gene expression analysis indicates an inflammatory profile that is distinct for PsA, but disparate across tissues. This has clinical implications, as for example, dual blockade of IL-17A and IL-17F can lead to superior clinical effects if there is differential expression of IL-17 receptors in tissues. Structural and functional impairment of barrier tissue, including host-microbiome interactions, may be the source of immune activation. Interplay between different cell populations of innate and adaptive immunity is emerging, potentially providing a link between the transition of skin-to-joint disease. Th17 subsets, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-23 are crucial in PsA pathogenesis, with both clinical and experimental evidence suggesting a differential molecular landscape in cutaneous and articular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Batko
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
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