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Tsorxe IY, Hayes RB. Dose Estimation for Extravasation of 177Lu, 99mTc, and 18F. HEALTH PHYSICS 2023; 124:217-220. [PMID: 36719937 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Extravasation is the situation in which a nuclear medicine injection deposits some fraction of its radioactivity into the soft tissue rather than the bloodstream and may result in a large local radiation dose to tissue. An understanding of localized radiation dose from such unexpected events can be an important aspect of clinical radiation protection. The aim of this study was to estimate and assess absorbed radiation dose to localized soft tissue for hypothetical scenarios of radiopharmaceutical extravasation. Specifically, the goal was to understand whether a radiopharmaceutical extravasation could exceed the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's medical event reporting limit of 0.5 Sv dose equivalent to tissue or levels at which tissue damage would be anticipated (1.0 Sv dose equivalent). We used the GATE Monte Carlo simulation software to calculate self-dose to spherical volumes containing uniformly distributed amounts of common radiopharmaceutical isotopes. Simulated volumes, radioactivity levels, and effective half-lives represented real-world nuclear medicine procedures. Chosen scenarios consisted of 50 mCi and 100 mCi 177Lu within 20 cm3 and 40 cm3 tissue volumes and a 60 min biological clearance half-time (59.6 min effective half-life), 6 mCi and 12 mCi 99mTc within 1 cm3 and 5 cm3 tissue volumes and a 120 min biological clearance half-time (90 min effective half-life), and 3 mCi and 6 mCi 18F within 1 cm3 and 5 cm3 tissue volumes with a 30 min biological clearance half-time (23.6 min effective half-life). We calculated absorbed doses to be between 5.5 Gy and 23.5 Gy for 177Lu, between 0.9 Gy and 12.4 Gy for 99mTc, and between 1.5 Gy and 16.2 Gy for 18F. Radiopharmaceutical extravasations can result in tissue doses that surpass both medical event reporting limits and levels at which deterministic effects are expected. Radiation safety programs should include identification, mitigation, dosimetry, and documentation of significant extravasation events.
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Villoing D, Kwon TE, Pasqual E, Kitahara CM, Lee C. Organ dose calculator for diagnostic nuclear medicine patients based on the ICRP reference voxel phantoms and biokinetic models. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 9:10.1088/2057-1976/aca543. [PMID: 36541462 PMCID: PMC10829005 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aca543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth in the use of nuclear medicine procedures represents a general radiation safety concern and stresses the need to monitor exposure levels and radiation-related long term health effects in NM patients. In the current study, following our previous work on NCINM version 1 based on the UF/NCI hybrid phantom series, we calculated a comprehensive library of S values using the ICRP reference pediatric and adult voxel phantoms and established a library of biokinetic data from multiple ICRP Publications, which were then implemented into NCINM version 2. We calculated S values in two steps: calculation of specific absorbed fraction (SAF) using a Monte Carlo radiation transport code combined with the twelve ICRP pediatric and adult voxel phantoms for a number of combinations of source and target region pairs; derivation of S values from the SAFs using the ICRP nuclear decay data. We also adjusted the biokinetic data of 105 radiopharmaceuticals from multiple ICRP publications to match the anatomical description of the ICRP voxel phantoms. Finally, we integrated the ICRP phantom-based S values and adjusted biokinetic data into NCINM version 2. The ratios of cross-fire SAFs from NCINM 2 to NCINM 1 for the adult phantoms varied widely from 0.26 to 5.94 (mean = 1.24, IQR = 0.77-1.55) whereas the ratios for the pediatric phantoms ranged from 0.64 to 1.47 (mean = 1.01, IQR = 0.98-1.03). The ratios of absorbed dose coefficients from NCINM 2 over those from ICRP publications widely varied from 0.43 (colon for99mTc-ECD) to 2.57 (active marrow for99mTc-MAG3). NCINM 2.0 should be useful for dosimetrists and medical physicists to more accurately estimate organ doses for various nuclear medicine procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphnée Villoing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Tae-Eun Kwon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Elisa Pasqual
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Choonsik Lee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
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3
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Iodine-131 S values for use in organ dose estimation of Korean patients in radioiodine therapy. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yuan MK, Chang SC, Yuan MC, Foo NP, Chan SH, Wang SY, Lin CL, Hsu CY, Kao CH. Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Examinations and Subsequent Risk of Neoplasm: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:764849. [PMID: 34988089 PMCID: PMC8720959 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.764849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the association between radiation exposure from repeated nuclear medicine (NM) examinations and the subsequent risk of neoplasm in pediatric patients. Methods: From 2000 to 2017, participants under 18 years of age who underwent NM scanning were identified using the Health and Welfare Data Science Center (HWDC) dataset, which was extracted from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Both the exposed cohort and unexposed subjects were followed up with until the presence of any malignancy arose, including malignant brain, lymphoid and hematopoietic tumors and benign brain or other central nervous tumors. Results: There were 35,292 patients in the exposed cohort and 141,152 matched subjects in the non-exposed group. The exposed cohort had an overall higher IR (IR: incidence rate, per 100,000 person-years) of any malignancy and benign central nervous tumor than the non-exposed group [IR, 16.9 vs. 1.54; adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 10.9; 95% CI, 6.53–18.2]. Further stratifying the number of NM examinations into 1-2, 3-4, and 5 or more times revealed that the IR of pediatric neoplasms increased gradually with the increased frequency of NM examinations (IR, 11.5; adjusted HR, 7.5; 95% CI, 4.29–13.1; IR, 25.8; adjusted HR, 15.9; 95% CI, 7.00–36.1; IR, 93.8; adjusted HR, 56.4; 95% CI, 28.8–110.3). Conclusion: NM examination is significantly associated with a higher risk of pediatric neoplasms, according to our population-based data. Thorough radiation protection and dose reduction in pediatric NM procedures should be an issue of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kang Yuan
- Department of Radiology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chun Yuan
- Department of Information Management, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Ping Foo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ho Chan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Yau Wang
- Department of Radiology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center of Augmented Intelligence in Healthcare, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Salah H, Al-Mohammed HI, Mayhoub FH, Sulieman A, Alkhorayef M, Abolaban FA, Khandaker MU, Bradley DA. ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT'S RADIATION EXPOSURES RESULTED FROM PET/CT 18F-FCH AND 68GA-PSMA PROCEDURES. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2021; 195:349-354. [PMID: 34144608 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study has sought to evaluate patient exposures during the course of particular diagnostic positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) techniques. A total of 73 patients were examined using two types of radiopharmaceutical: 18F-fluorocholine (FCH, 48 patients) and 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA, 25 patients). The mean and range of administered activity (AA) in MBq, and effective dose (mSv) for FCH were 314.4 ± 61.6 (462.5-216.8) and 5.9 ± 1.2 (8.8-4.11), respectively. Quoted in the same set of units, the mean and range of AA and effective dose for 68Ga-PSMA were 179.3 ± 92.3 (603.1-115.1) and 17.9 ± 9.2 (60.3-11.5). Patient effective doses from 18F-FCH being a factor of two greater than the dose resulting from 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT procedures. CT accounts for some 84 and 23% for 18F-FCH and 68Ga-PSMA procedures, accordingly CT acquisition parameter optimization is recommended. Patient doses have been found to be slightly greater than previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salah
- INAYA Medical Collage, Nuclear Medicine Department, P.O. Box 271880, Riyadh 11352, Saudi Arabia
- Basic Science Department, College of Medical Radiologic Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 1908, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - H I Al-Mohammed
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
| | - F H Mayhoub
- Department of Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sulieman
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, P.O.Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Alkhorayef
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O.Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Fouad A Abolaban
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80221, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 46150 PJ, Bandar, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 46150 PJ, Bandar, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Peters SMB, Privé BM, de Bakker M, de Lange F, Jentzen W, Eek A, Muselaers CHJ, Mehra N, Witjes JA, Gotthardt M, Nagarajah J, Konijnenberg MW. Intra-therapeutic dosimetry of [ 177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in low-volume hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer patients and correlation with treatment outcome. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:460-469. [PMID: 34218300 PMCID: PMC8803803 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction While [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy is currently only applied in end-stage metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients, also low-volume hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients can benefit from it. However, there are toxicity concerns related to the sink effect in low-volume disease. This prospective study aims to determine the kinetics of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA in mHSPC patients, analyzing the doses to organs at risk (salivary glands, kidneys, liver, and bone marrow) and tumor lesions < 1 cm diameter. Methods Ten mHSPC patients underwent two cycles of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA therapy. Three-bed position SPECT/CT was performed at 5 time points after each therapy. Organ dosimetry and lesion dosimetry were performed using commercial software and a manual approach, respectively. Correlation between absorbed index lesion dose and treatment response (PSA drop of > 50% at the end of the study) was calculated and given as Spearman’s r and p-values. Results Kinetics of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA in mHSPC patients are comparable to those in mCRPC patients. Lesion absorbed dose was high (3.25 ± 3.19 Gy/GBq) compared to organ absorbed dose (salivary glands: 0.39 ± 0.17 Gy/GBq, kidneys: 0.49 ± 0.11 Gy/GBq, liver: 0.09 ± 0.01 Gy/GBq, bone marrow: 0.017 ± 0.008 Gy/GBq). A statistically significant correlation was found between treatment response and absorbed index lesion dose (p = 0.047). Conclusions We successfully performed small lesion dosimetry and showed that the tumor sink effect in mHSPC patients is of less concern than was expected. Tumor-to-organ ratio of absorbed dose was high and tumor uptake correlates with PSA response. Additional treatment cycles are legitimate in terms of organ toxicity and could lead to better tumor response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05471-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffie M B Peters
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bastiaan M Privé
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten de Bakker
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank de Lange
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Jentzen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Eek
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James Nagarajah
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W Konijnenberg
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Villoing D, Cuthbert TA, Kitahara CM, Lee C. NCINM: organ dose calculator for patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:055010. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aba41e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yonekura Y, Mattsson S, Flux G, Bolch WE, Dauer LT, Fisher DR, Lassmann M, Palm S, Hosono M, Doruff M, Divgi C, Zanzonico P. ICRP Publication 140: Radiological Protection in Therapy with Radiopharmaceuticals. Ann ICRP 2019; 48:5-95. [PMID: 31565950 DOI: 10.1177/0146645319838665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly used for the treatment of various cancers with novel radionuclides, compounds, tracer molecules, and administration techniques. The goal of radiation therapy, including therapy with radiopharmaceuticals, is to optimise the relationship between tumour control probability and potential complications in normal organs and tissues. Essential to this optimisation is the ability to quantify the radiation doses delivered to both tumours and normal tissues. This publication provides an overview of therapeutic procedures and a framework for calculating radiation doses for various treatment approaches. In radiopharmaceutical therapy, the absorbed dose to an organ or tissue is governed by radiopharmaceutical uptake, retention in and clearance from the various organs and tissues of the body, together with radionuclide physical half-life. Biokinetic parameters are determined by direct measurements made using techniques that vary in complexity. For treatment planning, absorbed dose calculations are usually performed prior to therapy using a trace-labelled diagnostic administration, or retrospective dosimetry may be performed on the basis of the activity already administered following each therapeutic administration. Uncertainty analyses provide additional information about sources of bias and random variation and their magnitudes; these analyses show the reliability and quality of absorbed dose calculations. Effective dose can provide an approximate measure of lifetime risk of detriment attributable to the stochastic effects of radiation exposure, principally cancer, but effective dose does not predict future cancer incidence for an individual and does not apply to short-term deterministic effects associated with radiopharmaceutical therapy. Accident prevention in radiation therapy should be an integral part of the design of facilities, equipment, and administration procedures. Minimisation of staff exposures includes consideration of equipment design, proper shielding and handling of sources, and personal protective equipment and tools, as well as education and training to promote awareness and engagement in radiological protection. The decision to hold or release a patient after radiopharmaceutical therapy should account for potential radiation dose to members of the public and carers that may result from residual radioactivity in the patient. In these situations, specific radiological protection guidance should be provided to patients and carers.
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Hohberg M, Kobe C, Krapf P, Täger P, Hammes J, Dietlein F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Endepols H, Wild M, Neubauer S, Heidenreich A, Neumaier B, Drzezga A, Dietlein M. Biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [ 18F]-JK-PSMA-7 as a novel prostate-specific membrane antigen-specific ligand for PET/CT imaging of prostate cancer. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:66. [PMID: 31346821 PMCID: PMC6658635 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We investigated the whole-body distribution and the radiation dosimetry of [18F]-JK-PSMA-7, a novel 18F-labeled PSMA-ligand for PET/CT imaging of prostate cancer. Methods Ten patients with prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence or radiologic evidence of metastatic diseases were examined with 329–384 MBq (mean 359 ± 17 MBq) [18F]-JK-PSMA-7. Eight sequential positron emission tomography (PET) scans were acquired from 20 min to 3 h after injection with IRB approval. The kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, and salivary glands were segmented into volumes of interest using the QDOSE dosimetry software suite (ABX-CRO, Germany). Absorbed and effective dose were calculated using the ICRP-endorsed IDAC 1.0 package. The absorbed dose of the salivary glands was determined using the spherical model of OLINDA 1.1. PSMA-positive lesions were evaluated separately. Quantitative assessment of the uptake in suspicious lesions was performed by analysis of maximum (max) and peak SUV values. The gluteus maximus muscle (SUVmean) served as a reference region for the calculation of tumor-to-background ratios (TBR’s). Results Physiologic radiotracer accumulation was observed in the salivary and lacrimal glands, liver, spleen, and intestines, in a pattern resembling the distribution known from other PSMA-tracers with excretion via urinary and biliary pathways. The effective dose from [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 for the whole body was calculated to be 1.09E−02 mGy/MBq. The highest radiation dose was observed in the kidneys (1.76E−01 mGy/MBq), followed by liver (7.61E−02 mGy/MBq), salivary glands (4.68E−02 mGy/MBq), spleen (1.89E−02 mGy/MBq), and lungs (1.10E-2 mGy/MBq). No adverse effects of tracer injection were observed. Six out of ten patients were scored as PSMA-positive. A total of 18 suspicious lesions were analyzed, which included six bone lesions, nine lymph nodes, and three local lesions within the prostate fossa. The values for the SUVmax and SUVpeak in the PSMA-positive lesions increased until 60 min p.i. and remained at this intensity in the PET/CT scans until 140 min. In the period between 170 and 200 min after injection, a further significant increase in SUVmax and SUVpeak within the PSMA-positive lesions was observed. Conclusions The highest TBR of [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 was found 3 h after injection. From the kinetically collected data, it can be concluded that this trend may also continue in the further course. The start of the PET/CT acquisition should be chosen as late as possible. The high uptake in suspicious lesions in terms of absolute SUVmax and relative TBR values indicates potentially high sensitivity of the tracer for detection of prostate cancer manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hohberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Carsten Kobe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Krapf
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 (Nuclear Chemistry), Research Center Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Philipp Täger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Hammes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Wild
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5 (Nuclear Chemistry), Research Center Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Dietlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Cancer Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Mostafa MYA, Zakaly HMH, Zhukovsky M. Assessment of exposure after injection of 99mTc-labeled intact monoclonal antibodies and their fragments into humans. Radiol Phys Technol 2019; 12:96-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s12194-018-00496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Dosimetry of 99m Tc (DTPA, DMSA and MAG3) used in renal function studies of newborns and children. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 138:25-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lizana H, Johansson L, Axelsson J, Larsson A, Ögren M, Linder J, Halldin C, Varrone A, Mo SJ. Whole-Body Biodistribution and Dosimetry of the Dopamine Transporter Radioligand 18F-FE-PE2I in Human Subjects. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1275-1280. [PMID: 29348315 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.197186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
18F-(E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2-enyl)-2β-carbofluoroethoxy-3β-(4'-methyl-phenyl) nortropane (18F-FE-PE2I) was recently developed and has shown adequate affinity and high selectivity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Previous studies have shown promising results for 18F-FE-PE2I as a suitable radioligand for DAT imaging. In this study, we investigated the whole-body biodistribution and dosimetry of 18F-FE-PE2I in healthy volunteers to support its utility as a suitable PET imaging agent for the DAT. Methods: Five healthy volunteers were given a mean activity of 2.5 MBq/kg, and 3 PET scans, head to thigh, were performed immediately after injection followed by 4 whole-body PET/CT scans between 0.5 and 6 h after injection. Blood samples were drawn in connection with the whole-body scans, and all urine was collected until 6 h after injection. Volumes of interest were delineated around 17 organs on all images, and the areas under the time-activity curves were calculated to obtain the total number of decays in the organs. The absorbed doses to organs and the effective dose were calculated using the software IDAC. Results: The highest activity concentration was observed in the liver (0.9%-1.2% injected activity/100 g) up to 30 min after injection. At later time points, the highest concentration was seen in the gallbladder (1.1%-0.1% injected activity/100 g). The activity excreted with urine ranged between 23% and 34%, with a mean of 28%. The urinary bladder received the highest absorbed dose (119 μGy/MBq), followed by the liver (46 μGy/MBq). The effective dose was 23 μSv/MBq (range, 19-28 μSv/MBq), resulting in an effective dose of 4.6 mSv for an administered activity of 200 MBq. Conclusion: The effective dose is within the same order of magnitude as other commonly used PET imaging agents as well as DAT agents. The reasonable effective dose, together with the previously reported favorable characteristics for DAT imaging and quantification, indicates that 18F-FE-PE2I is a suitable radioligand for DAT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lizana
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lennart Johansson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Axelsson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Larsson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ögren
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Linder
- Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; and
| | - Christer Halldin
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Jakobson Mo
- Diagnostic Radiology, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Andersson M, Johansson L, Eckerman K, Mattsson S. IDAC-Dose 2.1, an internal dosimetry program for diagnostic nuclear medicine based on the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:88. [PMID: 29098485 PMCID: PMC5668221 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the estimated radiation-absorbed dose to organs and tissues in patients undergoing diagnostic examinations in nuclear medicine is derived via calculations based on models of the human body and the biokinetic behaviour of the radiopharmaceutical. An internal dosimetry computer program, IDAC-Dose2.1, was developed based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)-specific absorbed fractions and computational framework of internal dose assessment given for reference adults in ICRP Publication 133. The program uses the radionuclide decay database of ICRP Publication 107 and considers 83 different source regions irradiating 47 target tissues, defining the effective dose as presented in ICRP Publications 60 and 103. The computer program was validated against another ICRP dosimetry program, Dose and Risk Calculation (DCAL), that employs the same computational framework in evaluation of occupational and environmental intakes of radionuclides. IDAC-Dose2.1 has a sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures of different volumes and composition; this sub-module is intended for absorbed dose estimates in radiopharmaceutical therapy. For nine specific alpha emitters, the absorbed dose contribution from their decay products is also included in the committed absorbed dose calculations. RESULTS The absorbed doses and effective dose of 131I-iodide determined by IDAC-Dose2.1 were validated against the dosimetry program DCAL, showing identical results. IDAC-Dose2.1 was used to calculate absorbed doses for intravenously administered 18F-FDG and orally administered 99mTc-pertechnetate and 131I-iodide, three frequently used radiopharmaceuticals. Using the tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103, the effective dose per administered activity was estimated to be 0.016 mSv/MBq for 18F-FDG, 0.014 mSv/MBq for 99mTc-pertechnetate, and 16 mSv/MBq for 131I-iodide. CONCLUSIONS The internal dosimetry program IDAC-Dose2.1 was developed and applied to three radiopharmaceuticals for validation against DCAL and to generate improved absorbed dose estimations for diagnostic nuclear medicine using specific absorbed fraction values of the ICRP computational voxel phantoms. The sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures 1 mm to 9 cm in diameter and different tissue composition was included to broaden the clinical usefulness of the program. The IDAC-Dose2.1 program is free software for research and available for download at http://www.idac-dose.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lennart Johansson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Keith Eckerman
- Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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15
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Andersson M, Mattsson S, Johansson L, Leide-Svegborn S. A biokinetic and dosimetric model for ionic indium in humans. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:6397-6407. [PMID: 28726676 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa779f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews biokinetic data for ionic indium, and proposes a biokinetic model for systemic indium in adult humans. The development of parameter values focuses on human data and indium in the form of ionic indium(III), as indium chloride and indium arsenide. The model presented for systemic indium is defined by five different pools: plasma, bone marrow, liver, kidneys and other soft tissues. The model is based on two subsystems: one corresponding to indium bound to transferrin and one where indium is transported back to the plasma, binds to red blood cell transferrin and is then excreted through the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Absorbed doses to several organs and the effective dose are calculated for 111In- and 113mIn-ions. The proposed biokinetic model is compared with previously published biokinetic indium models published by the ICRP. The absorbed doses are calculated using the ICRP/ICRU adult reference phantoms and the effective dose is estimated according to ICRP Publication 103. The effective doses for 111In and 113mIn are 0.25 mSv MBq-1 and 0.013 mSv MBq-1 respectively. The updated biokinetic and dosimetric models presented in this paper take into account human data and new animal data, which represent more detailed and presumably more accurate dosimetric data than that underlying previous models for indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Giesel FL, Hadaschik B, Cardinale J, Radtke J, Vinsensia M, Lehnert W, Kesch C, Tolstov Y, Singer S, Grabe N, Duensing S, Schäfer M, Neels OC, Mier W, Haberkorn U, Kopka K, Kratochwil C. F-18 labelled PSMA-1007: biodistribution, radiation dosimetry and histopathological validation of tumor lesions in prostate cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:678-688. [PMID: 27889802 PMCID: PMC5323462 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted positron-emitting-tomography (PET) tracer 68Ga-PSMA-11 shows great promise in the detection of prostate cancer. However, 68Ga has several shortcomings as a radiolabel including short half-life and non-ideal energies, and this has motivated consideration of 18F-labelled analogs. 18F-PSMA-1007 was selected among several 18F-PSMA-ligand candidate compounds because it demonstrated high labelling yields, outstanding tumor uptake and fast, non-urinary background clearance. Here, we describe the properties of 18F-PSMA-1007 in human volunteers and patients. METHODS Radiation dosimetry of 18F-PSMA-1007 was determined in three healthy volunteers who underwent whole-body PET-scans and concomitant blood and urine sampling. Following this, ten patients with high-risk prostate cancer underwent 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT (1 h and 3 h p.i.) and normal organ biodistribution and tumor uptakes were examined. Eight patients underwent prostatectomy with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Uptake in intra-prostatic lesions and lymph node metastases were correlated with final histopathology, including PSMA immunostaining. RESULTS With an effective dose of approximately 4.4-5.5 mSv per 200-250 MBq examination, 18F-PSMA-1007 behaves similar to other PSMA-PET agents as well as to other 18F-labelled PET-tracers. In comparison to other PSMA-targeting PET-tracers, 18F-PSMA-1007 has reduced urinary clearance enabling excellent assessment of the prostate. Similar to 18F-DCFPyL and with slightly slower clearance kinetics than PSMA-11, favorable tumor-to-background ratios are observed 2-3 h after injection. In eight patients, diagnostic findings were successfully validated by histopathology. 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT detected 18 of 19 lymph node metastases in the pelvis, including nodes as small as 1 mm in diameter. CONCLUSION 18F-PSMA-1007 performs at least comparably to 68Ga-PSMA-11, but its longer half-life combined with its superior energy characteristics and non-urinary excretion overcomes some practical limitations of 68Ga-labelled PSMA-targeted tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - B Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Cardinale
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Radtke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Vinsensia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - C Kesch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Tolstov
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Singer
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Grabe
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hamamatsu Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Duensing
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schäfer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O C Neels
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Berenato S, Amato E, Fischer A, Baldari S. Influence of voxel S factors on three-dimensional internal dosimetry calculations. Phys Med 2016; 32:1259-1262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ören Ü, Andersson M, Rääf CL, Mattsson S. A PHANTOM FOR DETERMINATION OF CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS AND MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES USING A DUAL-HEAD GAMMA CAMERA FOR INTERNAL CONTAMINATION MONITORING FOLLOWING RADIATION EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:297-302. [PMID: 26769903 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to derive calibration coefficients (in terms of cps kBq(-1)) and minimum detectable activities, MDA, (in terms of kBq and corresponding dose rate) for the dual head gamma camera part of an SPECT/CT-instrument when used for in vivo internal contamination measurements in radiation emergency situations. A cylindrical-conical PMMA phantom with diameters in the range of 7-30 cm was developed in order to simulate different body parts and individuals of different sizes. A series of planar gamma camera investigations were conducted using an SPECT/CT modality with the collimators removed for (131)I and (137)Cs, radionuclides potentially associated with radiation emergencies. Energy windows of 337-391 and 490-690 keV were selected for (131)I and (137)Cs, respectively. The measurements show that the calibration coefficients for (137)Cs range from 10 to 19 cps kBq(-1) with MDA values in the range of 0.29-0.55 kBq for phantom diameters of 10-30 cm. The corresponding values for (131)I are 12-37 cps kBq(-1) with MDA values of 0.08-0.26 kBq. An internal dosimetry computer program was used for the estimation of minimum detectable dose rates. A thyroid uptake of 0.1 kBq (131)I (representing MDA) corresponds to an effective dose rate of 0.6 µSv d(-1) A (137)Cs source position representing the colon with an MDA of 0.55 kBq corresponds to an effective dose rate was 1 µSv y(-1) This method using a simple phantom for the determination of calibration coefficients, and MDA levels can be implemented within the emergency preparedness plans in hospitals with nuclear medicine departments. The derived data will help to quickly estimate the internal contamination of humans following radiation emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ünal Ören
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Christopher L Rääf
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö SE-205 02, Sweden
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Andersson M, Johansson L, Mattsson S, Minarik D, Leide-Svegborn S. ORGAN DOSES AND EFFECTIVE DOSE FOR FIVE PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 169:253-258. [PMID: 26977075 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic investigations with positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals are dominated by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG), but other radiopharmaceuticals are also commercially available or under development. Five of them, which are all clinically important, are (18)F-fluoride, (18)F-fluoroethyltyrosine ((18)F-FET), (18)F-deoxyfluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT), (18)F-fluorocholine ((18)F-choline) and (11)C-raclopride. To estimate the potential risk of stochastic effects (mainly lethal cancer) to a population, organ doses and effective dose values were updated for all five radiopharmaceuticals. Dose calculations were performed using the computer program IDAC2.0, which bases its calculations on the ICRP/ICRU adult reference voxel phantoms and the tissue weighting factors from ICRP publication 103. The biokinetic models were taken from ICRP publication 128. For organ doses, there are substantial changes. The only significant change in effective dose compared with previous estimations was a 46 % reduction for (18)F-fluoride. The estimated effective dose in mSv MBq(-1) was 1.5E-02 for (18)F-FET, 1.5E-02 for (18)F-FLT, 2.0E-02 for (18)F-choline, 9.0E-03 for (18)F-fluoride and 4.4E-03 for (11)C-raclopride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lennart Johansson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Minarik
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Leide-Svegborn
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Leide-Svegborn S, Ahlgren L, Johansson L, Mattsson S. Excretion of radionuclides in human breast milk after nuclear medicine examinations. Biokinetic and dosimetric data and recommendations on breastfeeding interruption. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:808-821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Andersson M, Johansson L, Minarik D, Leide-Svegborn S, Mattsson S. Effective dose to adult patients from 338 radiopharmaceuticals estimated using ICRP biokinetic data, ICRP/ICRU computational reference phantoms and ICRP 2007 tissue weighting factors. EJNMMI Phys 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 26501451 PMCID: PMC4545621 DOI: 10.1186/2197-7364-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective dose represents the potential risk to a population of stochastic effects of ionizing radiation (mainly lethal cancer). In recent years, there have been a number of revisions and updates influencing the way to estimate the effective dose. The aim of this work was to recalculate the effective dose values for the 338 different radiopharmaceuticals previously published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). METHOD The new estimations are based on information on the cumulated activities per unit administered activity in various organs and tissues and for the various radiopharmaceuticals obtained from the ICRP publications 53, 80 and 106. The effective dose for adults was calculated using the new ICRP/International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) reference voxel phantoms and decay data from the ICRP publication 107. The ICRP human alimentary tract model has also been applied at the recalculations. The effective dose was calculated using the new tissue weighting factors from ICRP publications 103 and the prior factors from ICRP publication 60. The results of the new calculations were compared with the effective dose values published by the ICRP, which were generated with the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) adult phantom and the tissue weighting factors from ICRP publication 60. RESULTS For 79% of the radiopharmaceuticals, the new calculations gave a lower effective dose per unit administered activity than earlier estimated. As a mean for all radiopharmaceuticals, the effective dose was 25% lower. The use of the new adult computational voxel phantoms has a larger impact on the change of effective doses than the change to new tissue weighting factors. CONCLUSION The use of the new computational voxel phantoms and the new weighting factors has generated new effective dose estimations. These are supposed to result in more realistic estimations of the radiation risk to a population undergoing nuclear medicine investigations than hitherto available values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | - David Minarik
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sigrid Leide-Svegborn
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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