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Piazza GG, Allegrini AG, Eley TC, Epskamp S, Fried E, Isvoranu AM, Roiser JP, Pingault JB. Polygenic Scores and Networks of Psychopathology Symptoms. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2819863. [PMID: 38865107 PMCID: PMC11170456 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Importance Studies on polygenic risk for psychiatric traits commonly use a disorder-level approach to phenotyping, implicitly considering disorders as homogeneous constructs; however, symptom heterogeneity is ubiquitous, with many possible combinations of symptoms falling under the same disorder umbrella. Focusing on individual symptoms may shed light on the role of polygenic risk in psychopathology. Objective To determine whether polygenic scores are associated with all symptoms of psychiatric disorders or with a subset of indicators and whether polygenic scores are associated with comorbid phenotypes via specific sets of relevant symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants Data from 2 population-based cohort studies were used in this cross-sectional study. Data from children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were included in the primary analysis, and data from children in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) were included in confirmatory analyses. Data analysis was conducted from October 2021 to January 2024. Pregnant women based in the Southwest of England due to deliver in 1991 to 1992 were recruited in ALSPAC. Twins born in 1994 to 1996 were recruited in TEDS from population-based records. Participants with available genetic data and whose mothers completed the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire when children were 11 years of age were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Psychopathology relevant symptoms, such as hyperactivity, prosociality, depression, anxiety, and peer and conduct problems at age 11 years. Psychological networks were constructed including individual symptoms and polygenic scores for depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), body mass index (BMI), and educational attainment in ALSPAC. Following a preregistered confirmatory analysis, network models were cross-validated in TEDS. Results Included were 5521 participants from ALSPAC (mean [SD] age, 11.8 [0.14] years; 2777 [50.3%] female) and 4625 participants from TEDS (mean [SD] age, 11.27 [0.69] years; 2460 [53.2%] female). Polygenic scores were preferentially associated with restricted subsets of core symptoms and indirectly associated with other, more distal symptoms of psychopathology (network edges ranged between r = -0.074 and r = 0.073). Psychiatric polygenic scores were associated with specific cross-disorder symptoms, and nonpsychiatric polygenic scores were associated with a variety of indicators across disorders, suggesting a potential contribution of nonpsychiatric traits to comorbidity. For example, the polygenic score for ADHD was associated with a core ADHD symptom, being easily distracted (r = 0.07), and the polygenic score for BMI was associated with symptoms across disorders, including being bullied (r = 0.053) and not thinking things out (r = 0.041). Conclusions and Relevance Genetic associations observed at the disorder level may hide symptom-level heterogeneity. A symptom-level approach may enable a better understanding of the role of polygenic risk in shaping psychopathology and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia G. Piazza
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G. Allegrini
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sacha Epskamp
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eiko Fried
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jonathan P. Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Tesli N, Jaholkowski P, Haukvik UK, Jangmo A, Haram M, Rokicki J, Friestad C, Tielbeek JJ, Næss Ø, Skardhamar T, Gustavson K, Ask H, Fazel S, Tesli M, Andreassen OA. Conduct disorder - a comprehensive exploration of comorbidity patterns, genetic and environmental risk factors. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115628. [PMID: 38029627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD), a common mental disorder in children and adolescents, is characterized by antisocial behavior. Despite similarities with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and possible diagnostic continuity, CD has been shown to precede a range of adult-onset mental disorders. Additionally, little is known about the putative shared genetic liability between CD and adult-onset mental disorders and the underlying gene-environment interplay. Here, we interrogated comorbidity between CD and other mental disorders from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (n = 114 500) and investigated how polygenic risk scores (PRS) for mental health traits were associated with CD/CD traits in childhood and adolescence. Gene-environment interplay patterns for CD was explored with data on bullying and parental education. We found CD to be comorbid with several child and adult-onset mental disorders. This phenotypic overlap corresponded with associations between PRS for mental disorders and CD. Additionally, our findings support an additive gene-environment model. Previously conceptualized as a precursor of ASPD, we found that CD was associated with polygenic risk for several child- and adult-onset mental disorders. High comorbidity of CD with other psychiatric disorders reflected on the genetic level should inform research studies, diagnostic assessments and clinical follow-up of this heterogenous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tesli
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Piotr Jaholkowski
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Jangmo
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Haram
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jaroslav Rokicki
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Friestad
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorim J Tielbeek
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Øyvind Næss
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Skardhamar
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Gustavson
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Ask
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Tesli
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo & Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Bakken NR, Hannigan LJ, Shadrin A, Hindley G, Ask H, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Tesli M, Andreassen OA, Havdahl A. Childhood temperamental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence: A prospective study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2023; 147:217-228. [PMID: 36398468 PMCID: PMC10099752 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood and anxiety disorders account for a large share of the global burden of disability. Some studies suggest that early signs may emerge already in childhood. However, there is a lack of well-powered, prospective studies investigating how and when childhood mental traits and trajectories relate to adolescent mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS We here examine cross-sectional and longitudinal association between maternally reported temperamental traits, emotional and behavioral problems in childhood (0.5-8 years) and clinical diagnosis of mood or anxiety ("emotional") disorders in adolescence (10-18 years), using the prospective Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) of 110,367 children. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses showed consistent and increasing associations between childhood negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems and adolescent diagnosis of emotional disorders, present from 6 months of age (negative emotionality). Latent profile analysis incorporating latent growth models identified five developmental profiles of emotional and behavioral problems. A profile of early increasing behavioral and emotional problems with combined symptoms at 8 years (1.3% of sample) was the profile most strongly associated with emotional disorders in adolescence (OR vs. reference: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.70-6.30). CONCLUSIONS We found a consistent and increasing association between negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems in early to middle childhood and mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence. A developmental profile coherent with early and increasing disruptive mood dysregulation across childhood was the profile strongest associated with adolescent emotional disorders. Our results highlight the importance of early emotional dysregulation and childhood as a formative period in the development of adolescent mood and anxiety disorders, supporting potential for prevention and early intervention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora R Bakken
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laurie J Hannigan
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy Hindley
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Tesli
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Allegrini AG, Baldwin JR, Barkhuizen W, Pingault JB. Research Review: A guide to computing and implementing polygenic scores in developmental research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1111-1124. [PMID: 35354222 PMCID: PMC10108570 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing availability of genotype data in longitudinal population- and family-based samples provides opportunities for using polygenic scores (PGS) to study developmental questions in child and adolescent psychology and psychiatry. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how PGS can be generated and implemented in developmental psycho(patho)logy, with a focus on longitudinal designs. As such, the paper is organized into three parts: First, we provide a formal definition of polygenic scores and related concepts, focusing on assumptions and limitations. Second, we give a general overview of the methods used to compute polygenic scores, ranging from the classic approach to more advanced methods. We include recommendations and reference resources available to researchers aiming to conduct PGS analyses. Finally, we focus on the practical applications of PGS in the analysis of longitudinal data. We describe how PGS have been used to research developmental outcomes, and how they can be applied to longitudinal data to address developmental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Allegrini
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jessie R Baldwin
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wikus Barkhuizen
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Akingbuwa WA, Hammerschlag AR, Bartels M, Middeldorp CM. Systematic Review: Molecular Studies of Common Genetic Variation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:227-242. [PMID: 33932494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review of studies using molecular genetics and statistical approaches to investigate the role of common genetic variation in the development, persistence, and comorbidity of childhood psychiatric traits was conducted. METHOD A literature review was performed using the PubMed database, following PRISMA guidelines. There were 131 studies meeting inclusion criteria, having investigated at least one type of childhood-onset or childhood-measured psychiatric disorder or trait with the aim of identifying trait-associated common genetic variants, estimating the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to the amount of variance explained (SNP-based heritability), investigating genetic overlap between psychiatric traits, or investigating whether the stability in traits or the association with adult traits is explained by genetic factors. RESULTS The first robustly associated genetic variants have started to be identified for childhood psychiatric traits. There were substantial contributions of common genetic variants to many traits, with variation in single nucleotide polymorphism heritability estimates depending on age and raters. Moreover, genetic variants also appeared to explain comorbidity as well as stability across a range of psychiatric traits in childhood and across the life span. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation plays a substantial role in childhood psychiatric traits. Increased sample sizes will lead to increased power to identify genetic variants and to understand genetic architecture, which will ultimately be beneficial to targeted and prevention strategies. This can be achieved by harmonizing phenotype measurements, as is already proposed by large international consortia and by including the collection of genetic material in every study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonuola A Akingbuwa
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meike Bartels
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Prof. Bartels are also with Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Ms. Akingbuwa, Dr. Hammerschlag, and Profs. Bartels and Middeldorp are with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dr. Hammerschlag and Prof. Middeldorp are also with the Child Health Research Centre, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Prof. Middeldorp is also with the Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Strzelewicz AR, Vecchiarelli HA, Rondón-Ortiz AN, Raneri A, Hill MN, Kentner AC. Interactive effects of compounding multidimensional stressors on maternal and male and female rat offspring outcomes. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105013. [PMID: 34171577 PMCID: PMC8403628 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders in addition to cardiovascular associated diseases. This risk is elevated when the cumulative burden of ACEs is increased. Laboratory animals can be used to model the changes (as well as the underlying mechanisms) that result in response to adverse events. In this study, using male and female Sprague Dawley rats, we examined the impact of increasing stress burden, utilizing both two adverse early life experiences (parental/offspring high fat diet + limited bedding exposure) and three adverse early life experiences (parental/offspring high fat diet + limited bedding exposure + neonatal inflammation), on maternal care quality and offspring behavior. Additionally, we measured hormones and hippocampal gene expression related to stress. We found that the adverse perinatal environment led to a compensatory increase in maternal care. Moreover, these dams had reduced maternal expression of oxytocin receptor, compared to standard housed dams, in response to acute stress on postnatal day (P)22. In offspring, the two-hit and three-hit models resulted in a hyperlocomotor phenotype and increased body weights. Plasma leptin and hippocampal gene expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (Chrh)1 and Crhr2 were elevated (males) while expression of oxytocin was reduced (females) following acute stress. On some measures (e.g., hyperlocomotion, leptin), the magnitude of change was lower in the three-hit compared to the two-hit model. This suggests that multiple early adverse events can have interactive, and often unpredictable, impacts, highlighting the importance of modeling complex interactions amongst stressors during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle R Strzelewicz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Haley A Vecchiarelli
- Divisions of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health, Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alejandro N Rondón-Ortiz
- School of Pharmacy, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Anthony Raneri
- School of Arts & Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health, Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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