1
|
Gómez-Ros J, Bedogni R, Domingo C. Personal neutron dosimetry: State-of-the-art and new technologies. RADIAT MEAS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2023.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
2
|
Lakshmanan A. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SOLID FORMS OF CaSO4:Dy THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSEMETERS IN RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY-A REVIEW. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2018; 181:57-99. [PMID: 30239880 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CaSO4:Dy is a reliable high-sensitive themoluminescent phosphor useful for low-level and high-level radiation measurements as it exhibits fading free linear dose response with a single glow peak at ~230°C in these dose regions. For large-scale radiation protection dosimetry service, it is embedded in Teflon matrix with varying thicknesses. Extensive studies have been carried out with such CaSO4:Dy Teflon discs in individual and environmental radiation monitoring applications including its capability to measure International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements operational quantities. The review highlights their development and application in high-energy photon measurements, thin wafers and graphite-loaded Teflon discs for beta-dosimetry, phosphor-filled aluminium discs for high-dose applications, 6LiF-mixed CaSO4:Dy Teflon discs for thermal and albedo or moderated fast neutrons, sulphur-mixed CaSO4:Dy pellets for fast-neutron exposure even in the presence of gamma-rays and polyethylene-mixed CaSO4:Dy discs for fast neutrons.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kry SF, Bednarz B, Howell RM, Dauer L, Followill D, Klein E, Paganetti H, Wang B, Wuu CS, George Xu X. AAPM TG 158: Measurement and calculation of doses outside the treated volume from external-beam radiation therapy. Med Phys 2017; 44:e391-e429. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Kry
- Department of Radiation Physics; MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77054 USA
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- Department of Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | - Rebecca M. Howell
- Department of Radiation Physics; MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77054 USA
| | - Larry Dauer
- Departments of Medical Physics/Radiology; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY 10065 USA
| | - David Followill
- Department of Radiation Physics; MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX 77054 USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Washington University; Saint Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA 02114 USA
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Louisville; Louisville KY 40202 USA
| | - Cheng-Shie Wuu
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Columbia University; New York NY 10032 USA
| | - X. George Xu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith MB, Khulapko S, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky V, Ing H, Koslowksy MR, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev I, Shurshakov V. Bubble-detector measurements of neutron radiation in the international space station: ISS-34 to ISS-37. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 168:154-166. [PMID: 25899609 PMCID: PMC4884878 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bubble detectors have been used to characterise the neutron dose and energy spectrum in several modules of the International Space Station (ISS) as part of an ongoing radiation survey. A series of experiments was performed during the ISS-34, ISS-35, ISS-36 and ISS-37 missions between December 2012 and October 2013. The Radi-N2 experiment, a repeat of the 2009 Radi-N investigation, included measurements in four modules of the US orbital segment: Columbus, the Japanese experiment module, the US laboratory and Node 2. The Radi-N2 dose and spectral measurements are not significantly different from the Radi-N results collected in the same ISS locations, despite the large difference in solar activity between 2009 and 2013. Parallel experiments using a second set of detectors in the Russian segment of the ISS included the first characterisation of the neutron spectrum inside the tissue-equivalent Matroshka-R phantom. These data suggest that the dose inside the phantom is ∼70% of the dose at its surface, while the spectrum inside the phantom contains a larger fraction of high-energy neutrons than the spectrum outside the phantom. The phantom results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations that provide good agreement with the empirical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Smith
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - S Khulapko
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe sh., Moscow 123007, Russia RSC-Energia, 4A Lenin str., Korolev, Moscow Region 141070, Russia
| | - H R Andrews
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - V Arkhangelsky
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe sh., Moscow 123007, Russia
| | - H Ing
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - M R Koslowksy
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - B J Lewis
- Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, Canada L1H 7K4
| | - R Machrafi
- Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, Canada L1H 7K4
| | - I Nikolaev
- RSC-Energia, 4A Lenin str., Korolev, Moscow Region 141070, Russia
| | - V Shurshakov
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe sh., Moscow 123007, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heilbronn LH, Borak TB, Townsend LW, Tsai PE, Burnham CA, McBeth RA. Neutron yields and effective doses produced by Galactic Cosmic Ray interactions in shielded environments in space. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 7:90-99. [PMID: 26553642 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to define the ranges of relevant neutron energies for the purposes of measurement and dosimetry in space, we have performed a series of Monte Carlo transport model calculations that predict the neutron field created by Galactic Cosmic Ray interactions inside a variety of simple shielding configurations. These predictions indicate that a significant fraction of the neutron fluence and neutron effective dose lies in the region above 20 MeV up to several hundred MeV. These results are consistent over thicknesses of shielding that range from very thin (2.7 g/cm(2)) to thick (54 g/cm(2)), and over both shielding materials considered (aluminum and water). In addition to these results, we have also investigated whether simplified Galactic Cosmic Ray source terms can yield predictions that are equivalent to simulations run with a full GCR source term. We found that a source using a GCR proton and helium spectrum together with a scaled oxygen spectrum yielded nearly identical results to a full GCR spectrum, and that the scaling factor used for the oxygen spectrum was independent of shielding material and thickness. Good results were also obtained using a GCR proton spectrum together with a scaled helium spectrum, with the helium scaling factor also independent of shielding material and thickness. Using a proton spectrum alone was unable to reproduce the full GCR results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Heilbronn
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300, United States.
| | - Thomas B Borak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1618, United States
| | - Lawrence W Townsend
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300, United States
| | - Pi-En Tsai
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300, United States
| | - Chelsea A Burnham
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300, United States
| | - Rafe A McBeth
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1618, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mirfayzi SR, Kar S, Ahmed H, Krygier AG, Green A, Alejo A, Clarke R, Freeman RR, Fuchs J, Jung D, Kleinschmidt A, Morrison JT, Najmudin Z, Nakamura H, Norreys P, Oliver M, Roth M, Vassura L, Zepf M, Borghesi M. Calibration of time of flight detectors using laser-driven neutron source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:073308. [PMID: 26233373 DOI: 10.1063/1.4923088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Calibration of three scintillators (EJ232Q, BC422Q, and EJ410) in a time-of-flight arrangement using a laser drive-neutron source is presented. The three plastic scintillator detectors were calibrated with gamma insensitive bubble detector spectrometers, which were absolutely calibrated over a wide range of neutron energies ranging from sub-MeV to 20 MeV. A typical set of data obtained simultaneously by the detectors is shown, measuring the neutron spectrum emitted from a petawatt laser irradiated thin foil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Mirfayzi
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Kar
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - H Ahmed
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - A G Krygier
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - A Green
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - A Alejo
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - R Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R R Freeman
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Fuchs
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - D Jung
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - A Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt,Germany
| | - J T Morrison
- Propulsion Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Lab, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Z Najmudin
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - H Nakamura
- Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P Norreys
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M Oliver
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt,Germany
| | - L Vassura
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - M Zepf
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - M Borghesi
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith MB, Khulapko S, Andrews HR, Arkhangelsky V, Ing H, Lewis BJ, Machrafi R, Nikolaev I, Shurshakov V. Bubble-detector measurements in the Russian segment of the International Space Station during 2009-12. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 163:1-13. [PMID: 24714114 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements using bubble detectors have been performed in order to characterise the neutron dose and energy spectrum in the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS). Experiments using bubble dosemeters and a bubble-detector spectrometer, a set of six detectors with different energy thresholds that is used to determine the neutron spectrum, were performed during the ISS-22 (2009) to ISS-33 (2012) missions. The spectrometric measurements are in good agreement with earlier data, exhibiting expected features of the neutron energy spectrum in space. Experiments using a hydrogenous radiation shield show that the neutron dose can be reduced by shielding, with a reduction similar to that determined in earlier measurements using bubble detectors. The bubble-detector data are compared with measurements performed on the ISS using other instruments and are correlated with potential influencing factors such as the ISS altitude and the solar activity. Surprisingly, these influences do not seem to have a strong effect on the neutron dose or energy spectrum inside the ISS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Smith
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - S Khulapko
- State Scientific Centre, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe Sh., 123007 Moscow, Russia RSC-Energia, 4A Lenin Str., 141070 Korolev, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - H R Andrews
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - V Arkhangelsky
- State Scientific Centre, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe Sh., 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - H Ing
- Bubble Technology Industries, PO Box 100, Chalk River, ON, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - B J Lewis
- Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, Canada L1H 7K4
| | - R Machrafi
- Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, Canada L1H 7K4
| | - I Nikolaev
- RSC-Energia, 4A Lenin Str., 141070 Korolev, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - V Shurshakov
- State Scientific Centre, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76A Khoroshevskoe Sh., 123007 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
During their occupational activities in space, astronauts are exposed to ionising radiation from natural radiation sources present in this environment. They are, however, not usually classified as being occupationally exposed in the sense of the general ICRP system for radiation protection of workers applied on Earth. The exposure assessment and risk-related approach described in this report is clearly restricted to the special situation in space, and should not be applied to any other exposure situation on Earth. The report describes the terms and methods used to assess the radiation exposure of astronauts, and provides data for the assessment of organ doses. Chapter 1 describes the specific situation of astronauts in space, and the differences in the radiation fields compared with those on Earth. In Chapter 2, the radiation fields in space are described in detail, including galactic cosmic radiation, radiation from the Sun and its special solar particle events, and the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. Chapter 3 deals with the quantities used in radiological protection, describing the Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007) system of dose quantities, and subsequently presenting the special approach for applications in space; due to the strong contribution of heavy ions in the radiation field, radiation weighting is based on the radiation quality factor, Q, instead of the radiation weighting factor, wR. In Chapter 4, the methods of fluence and dose measurement in space are described, including instrumentation for fluence measurements, radiation spectrometry, and area and individual monitoring. The use of biomarkers for the assessment of mission doses is also described. The methods of determining quantities describing the radiation fields within a spacecraft are given in Chapter 5. Radiation transport calculations are the most important tool. Some physical data used in radiation transport codes are presented, and the various codes used for calculations in high-energy radiation fields in space are described. Results of calculations and measurements of radiation fields in spacecraft are given. Some data for shielding possibilities are also presented. Chapter 6 addresses methods of determining mean absorbed doses and dose equivalents in organs and tissues of the human body. Calculated conversion coefficients of fluence to mean absorbed dose in an organ or tissue are given for heavy ions up to Z=28 for energies from 10 MeV/u to 100 GeV/u. For the same set of ions and ion energies, mean quality factors in organs and tissues are presented using, on the one hand, the Q(L) function defined in Publication 60 (ICRP, 1991), and, on the other hand, a Q function proposed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Doses in the body obtained by measurements are compared with results from calculations, and biodosimetric measurements for the assessment of mission doses are also presented. In Chapter 7, operational measures are considered for assessment of the exposure of astronauts during space missions. This includes preflight mission design, area and individual monitoring during flights in space, and dose recording. The importance of the magnitude of uncertainties in dose assessment is considered. Annex A shows conversion coefficients and mean quality factors for protons, charged pions, neutrons, alpha particles, and heavy ions(2 < Z ≤2 8), and particle energies up to 100 GeV/u.
Collapse
|
9
|
Priyada P, Ramar R, Krishnan H, Viswanathan S. Gamma photon techniques for detection of nucleation in superheated emulsion detectors for neutron dosimetry. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 158:100-106. [PMID: 23864644 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Application of transmission and scattering gamma photon techniques for calibration of superheated emulsion detectors used for neutron dosimetry is described. The bubbles nucleated in the detector due to neutron exposure generate detectable changes in both attenuation and scattering properties of the medium, and the magnitude of change in properties depends on population density of bubbles nucleated and in turn is proportional to neutron dose. The experimental set-up consists of (137)Cs and (241)Am sources and an HPGe detector-based gamma-ray spectrometer. An indigenously developed bubble detector and a commercially available one (BTI, Canada) are used in the present study. Theoretical models for the variation in transmitted and scattered intensities through the bubble detector as a function of neutron dose are formulated, and the experimental results obtained are found to be in good agreement with the models. In the neutron dose region studied, the transmission technique shows better sensitivity than scattering technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Priyada
- Radiological Safety Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reiners C, Schneider R. Potassium iodide (KI) to block the thyroid from exposure to I-131: current questions and answers to be discussed. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:189-193. [PMID: 23475155 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-013-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents has to be considered as the most severe health consequence of a nuclear reactor emergency with release of radioiodine into the atmosphere. High doses of potassium iodide are effective to block radioiodine thyroid uptake and to prevent development of thyroid cancer years later. However, there are controversies concerning thyroid cancer risk induced by radioiodine exposure in adults. Further, the interaction of nutritional supply of potassium iodide and radioiodine uptake as well as the interaction of radioiodine with certain drugs has not been addressed properly in existing guidelines and recommendations. How to proceed in case of repeated release of radioiodine is an open, very important question which came up again recently during the Fukushima accident. Lastly, the side effects of iodine thyroid blocking and alternatives of this procedure have not been addressed systematically up to now in guidelines and recommendations. These questions can be answered as follows: in adults, the risk to develop thyroid cancer is negligible. In countries, where nutritional iodine deficiency is still an issue, the risk to develop thyroid cancer after a nuclear reactor emergency has to be considered higher because the thyroid takes up more radioiodine as in the replete condition. Similarly, in patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism or endemic goitre not being adequately treated radioiodine uptake is higher than in healthy people. In case of repeated or continued radioiodine release, more than one dose of potassium iodide may be necessary and be taken up to 1 week. Repeated iodine thyroid blocking obviously is not harmful. Side effects of iodine thyroid blocking should not be overestimated; there is little evidence for adverse effects in adults. Newborns and babies, however, may be more sensitive to side effects. In the rare case of iodine hypersensitivity, potassium perchlorate may be applied as an alternative to iodine for thyroid blocking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Reiners
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, German WHO-REMPAN Collaboration Center, Hospital of the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|