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Bo K, Kraynak TE, Kwon M, Sun M, Gianaros PJ, Wager TD. A systems identification approach using Bayes factors to deconstruct the brain bases of emotion regulation. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:975-987. [PMID: 38519748 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal is fundamental to cognitive therapies and everyday emotion regulation. Analyses using Bayes factors and an axiomatic systems identification approach identified four reappraisal-related components encompassing distributed neural activity patterns across two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (n = 182 and n = 176): (1) an anterior prefrontal system selectively involved in cognitive reappraisal; (2) a fronto-parietal-insular system engaged by both reappraisal and emotion generation, demonstrating a general role in appraisal; (3) a largely subcortical system activated during negative emotion generation but unaffected by reappraisal, including amygdala, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray; and (4) a posterior cortical system of negative emotion-related regions downregulated by reappraisal. These systems covaried with individual differences in reappraisal success and were differentially related to neurotransmitter binding maps, implicating cannabinoid and serotonin systems in reappraisal. These findings challenge 'limbic'-centric models of reappraisal and provide new systems-level targets for assessing and enhancing emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Bo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mijin Kwon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Rasero J, Betzel R, Sentis AI, Kraynak TE, Gianaros PJ, Verstynen T. Similarity in evoked responses does not imply similarity in macroscopic network states. Netw Neurosci 2024; 8:335-354. [PMID: 38711543 PMCID: PMC11073549 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
It is commonplace in neuroscience to assume that if two tasks activate the same brain areas in the same way, then they are recruiting the same underlying networks. Yet computational theory has shown that the same pattern of activity can emerge from many different underlying network representations. Here we evaluated whether similarity in activation necessarily implies similarity in network architecture by comparing region-wise activation patterns and functional correlation profiles from a large sample of healthy subjects (N = 242). Participants performed two executive control tasks known to recruit nearly identical brain areas, the color-word Stroop task and the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT). Using a measure of instantaneous functional correlations, based on edge time series, we estimated the task-related networks that differed between incongruent and congruent conditions. We found that the two tasks were much more different in their network profiles than in their evoked activity patterns at different analytical levels, as well as for a wide range of methodological pipelines. Our results reject the notion that having the same activation patterns means two tasks engage the same underlying representations, suggesting that task representations should be independently evaluated at both node and edge (connectivity) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rasero
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amy Isabella Sentis
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Kraynak
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rasero J, Verstynen TD, DuPont CM, Kraynak TE, Barinas-Mitchell E, Scudder MR, Kamarck TW, Sentis AI, Leckie RL, Gianaros PJ. Stressor-evoked brain activity, cardiovascular reactivity, and subclinical atherosclerosis in midlife adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.05.24302236. [PMID: 38370849 PMCID: PMC10871357 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.24302236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular responses to psychological stressors have been separately associated with preclinical atherosclerosis and hemodynamic brain activity patterns across different studies and cohorts; however, what has not been established is whether cardiovascular stress responses reliably link indicators of stressor-evoked brain activity and preclinical atherosclerosis that have been measured in the same individuals. Accordingly, the present study used cross-validation and predictive modeling to test for the first time whether stressor-evoked systolic blood pressure (SBP) responses statistically mediated the association between concurrently measured brain activity and a vascular marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. Methods 624 midlife adults (aged 28-56 years, 54.97% female) from two different cohorts underwent two information-conflict fMRI tasks, with concurrent SBP measures collected. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT) was measured by ultrasonography. A mediation framework that included harmonization, cross-validation, and penalized principal component regression was then employed, while significant areas in possible direct and indirect effects were identified through bootstrapping. Sensitivity analysis further tested the robustness of findings after accounting for prevailing levels of cardiovascular disease risk and brain imaging data quality control. Results Task-averaged patterns of hemodynamic brain responses exhibited a generalizable association with CA-IMT, which was mediated by an area-under-the-curve measure of aggregate SBP reactivity. Importantly, this effect held in sensitivity analyses. Implicated brain areas in this mediation included the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala. Conclusions These novel findings support a link between stressor-evoked brain activity and preclinical atherosclerosis accounted for by individual differences in corresponding levels of stressor-evoked cardiovascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rasero
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, PA
- School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Caitlin M DuPont
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas E Kraynak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Mark R Scudder
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Thomas W Kamarck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amy I Sentis
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Regina L Leckie
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Spencer C, Reed RG, Votruba-Drzal E, Gianaros PJ. Psychological stress and the longitudinal progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Health Psychol 2024; 43:58-66. [PMID: 37917469 PMCID: PMC10842302 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a midlife sample of adults, the present study tested the extent to which changes in psychological stress relate to the progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease over multiple years and explored the potential moderating role of cardiometabolic risk. METHOD Participants were screened to exclude those with clinical cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and other chronic illnesses, as well as those taking psychotropic, cardiovascular, lipid, and glucose control medications. At baseline (N = 331) and then again at follow-up an average of 3 years later (N = 260), participants completed the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, underwent assessments of their cardiometabolic risk, and underwent ultrasonography to measure carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), which is a surrogate indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis. RESULTS Regression models showed that the change in psychological stress from baseline to follow-up was positively associated with the corresponding change in IMT, with covariate control for age at baseline, sex at birth, and variability in length of follow-up across participants. Cardiometabolic risk factors did not statistically moderate this longitudinal association. In exploratory analyses, cardiometabolic risk factors also did not statistically mediate this association. CONCLUSION These longitudinal findings suggest that increases in psychological stress in midlife relate to corresponding increases in subclinical atherosclerosis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Dabbagh A, Horn U, Kaptan M, Mildner T, Müller R, Lepsien J, Weiskopf N, Brooks JCW, Finsterbusch J, Eippert F. Reliability of task-based fMRI in the dorsal horn of the human spinal cord. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.22.572825. [PMID: 38187724 PMCID: PMC10769329 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.22.572825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the human spinal cord is still a relatively small field of research and faces many challenges. Here we aimed to probe the limitations of task-based spinal fMRI at 3T by investigating the reliability of spinal cord blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses to repeated nociceptive stimulation across two consecutive days in 40 healthy volunteers. We assessed the test-retest reliability of subjective ratings, autonomic responses, and spinal cord BOLD responses to short heat pain stimuli (1s duration) using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). At the group level, we observed robust autonomic responses as well as spatially specific spinal cord BOLD responses at the expected location, but no spatial overlap in BOLD response patterns across days. While autonomic indicators of pain processing showed good-to-excellent reliability, both β-estimates and z-scores of task-related BOLD responses showed poor reliability across days in the target region (gray matter of the ipsilateral dorsal horn). When taking into account the sensitivity of gradient-echo echo planar imaging (GE-EPI) to draining vein signals by including the venous plexus in the analysis, we observed BOLD responses with good reliability across days. Taken together, these results demonstrate that heat pain stimuli as short as one second are able to evoke a robust and spatially specific BOLD response, which is however strongly variable within participants across time, resulting in low reliability in the dorsal horn gray matter. Further improvements in data acquisition and analysis techniques are thus necessary before event-related spinal cord fMRI as used here can be reliably employed in longitudinal designs or clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dabbagh
- Max Planck Research Group Pain Perception, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Horn
- Max Planck Research Group Pain Perception, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Merve Kaptan
- Max Planck Research Group Pain Perception, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Toralf Mildner
- Methods & Development Group Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Müller
- Methods & Development Group Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Methods & Development Group Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C W Brooks
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia Wellcome Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre (UWWBIC), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Finsterbusch
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Falk Eippert
- Max Planck Research Group Pain Perception, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Gianaros PJ, Miller PL, Manuck SB, Kuan DCH, Rosso AL, Votruba-Drzal EE, Marsland AL. Beyond Neighborhood Disadvantage: Local Resources, Green Space, Pollution, and Crime as Residential Community Correlates of Cardiovascular Risk and Brain Morphology in Midlife Adults. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:378-388. [PMID: 37053093 PMCID: PMC10239348 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Residing in communities characterized by socioeconomic disadvantage confers risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Residing in disadvantaged communities may also confer the risk of neurodegenerative brain changes via cardiometabolic pathways. This study tested whether features of communities-apart from conventional socioeconomic characteristics-relate not only to cardiometabolic risk but also to relative tissue reductions in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. METHODS Participants were 699 adults aged 30 to 54 years (340 women; 22.5% non-White) whose addresses were geocoded to compute community indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, as well as air and toxic chemical pollutant exposures, homicide rates, concentration of employment opportunities, land use (green space), and availability of supermarkets and local resources. Participants also underwent assessments of cortical and hippocampal volumes and cardiometabolic risk factors (adiposity, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and lipids). RESULTS Multilevel structural equation modeling demonstrated that cardiometabolic risk was associated with community disadvantage ( β = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01 to 0.18), as well as chemical pollution ( β = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.19), homicide rates ( β = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.18), employment opportunities ( β = -0.16, 95% CI = -0.27 to -0.04), and green space ( β = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.20 to -0.04). Moreover, cardiometabolic risk indirectly mediated the associations of several of these community features and brain tissue volumes. Some associations were nonlinear, and none were explained by participants' individual-level socioeconomic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Features of communities other than conventional indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage may represent nonredundant correlates of cardiometabolic risk and brain tissue morphology in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianaros
- From the Department of Psychology (Gianaros, Manuck, Votruba-Drza, Marsland) and Learning and Research Development Center (Miller, Votruba-Drza), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Corning Incorporated (Kuan), Corning, New York; and Department of Epidemiology (Rosso), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Steiger R, Tuovinen N, Adukauskaite A, Senoner T, Spitaler P, Bilgeri V, Dabkowska-Mika A, Siedentopf C, Bauer A, Gizewski ER, Hofer A, Barbieri F, Dichtl W. Limbic Responses to Aversive Visual Stimuli during the Acute and Recovery Phase of Takotsubo Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164891. [PMID: 36013130 PMCID: PMC9410353 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the limbic system in the acute phase and during the recovery of takotsubo syndrome needs further clarification. In this longitudinal study, anatomical and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed during an emotional picture paradigm in 19 postmenopausal female takotsubo syndrome patients in the acute and recovery phases in comparison to sex- and aged-matched 15 healthy controls and 15 patients presenting with myocardial infarction. Statistical analyses were performed based on the general linear model where aversive and positive picture conditions were included in order to reveal group differences during encoding of aversive versus positive pictures and longitudinal changes. In the acute phase, takotsubo syndrome patients showed a lower response in regions involved in affective and cognitive emotional processes (e.g., insula, thalamus, frontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus) while viewing aversive versus positive pictures compared to healthy controls and patients presenting with myocardial infarction. In the recovery phase, the response in these brain regions normalized in takotsubo syndrome patients to the level of healthy controls, whereas patients 8–12 weeks after myocardial infarction showed lower responses in the limbic regions (mainly in the insula, frontal regions, thalamus, and inferior frontal gyrus) compared to healthy controls and takotsubo syndrome patients. In conclusion, compared to healthy controls and patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction, limbic responses to aversive visual stimuli are attenuated during the acute phase of takotsubo syndrome, recovering within three months. Reduced functional brain responses in the recovery phase after a myocardial infarction need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Steiger
- University Hospital for Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Noora Tuovinen
- Division of Psychiatry I, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Agne Adukauskaite
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Senoner
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- University Hospital for Anesthesiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Spitaler
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin Bilgeri
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Dabkowska-Mika
- University Hospital for Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Siedentopf
- University Hospital for Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Axel Bauer
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elke Ruth Gizewski
- University Hospital for Neuroradiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Neuroimaging Research Core Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alex Hofer
- Division of Psychiatry I, University Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Barbieri
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- University Hospital for Cardiology, Charité—Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dichtl
- University Hospital for Internal Medicine III (Cardiology and Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-504-81388
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Gianaros PJ, Rasero J, DuPont CM, Kraynak TE, Gross JJ, McRae K, Wright AG, Verstynen TD, Barinas-Mitchell E. Multivariate Brain Activity while Viewing and Reappraising Affective Scenes Does Not Predict the Multiyear Progression of Preclinical Atherosclerosis in Otherwise Healthy Midlife Adults. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:406-424. [PMID: 36046001 PMCID: PMC9382946 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy that is postulated to reduce risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly the risk due to negative affect. At present, however, the brain systems and vascular pathways that may link reappraisal to CVD risk remain unclear. This study thus tested whether brain activity evoked by using reappraisal to reduce negative affect would predict the multiyear progression of a vascular marker of preclinical atherosclerosis and CVD risk: carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT). Participants were 176 otherwise healthy adults (50.6% women; aged 30-51 years) who completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task involving the reappraisal of unpleasant scenes from the International Affective Picture System. Ultrasonography was used to compute CA-IMT at baseline and a median of 2.78 (interquartile range, 2.67 to 2.98) years later among 146 participants. As expected, reappraisal engaged brain systems implicated in emotion regulation. Reappraisal also reduced self-reported negative affect. On average, CA-IMT progressed over the follow-up period. However, multivariate and cross-validated machine-learning models demonstrated that brain activity during reappraisal failed to predict CA-IMT progression. Contrary to hypotheses, brain activity during cognitive reappraisal to reduce negative affect does not appear to forecast the progression of a vascular marker of CVD risk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00098-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Javier Rasero
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Caitlin M. DuPont
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Thomas E. Kraynak
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kateri McRae
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO USA
| | - Aidan G.C. Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Timothy D. Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Jabakhanji R, Vigotsky AD, Bielefeld J, Huang L, Baliki MN, Iannetti G, Apkarian AV. Limits of decoding mental states with fMRI. Cortex 2022; 149:101-122. [PMID: 35219121 PMCID: PMC9238276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies claim to decode mental states using multi-voxel decoders of brain activity. It has been proposed that the fixed, fine-grained, multi-voxel patterns in these decoders are necessary for discriminating between and identifying mental states. Here, we present evidence that the efficacy of these decoders might be overstated. Across various tasks, decoder patterns were spatially imprecise, as decoder performance was unaffected by spatial smoothing; 90% redundant, as selecting a random 10% of a decoder's constituent voxels recovered full decoder performance; and performed similarly to brain activity maps used as decoders. We distinguish decoder performance in discriminating between mental states from performance in identifying a given mental state, and show that even when discrimination performance is adequate, identification can be poor. Finally, we demonstrate that simple and intuitive similarity metrics explain 91% and 62% of discrimination performance within- and across-subjects, respectively. These findings indicate that currently used across-subject decoders of mental states are superfluous and inappropriate for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Jabakhanji
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Jannis Bielefeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Lejian Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Marwan N Baliki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Giandomenico Iannetti
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK; Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
| | - A Vania Apkarian
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
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Sentis AI, Rasero J, Gianaros PJ, Verstynen TD. Integrating multiple brain imaging modalities does not boost prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis in midlife adults. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2022; 35:103134. [PMID: 36002967 PMCID: PMC9421527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain measures from MRI do not improve Framingham Risk Score prediction of CA-IMT. Prediction stacking is a flexible approach to determine added predictive utility. Multimodal stacking can be applied to individual difference factors.
Background Human neuroimaging evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk may relate to functional and structural features of the brain. The present study tested whether combining functional and structural (multimodal) brain measures, derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), would yield a multivariate brain biomarker that reliably predicts a subclinical marker of CVD risk, carotid-artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT). Methods Neuroimaging, cardiovascular, and demographic data were assessed in 324 midlife and otherwise healthy adults who were free of (a) clinical CVD and (b) use of medications for chronic illnesses (aged 30–51 years, 49% female). We implemented a prediction stacking algorithm that combined multimodal brain imaging measures and Framingham Risk Scores (FRS) to predict CA-IMT. We included imaging measures that could be easily obtained in clinical settings: resting state functional connectivity and structural morphology measures from T1-weighted images. Results Our models reliably predicted CA-IMT using FRS, as well as for several individual MRI measures; however, none of the individual MRI measures outperformed FRS. Moreover, stacking functional and structural brain measures with FRS did not boost prediction accuracy above that of FRS alone. Conclusions Combining multimodal functional and structural brain measures through a stacking algorithm does not appear to yield a reliable brain biomarker of subclinical CVD, as reflected by CA-IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Isabella Sentis
- Program in Neural Computation, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Javier Rasero
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy D Verstynen
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Affective neural signatures do not distinguish women with emotion dysregulation from healthy controls: A mega-analysis across three task-based fMRI studies. NEUROIMAGE: REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kragel PA, Han X, Kraynak TE, Gianaros PJ, Wager TD. Functional MRI Can Be Highly Reliable, but It Depends on What You Measure: A Commentary on Elliott et al. (2020). Psychol Sci 2021; 32:622-626. [PMID: 33685310 PMCID: PMC8258303 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621989730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaochun Han
- Department of Psychological and
Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College
| | - Thomas E. Kraynak
- Department of Psychology, Center
for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Peter J. Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, Center
for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychological and
Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College
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13
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Rasero J, Sentis AI, Yeh FC, Verstynen T. Integrating across neuroimaging modalities boosts prediction accuracy of cognitive ability. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008347. [PMID: 33667224 PMCID: PMC7984650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in cognitive ability arises from subtle differences in underlying neural architecture. Understanding and predicting individual variability in cognition from the differences in brain networks requires harnessing the unique variance captured by different neuroimaging modalities. Here we adopted a multi-level machine learning approach that combines diffusion, functional, and structural MRI data from the Human Connectome Project (N = 1050) to provide unitary prediction models of various cognitive abilities: global cognitive function, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, impulsivity, spatial orientation, verbal episodic memory and sustained attention. Out-of-sample predictions of each cognitive score were first generated using a sparsity-constrained principal component regression on individual neuroimaging modalities. These individual predictions were then aggregated and submitted to a LASSO estimator that removed redundant variability across channels. This stacked prediction led to a significant improvement in accuracy, relative to the best single modality predictions (approximately 1% to more than 3% boost in variance explained), across a majority of the cognitive abilities tested. Further analysis found that diffusion and brain surface properties contribute the most to the predictive power. Our findings establish a lower bound to predict individual differences in cognition using multiple neuroimaging measures of brain architecture, both structural and functional, quantify the relative predictive power of the different imaging modalities, and reveal how each modality provides unique and complementary information about individual differences in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rasero
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy Isabella Sentis
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Program in Neural Computation, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang-Cheng Yeh
- Program in Neural Computation, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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14
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Fennema D, O'Daly O, Barker GJ, Moll J, Zahn R. Internal reliability of blame-related functional MRI measures in major depressive disorder. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2021; 32:102901. [PMID: 34911203 PMCID: PMC8640114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-blame-related fMRI measures were previously validated in depressive disorders. Reproducibility and internal consistency as a measure of reliability were examined. Whilst simple fMRI measures exhibited fair reliability, complex measures did not. Yet, complex measures showed reproducible clinical validity at the group level. Connectivity measures, that balance reliability and validity better, are needed.
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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15
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Inagaki TK. Health neuroscience 2.0: integration with social, cognitive and affective neuroscience. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1017-1023. [PMID: 32888307 PMCID: PMC7657452 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tristen K Inagaki
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
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