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Conde SV, Polotsky VY, Joseph V, Kinkead R. On the origins of sleep disordered breathing, cardiorespiratory and metabolic dysfunction: which came first, the chicken or the egg? J Physiol 2023; 601:5509-5525. [PMID: 36988138 PMCID: PMC10539476 DOI: 10.1113/jp284113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complex, sex specific and highly heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders. Nevertheless, sleep fragmentation and repeated fluctuations of arterial blood gases for several hours per night are at the core of the problem; together, they impose significant stress to the organism with deleterious consequences on physical and mental health. SDB increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety disorders; however, the same health issues are risk factors for SDB. So, which came first, the chicken or the egg? What causes the appearance of the first significant apnoeic events during sleep? These are important questions because although moderate to severe SDB affects ∼500 million adults globally, we still have a poor understanding of the origins of the disease, and the main treatments (and animal models) focus on the symptoms rather than the cause. Because obesity, metabolic dysfunction and stress-related neurological disorders generally appear progressively, we discuss how the development of these diseases can lead to specific anatomical and non-anatomical traits of SDB in males and females while considering the impacts of sex steroids. In light of the growing evidence indicating that the carotid bodies are important sensors of key metabolic and endocrine signals associated with stress and dysmetabolism, we propose that these organs play a key role in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V. Conde
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Université Laval & Research Center of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC. Canada
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2
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Battaglia M, Rossignol O, Lorenzo LE, Deguire J, Godin AG, D’Amato FR, De Koninck Y. Enhanced harm detection following maternal separation: Transgenerational transmission and reversibility by inhaled amiloride. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi8750. [PMID: 37792939 PMCID: PMC10550232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi8750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversities are associated with altered defensive responses. Here, we demonstrate that the repeated cross-fostering (RCF) paradigm of early maternal separation is associated with enhancements of distinct homeostatic reactions: hyperventilation in response to hypercapnia and nociceptive sensitivity, among the first generation of RCF-exposed animals, as well as among two successive generations of their normally reared offspring, through matrilineal transmission. Parallel enhancements of acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1), ASIC2, and ASIC3 messenger RNA transcripts were detected transgenerationally in central neurons, in the medulla oblongata, and in periaqueductal gray matter of RCF-lineage animals. A single, nebulized dose of the ASIC-antagonist amiloride renormalized respiratory and nociceptive responsiveness across the entire RCF lineage. These findings reveal how, following an early-life adversity, a biological memory reducible to a molecular sensor unfolds, shaping adaptation mechanisms over three generations. Our findings are entwined with multiple correlates of human anxiety and pain conditions and suggest nebulized amiloride as a therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Battaglia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Child Youth and Emerging Adult Programme, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Orlane Rossignol
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Etienne Lorenzo
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jasmin Deguire
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine G. Godin
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca R. D’Amato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Yves De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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3
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Kinkead R, Ambrozio-Marques D, Fournier S, Gagnon M, Guay LM. Estrogens, age, and, neonatal stress: panic disorders and novel views on the contribution of non-medullary structures to respiratory control and CO 2 responses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1183933. [PMID: 37265841 PMCID: PMC10229816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1183933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CO2 is a fundamental component of living matter. This chemical signal requires close monitoring to ensure proper match between metabolic production and elimination by lung ventilation. Besides ventilatory adjustments, CO2 can also trigger innate behavioral and physiological responses associated with fear and escape but the changes in brain CO2/pH required to induce ventilatory adjustments are generally lower than those evoking fear and escape. However, for patients suffering from panic disorder (PD), the thresholds for CO2-evoked hyperventilation, fear and escape are reduced and the magnitude of those reactions are excessive. To explain these clinical observations, Klein proposed the false suffocation alarm hypothesis which states that many spontaneous panics occur when the brain's suffocation monitor erroneously signals a lack of useful air, thereby maladaptively triggering an evolved suffocation alarm system. After 30 years of basic and clinical research, it is now well established that anomalies in respiratory control (including the CO2 sensing system) are key to PD. Here, we explore how a stress-related affective disorder such as PD can disrupt respiratory control. We discuss rodent models of PD as the concepts emerging from this research has influenced our comprehension of the CO2 chemosensitivity network, especially structure that are not located in the medulla, and how factors such as stress and biological sex modulate its functionality. Thus, elucidating why hormonal fluctuations can lead to excessive responsiveness to CO2 offers a unique opportunity to gain insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating this key aspect of respiratory control and the pathophysiology of respiratory manifestations of PD.
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Beyeler SA, Naidoo R, Morrison NR, McDonald EA, Albarrán D, Huxtable AG. Maternal opioids age-dependently impair neonatal respiratory control networks. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1109754. [PMID: 37008014 PMCID: PMC10060555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1109754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants exposed to opioids in utero are an increasing clinical population and these infants are often diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). Infants with NAS have diverse negative health consequences, including respiratory distress. However, many factors contribute to NAS, confounding the ability to understand how maternal opioids directly impact the neonatal respiratory system. Breathing is controlled centrally by respiratory networks in the brainstem and spinal cord, but the impact of maternal opioids on developing perinatal respiratory networks has not been studied. Using progressively more isolated respiratory network circuitry, we tested the hypothesis that maternal opioids directly impair neonatal central respiratory control networks. Fictive respiratory-related motor activity from isolated central respiratory networks was age-dependently impaired in neonates after maternal opioids within more complete respiratory networks (brainstem and spinal cords), but unaffected in more isolated networks (medullary slices containing the preBötzinger Complex). These deficits were due, in part, to lingering opioids within neonatal respiratory control networks immediately after birth and involved lasting impairments to respiratory pattern. Since opioids are routinely given to infants with NAS to curb withdrawal symptoms and our previous work demonstrated acute blunting of opioid-induced respiratory depression in neonatal breathing, we further tested the responses of isolated networks to exogenous opioids. Isolated respiratory control networks also demonstrated age-dependent blunted responses to exogenous opioids that correlated with changes in opioid receptor expression within a primary respiratory rhythm generating region, the preBötzinger Complex. Thus, maternal opioids age-dependently impair neonatal central respiratory control and responses to exogenous opioids, suggesting central respiratory impairments contribute to neonatal breathing destabilization after maternal opioids and likely contribute to respiratory distress in infants with NAS. These studies represent a significant advancement of our understanding of the complex effects of maternal opioids, even late in gestation, contributing to neonatal breathing deficits, necessary first steps in developing novel therapeutics to support breathing in infants with NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Beyeler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Robyn Naidoo
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Nina R. Morrison
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Emilee A. McDonald
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - David Albarrán
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Adrianne G. Huxtable
- Department of Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Adrianne G. Huxtable,
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Janes TA, Ambrozio-Marques D, Fournier S, Joseph V, Soliz J, Kinkead R. Testosterone Supplementation Induces Age-Dependent Augmentation of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response in Male Rats With Contributions From the Carotid Bodies. Front Physiol 2022; 12:781662. [PMID: 35002764 PMCID: PMC8741195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.781662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive carotid body responsiveness to O2 and/or CO2/H+ stimuli contributes to respiratory instability and apneas during sleep. In hypogonadal men, testosterone supplementation may increase the risk of sleep-disordered breathing; however, the site of action is unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that testosterone supplementation potentiates carotid body responsiveness to hypoxia in adult male rats. Because testosterone levels decline with age, we also determined whether these effects were age-dependent. In situ hybridization determined that androgen receptor mRNA was present in the carotid bodies and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract of adult (69 days old) and aging (193–206 days old) male rats. In urethane-anesthetized rats injected with testosterone propionate (2 mg/kg; i.p.), peak breathing frequency measured during hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12) was 11% greater vs. the vehicle treatment group. Interestingly, response intensity following testosterone treatment was positively correlated with animal age. Exposing ex vivo carotid body preparations from young and aging rats to testosterone (5 nM, free testosterone) 90–120 min prior to testing showed that the carotid sinus nerve firing rate during hypoxia (5% CO2 + 95% N2; 15 min) was augmented in both age groups as compared to vehicle (<0.001% DMSO). Ventilatory measurements performed using whole body plethysmography revealed that testosterone supplementation (2 mg/kg; i.p.) 2 h prior reduced apnea frequency during sleep. We conclude that in healthy rats, age-dependent potentiation of the carotid body’s response to hypoxia by acute testosterone supplementation does not favor the occurrence of apneas but rather appears to stabilize breathing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Janes
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Department of Pediatrics, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Elliot-Portal E, Arias-Reyes C, Laouafa S, Tam R, Kinkead R, Soliz J. Cerebral Erythropoietin Prevents Sex-Dependent Disruption of Respiratory Control Induced by Early Life Stress. Front Physiol 2021; 12:701344. [PMID: 34987412 PMCID: PMC8720854 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.701344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries that occur early in life are often at the root of adult illness. Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is a form of early life stress that has persistent and sex-specific effects on the development of neural networks, including those that regulate breathing. The release of stress hormones during a critical period of development contributes to the deleterious consequences of NMS, but the role of increased corticosterone (CORT) in NMS-induced respiratory disturbance is unknown. Because erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent neuroprotectant that prevents conditions associated with hyperactivation of the stress neuroaxis in a sex-specific manner, we hypothesized that EPO reduces the sex-specific alteration of respiratory regulation induced by NMS in adult mice. Animals were either raised under standard conditions (controls) or exposed to NMS 3 h/day from postnatal days 3–12. We tested the efficacy of EPO in preventing the effects of NMS by comparing wild-type mice with transgenic mice that overexpress EPO only in the brain (Tg21). In 7-days-old pups, NMS augmented CORT levels ~2.5-fold by comparison with controls but only in males; this response was reduced in Tg21 mice. Respiratory function was assessed using whole-body plethysmography. Apneas were detected during sleep; the responsiveness to stimuli was measured by exposing mice to hypoxia (10% O2; 15 min) and hypercapnia (5% CO2; 10 min). In wild-type, NMS increased the number of apneas and the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HcVR) only in males; with no effect on Tg21. In wild-type males, the incidence of apneas was positively correlated with HcVR and inversely related to the tachypneic response to hypoxia. We conclude that neural EPO reduces early life stress-induced respiratory disturbances observed in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Elliot-Portal
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Arias-Reyes
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sofien Laouafa
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Rose Tam
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge Soliz
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute (HAPPI–IPPA), La Paz, Bolivia
- *Correspondence: Jorge Soliz,
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7
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Kinkead R, Gagnon M, Joseph V, Sériès F, Ambrozio-Marques D. Stress and Loss of Ovarian Function: Novel Insights into the Origins of Sex-Based Differences in the Manifestations of Respiratory Control Disorders During Sleep. Clin Chest Med 2021; 42:391-405. [PMID: 34353446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory system of women and men develops and functions in distinct neuroendocrine milieus. Despite differences in anatomy and neural control, homeostasis of arterial blood gases is ensured in healthy individuals regardless of sex. This convergence in function differs from the sex-based differences observed in many respiratory diseases. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) results mainly from episodes of upper airway closure. This complex and multifactorial respiratory disorder shows significant sexual dimorphism in its clinical manifestations and comorbidities. Guided by recent progress from basic research, this review discusses the hypothesis that stress is necessary to reveal the sexual dimorphism of SDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada.
| | - Marianne Gagnon
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Frédéric Sériès
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Danuzia Ambrozio-Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
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8
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Lovick TA, Zangrossi H. Effect of Estrous Cycle on Behavior of Females in Rodent Tests of Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:711065. [PMID: 34531768 PMCID: PMC8438218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions e.g., premenstrual syndrome, are menstrual cycle specific. Animal models of fear and anxiety, which form the basis for research into drug treatments, have been developed almost exclusively, using males. There remains a paucity of work using females and the available literature presents a confusing picture. One confound is the estrous cycle in females, which some authors consider, but many do not. Importantly, there are no accepted standardized criteria for defining cycle phase, which is important given the rapidly changing hormonal profile during the 4-day cycle of rodents. Moreover, since many behavioral tests that involve a learning component or that consider extinction of a previously acquired association require several days to complete; the outcome may depend on the phase of the cycle on the days of training as well as on test days. In this article we consider responsiveness of females compared to males in a number of commonly used behavioral tests of anxiety and fear that were developed in male rodents. We conclude that females perform in a qualitatively similar manner to males in most tests although there may be sex and strain differences in sensitivity. Tests based on unconditioned threatening stimuli are significantly influenced by estrous cycle phase with animals displaying increased responsiveness in the late diestrus phase of the cycle (similar to the premenstrual phase in women). Tests that utilize conditioned fear paradigms, which involve a learning component appear to be less impacted by the estrous cycle although sex and cycle-related differences in responding can still be detected. Ethologically-relevant tests appear to have more translational value in females. However, even when sex differences in behavior are not detected, the same outward behavioral response may be mediated by different brain mechanisms. In order to progress basic research in the field of female psychiatry and psychopharmacology, there is a pressing need to validate and standardize experimental protocols for using female animal models of anxiety-related states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma A. Lovick
- Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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9
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Tenorio-Lopes L, Kinkead R. Sex-Specific Effects of Stress on Respiratory Control: Plasticity, Adaptation, and Dysfunction. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2097-2134. [PMID: 34107062 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of respiratory control evolves, we appreciate how the basic neurobiological principles of plasticity discovered in other systems shape the development and function of the respiratory control system. While breathing is a robust homeostatic function, there is growing evidence that stress disrupts respiratory control in ways that predispose to disease. Neonatal stress (in the form of maternal separation) affects "classical" respiratory control structures such as the peripheral O2 sensors (carotid bodies) and the medulla (e.g., nucleus of the solitary tract). Furthermore, early life stress disrupts the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), a structure that has emerged as a primary determinant of the intensity of the ventilatory response to hypoxia. Although underestimated, the PVH's influence on respiratory function is a logical extension of the hypothalamic control of metabolic demand and supply. In this article, we review the functional and anatomical links between the stress neuroendocrine axis and the medullary network regulating breathing. We then present the persistent and sex-specific effects of neonatal stress on respiratory control in adult rats. The similarities between the respiratory phenotype of stressed rats and clinical manifestations of respiratory control disorders such as sleep-disordered breathing and panic attacks are remarkable. These observations are in line with the scientific consensus that the origins of adult disease are often found among developmental and biological disruptions occurring during early life. These observations bring a different perspective on the structural hierarchy of respiratory homeostasis and point to new directions in our understanding of the etiology of respiratory control disorders. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-38, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tenorio-Lopes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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10
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McDonald FB, Dempsey EM, O'Halloran KD. The impact of preterm adversity on cardiorespiratory function. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:17-43. [PMID: 31626357 DOI: 10.1113/ep087490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? We review the influence of prematurity on the cardiorespiratory system and examine the common sequel of alterations in oxygen tension, and immune activation in preterm infants. What advances does it highlight? The review highlights neonatal animal models of intermittent hypoxia, hyperoxia and infection that contribute to our understanding of the effect of stress on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. We also focus on some of the important physiological pathways that have a modulatory role on the cardiorespiratory system in early life. ABSTRACT Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality. Babies that survive early-life stress associated with immaturity have significant prevailing short- and long-term morbidities. Oxygen dysregulation in the first few days and weeks after birth is a primary concern as the cardiorespiratory system slowly adjusts to extrauterine life. Infants exposed to rapid alterations in oxygen tension, including exposures to hypoxia and hyperoxia, have altered redox balance and active immune signalling, leading to altered stress responses that impinge on neurodevelopment and cardiorespiratory homeostasis. In this review, we explore the clinical challenges posed by preterm birth, followed by an examination of the literature on animal models of oxygen dysregulation and immune activation in the context of early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugene M Dempsey
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Battaglia M, Rossignol O, Bachand K, D'Amato FR, De Koninck Y. Amiloride modulation of carbon dioxide hypersensitivity and thermal nociceptive hypersensitivity induced by interference with early maternal environment. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:101-108. [PMID: 29968500 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118784872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life adversities are risk factors for anxiety disorders and for pain syndromes, which are, in turn, highly comorbid with anxiety disorders. Repeated cross-fostering mouse pups to adoptive lactating females induces epigenetic modification and heightened mRNA-expression of the acid-sensing-ion-channel-1 gene, altered nociception, and hypersensitivity to 6% carbon dioxide air mixtures, a trait marker of specific human anxiety disorders such as, most clearly and prominently, panic disorder. AIMS We hypothesized that the acid-sensing ion channel inhibitor amiloride can modulate repeated cross-fostering animals' exaggerated responses to carbon dioxide and nociceptive thermal stimulation. METHODS Respiratory carbon dioxide sensitivity was assessed by plethysmography during 6% carbon dioxide air mixture challenges, and nociception was assessed by latency of paw withdrawal to thermal stimulation, in repeated cross-fostering and control animals. To circumvent the blood-brain barrier, prior to testing, amiloride was nebulized in a plethysmograph. Data were analyzed by general linear models. RESULTS Analyses of tidal volume responses to 6% carbon dioxide of animals pre-treated with nebulized amiloride/saline in a randomized crossover design showed significant modulatory effect of amiloride, and amiloride×repeated cross-fostering interaction. In contrast, repeated cross-fostering animals' responses to 6% carbon dioxide after intraperitoneal amiloride, saline, or no treatment, were no different. Analyses of responses to thermal stimuli showed a significant modulatory effect of nebulized amiloride, and repeated cross-fostering×amiloride interaction. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose nebulized amiloride decreased repeated cross-fostering animals' carbon dioxide sensitivity and nociception indices to levels that were no different from those of control animals. Inasmuch as these results pertain to human anxiety and/or pain hypersensitivity, our findings provide a rationale for studying inhaled amiloride in some anxiety disorders and/or pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Battaglia
- Child Youth and Emerging Adult Programme, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Orlane Rossignol
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Bachand
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Yves De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec Mental Health Institute, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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12
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O'Halloran KD, McDonald FB. The shape of things to come: Early life stress stunts brainstem microglia, with lasting implications for cardiorespiratory control and plasticity. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1183-1184. [PMID: 29998481 DOI: 10.1113/ep087186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona B McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Spiacci A, Vilela-Costa HH, Sant'Ana AB, Fernandes GG, Frias AT, da Silva GSF, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Zangrossi H. Panic-like escape response elicited in mice by exposure to CO 2, but not hypoxia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:178-186. [PMID: 29111406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated concentrations of CO2 or hypoxia has been widely used in psychiatric research as a panic provoking stimulus. However, the use of these respiratory challenges to model panic-like responses in experimental animals has been less straightforward. Little data is available, from behavioral and endocrine perspectives, to support the conclusion that a marked aversive situation, such as that experienced during panic attacks, was evoked in these animals. We here compared the behavioral responses of male CB57BL/6 mice during exposure to 20% CO2 or 7% O2 and its consequence on plasma levels of corticosterone. We also evaluated whether clinically-effective panicolytic drugs affect the behavioral responses expressed during CO2 exposure. The results showed that whereas hypoxia caused a marked reduction in locomotion, inhalation of CO2-enriched air evoked an active escape response, characterized by bouts of upward leaps directed to the border of the experimental cage, interpreted as escape attempts. Corticosterone levels were increased 30min after either of the respiratory challenges used, but it was higher in the hypoxia group. Chronic (21days), but not acute, treatment with fluoxetine or imipramine (5, 10 or 15mg/kg) or a single injection of alprazolam (0.025, 0.05 or 0.1mg/kg), but not of the anxiolytic diazepam (0.025, 0.05 or 0.1 and 1mg/kg) reduced the number of escape attempts, indicating a panicolytic-like effect. Altogether, the results suggest that whereas hypoxia increased anxiety, exposure to 20% CO2 evoked a panic-like state. The latter condition/test protocol seems to be a simple and validated model for studying in mice pathophysiological mechanisms and the screening of novel drugs for panic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailton Spiacci
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa H Vilela-Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Sant'Ana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Gripp Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alana Tercino Frias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto CEP:14049-900, Brazil.
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Battaglia M, Khan WU. Reappraising Preclinical Models of Separation Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, and CO 2 Sensitivity: Implications for Methodology and Translation into New Treatments. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 40:195-217. [PMID: 29696603 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Separation anxiety applies to multiple forms of distress responses seen in mammals during postnatal development, including separation from a caregiver. Childhood separation anxiety disorder is an important risk factor for developing panic disorder in early adulthood, and both conditions display an increased sensitivity to elevated CO2 concentrations inhaled from the air. By interfacing epidemiological, genetic, and physiological knowledge with preclinical animal research models, it is possible to decipher the mechanisms that are central to separation anxiety and panic disorders while also suggesting possible therapies. Preclinical research models allow for environmentally controlled studies of early interferences with parental care. These models have shown that different forms of early maternal separation in mice and rats induce elevated CO2 respiratory sensitivity, an important biomarker of separation anxiety and panic disorders. In mice, this is likely due to gene-environment interactions that affect multiple behavioural and physical phenotypes after exposure to this early adversity. Although several questions regarding the causal mechanism of separation anxiety and panic disorder remain unanswered, the identification and improved understanding of biomarkers that link these mental health conditions under the guise of preclinical research models in conjunction with human longitudinal cohort studies can help resolve these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Battaglia
- Division of Child, Youth and Emerging Adulthood Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Waqas Ullah Khan
- Division of Child, Youth and Emerging Adulthood Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Tenorio-Lopes L, Henry MS, Marques D, Tremblay MÈ, Drolet G, Bretzner F, Kinkead R. Neonatal maternal separation opposes the facilitatory effect of castration on the respiratory response to hypercapnia of the adult male rat: Evidence for the involvement of the medial amygdala. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 29063642 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder (PD) include a greater respiratory instability and enhanced responsiveness to CO2 compared to normal individuals. Although the prevalence of PD is approximately three times greater in women compared to men, the origins of this sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. Similar to PD patients, adult female rats previously subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS) show an increase in their ventilatory response to CO2 . Because this effect of NMS is not observed in males, we hypothesised that testosterone prevents NMS-induced hyper-responsiveness to CO2 . Pups subjected to NMS were placed in an incubator for 3 h d-1 from postnatal days 3-12. Control pups remained undisturbed. At adulthood (8-10 weeks of age), rats were then subjected either to sham surgery or castration. Fourteen days later, breathing was measured at rest (room air) and during acute exposure to hypercapnia (5 and 10% CO2 for 10 minutes each) using plethysmography. To gain insight into the mechanisms involved, c-fos expression was used as an indicator of neuronal activation. Brains were collected following air or CO2 exposure for quantification of c-fos positive cells by immunohistochemistry in selected regions, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the amygdalar complex. Castration produced a 100% increase of hyperventilatory response to 10% CO2 in control rats. Unexpectedly, castration had no effect on the hyperventilatory response of NMS rats. The intensity of the hypercapnic response was inversely correlated with c-fos expression in the medial amygdala. We conclude that testosterone prevents the hyper-responsiveness to CO2 , whereas NMS attenuates sensitivity to hormone withdrawal. We propose that an inhibitory influence from the medial amygdala contributes to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tenorio-Lopes
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - M S Henry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - D Marques
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - M-È Tremblay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - G Drolet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - F Bretzner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - R Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Rousseau JP, Tenorio-Lopes L, Baldy C, Janes TA, Fournier S, Kinkead R. On the origins of sex-based differences in respiratory disorders: Lessons and hypotheses from stress neuroendocrinology in developing rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 245:105-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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A hypothalamo-midbrain-medullary pathway involved in the inhibition of the respiratory chemoreflex response induced by potassium cyanide in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:152-167. [PMID: 28987939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that a mild stimulation of the dorsomedian nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), a defense area, induces the inhibition of the carotid chemoreflex tachypnea. DMH activation reduces the cardiac chemoreflex response via the dorsolateral part of the periaqueductal grey matter (dlPAG) and serotonin receptors (5-HT3 subtype) in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The objectives of this study were to assess whether dlPAG and subsequent NTS 5-HT3 receptors are involved in chemoreflex tachypnea inhibition during mild activation of the DMH. For this purpose, peripheral chemoreflex was activated with potassium cyanide (KCN, 40 μg/rat, i.v.) during electrical and chemical minimal supra-threshold (mild) stimulation of the dlPAG or DMH. In both situations, changes in respiratory frequency (RF) following KCN administration were reduced. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of the dlPAG prevented DMH-induced KCN tachypnea inhibition. Activation of NTS 5-HT3 receptors also reduced chemoreflex tachypnea in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, blockade of NTS 5-HT3 receptors with granisetron (2.5 but not 1.25 mM), or the use of mice lacking the 5-HT3a receptor (5-HT3a KO), prevented dlPAG-induced KCN reductions in RF. A respiratory hypothalamo-midbrain-medullary pathway (HMM) therefore plays a crucial role in the inhibition of the hyperventilatory response to carotid chemoreflex.
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18
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Lozo T, Komnenov D, Badr MS, Mateika JH. Sex differences in sleep disordered breathing in adults. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 245:65-75. [PMID: 27836648 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of sleep disordered breathing is greater in men compared to women. This disparity could be due to sex differences in the diagnosis and presentation of sleep apnea, and the pathophysiological mechanisms that instigate this disorder. Women tend to report more non-typical symptoms of sleep apnea compared to men, and the presentation of apneic events are more prevalent in rapid compared to non-rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, there is evidence of sex differences in upper airway structure and mechanics and in neural mechanisms that impact on the control of breathing. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature that addresses sex differences in sleep-disordered breathing, and to discuss the influence that upper airway mechanics, chemoreflex properties, and sex hormones have in modulating breathing during sleep in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Lozo
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Dragana Komnenov
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - M Safwan Badr
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jason H Mateika
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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19
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Soliz J, Tam R, Kinkead R. Neonatal Maternal Separation Augments Carotid Body Response to Hypoxia in Adult Males but Not Female Rats. Front Physiol 2016; 7:432. [PMID: 27729873 PMCID: PMC5037225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to adverse experiences disrupts brain development, including the brainstem network that regulates breathing. At adulthood, rats previously subjected to stress (in the form of neonatal maternal separation; NMS) display features reported in patients suffering from sleep disordered breathing, including an increased hypoxic ventilatory response and hypertension. This effect is also sex-specific (males only). Based on these observations, we hypothesized that NMS augments the carotid body's O2-chemosensitivity. Using an isolated and perfused ex vivo carotid body preparation from adult rats we compared carotid sinus nerve (CSN) responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in carotid bodies harvested from adult rats that either experienced control conditions (no experimental manipulation) or were subjected to NMS (3 h/day from postnatal days 3 to 12). In males, the CSN response to hypoxia measured in preparations from NMS males was 1.5 fold higher than controls. In control rats, the female's response was similar to that of males; however, the increase in CSN activity measured in NMS females was 3.0 times lower than controls. The CSN response to hypercapnia was not influenced by stress or sex. We conclude that NMS is sufficient to have persistent and sex-specific effects on the carotid body's response to hypoxia. Because NMS also has sex-specific effects on the neuroendocrine response to stress, we propose that carotid body function is influenced by stress hormones. This, in turn, leads to a predisposition toward cardio-respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital St-François d'Assise, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
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20
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Brouillard C, Carrive P, Camus F, Bénoliel JJ, Similowski T, Sévoz-Couche C. Long-lasting bradypnea induced by repeated social defeat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R352-64. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00021.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Repeated social defeat in the rat induces long-lasting cardiovascular changes associated with anxiety. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated social defeat on breathing. Respiratory rate was extracted from the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) peak frequency of the ECG in rats subjected to social defeat for 4 consecutive days. Respiratory rate was recorded under anesthesia 6 days (D+10) or 26 days (D+30) after social defeat. At D+10, defeated (D) rats spent less time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test, had heavier adrenal glands, and displayed bradypnea, unlike nondefeated animals. At D+30, all signs of anxiety had disappeared. However, one-half of the rats still displayed bradypnea (DL rats, for low respiratory rate indicated by a lower RSA frequency), whereas those with higher respiratory rate (DH rats) had recovered. Acute blockade of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) or nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) 5-HT3 receptors reversed bradypnea in all D rats at D+10 and in DL rats at D+30. Respiratory rate was also recorded in conscious animals implanted with radiotelemetric ECG probes. DH rats recovered between D+10 and D+18, whereas DL rats remained bradypneic until D+30. In conclusion, social stress induces sustained chronic bradypnea mediated by DMH neurons and NTS 5-HT3 receptors. These changes are associated with an anxiety-like state that persists until D+10, followed by recovery. However, bradypnea may persist in one-half of the population up until D+30, despite apparent recovery of the anxiety-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Brouillard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 975, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine University Pierre and Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Carrive
- Blood Pressure, Brain and Behavior Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Françoise Camus
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 975, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine University Pierre and Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bénoliel
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 975, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine University Pierre and Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | - Caroline Sévoz-Couche
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 975, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Faculté de Médecine University Pierre and Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
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21
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Exposure to early adversity: Points of cross-species translation that can lead to improved understanding of depression. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:477-91. [PMID: 25997766 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between developmental exposure to adversity and affective disorders is reviewed. Adversity discussed herein includes physical and sexual abuse, neglect, or loss of a caregiver in humans. While these stressors can occur at any point during development, the unique temporal relationship to specific depressive symptoms was the focus of discussion. Further influences of stress exposure during sensitive periods can vary by gender and duration of abuse as well. Data from animal studies are presented to provide greater translational and causal understanding of how sensitive periods, different types of psychosocial stressors, and sex interact to produce depressive-like behaviors. Findings from maternal separation, isolation rearing, chronic variable stress, and peer-peer rearing paradigms clarify interpretation about how various depressive behaviors are influenced by age of exposure. Depressive behaviors are broken down into the following categories: mood and affect, anhedonia, energy, working memory, sleep-wake, appetite changes, suicide, and general malaise. Cross-species evidence from humans, nonhuman primates, rats, and mice within each of these categories is discussed. In conclusion, sensitive periods for affective-related behaviors (anxiety, mood, and controllability) occur earlier in life, while other aspects of depression are associated with adversity later during adolescence.
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22
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Fournier S, Gulemetova R, Baldy C, Joseph V, Kinkead R. Neonatal stress affects the aging trajectory of female rats on the endocrine, temperature, and ventilatory responses to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R659-67. [PMID: 25652536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00418.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human and animal studies on sleep-disordered breathing and respiratory regulation show that the effects of sex hormones are heterogeneous. Because neonatal stress results in sex-specific disruption of the respiratory control in adult rats, we postulate that it might affect respiratory control modulation induced by ovarian steroids in female rats. The hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of adult female rats exposed to neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is ∼30% smaller than controls (24), but consequences of NMS on respiratory control in aging female rats are unknown. To address this issue, whole body plethysmography was used to evaluate the impact of NMS on the HVR (12% O2, 20 min) of middle-aged (MA; ∼57 wk old) female rats. Pups subjected to NMS were placed in an incubator 3 h/day for 10 consecutive days (P3 to P12). Controls were undisturbed. To determine whether the effects were related to sexual hormone decline or aging per se, experiments were repeated on bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) young (∼12 wk old) adult female rats. OVX and MA both reduced the HVR significantly in control rats but had little effect on the HVR of NMS females. OVX (but not aging) reduced the anapyrexic response in both control and NMS animals. These results show that hormonal decline decreases the HVR of control animals, while leaving that of NMS female animals unaffected. This suggests that neonatal stress alters the interaction between sex hormone regulation and the development of body temperature, hormonal, and ventilatory responses to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roumiana Gulemetova
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Baldy
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Battaglia M, Ogliari A, D’Amato F, Kinkead R. Early-life risk factors for panic and separation anxiety disorder: Insights and outstanding questions arising from human and animal studies of CO2 sensitivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 3:455-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Kinkead R, Tenorio L, Drolet G, Bretzner F, Gargaglioni L. Respiratory manifestations of panic disorder in animals and humans: a unique opportunity to understand how supramedullary structures regulate breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204:3-13. [PMID: 25038523 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The control of breathing is commonly viewed as being a "brainstem affair". As the topic of this special issue of Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology indicates, we should consider broadening this notion since the act of breathing is also tightly linked to many functions other than close regulation of arterial blood gases. Accordingly, "non-brainstem" structures can exert a powerful influence on the core elements of the respiratory control network and as it is often the case, the importance of these structures is revealed when their dysfunction leads to disease. There is a clear link between respiration and anxiety and key theories of the psychopathology of anxiety (including panic disorders; PD) focus on respiratory control and related CO2 monitoring system. With that in mind, we briefly present the respiratory manifestations of panic disorder and discuss the role of the dorso-medial/perifornical hypothalamus, the amygdalar complex, and the periaqueductal gray in respiratory control. We then present recent advances in basic research indicating how adult rodent previously subjected to neonatal stress may provide a very good model to investigate the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kinkead
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Luana Tenorio
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP FCAV at Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Guy Drolet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Bretzner
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Canada; Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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25
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Fournier S, Gulemetova R, Joseph V, Kinkead R. Testosterone potentiates the hypoxic ventilatory response of adult male rats subjected to neonatal stress. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:824-34. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Roumiana Gulemetova
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
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Abstract
There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the control of breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal control of breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Behan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Gulemetova R, Drolet G, Kinkead R. Neonatal stress augments the hypoxic chemoreflex of adult male rats by increasing AMPA receptor-mediated modulation. Exp Physiol 2013; 98:1312-24. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Joseph V, Behan M, Kinkead R. Sex, hormones, and stress: how they impact development and function of the carotid bodies and related reflexes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 185:75-86. [PMID: 22781657 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone and corticosterone are key modulators of the respiratory control system. While progesterone is widely recognized as an important respiratory stimulant in adult and newborn animals, much remains to be described regarding the underlying mechanisms. We review the potential implication of nuclear and membrane progesterone receptors in adults and in newborns. This raises intriguing questions regarding the contribution of progesterone as a protective factor against some respiratory control disorders during early life. We then discuss our current understanding of the central integration of stressful stimuli and the responses they elicit. The fact that this system interacts with the respiratory control system, either because both share some common neural pathways in the brainstem and hypothalamus, or because corticosterone directly modulates the function of the respiratory control network, is a fascinating field of research that has emerged over the past few years. Finally, we review the short- and long-term consequences of disruption of stress circuitry during postnatal development on these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Sex-Specific Effects of Daily Gavage with a Mixed Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonist on Hypoxic Ventilatory Response in Newborn Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 758:29-35. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fournier S, Joseph V, Kinkead R. Influence of juvenile housing conditions on the ventilatory, thermoregulatory, and endocrine responses to hypoxia of adult male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:516-23. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00370.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
“Extreme” housing conditions, such as isolation (single housing) or crowding, are stressful for rats, and their deleterious impact on behavior is well documented. To determine whether more subtle variations in housing can affect animal physiology, the present study tested the hypothesis that the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of adult male rats housed in pairs during the juvenile period (postnatal day 21 to adulthood) does not differ from that of animals housed in triads. Because neonatal stress augments the neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress and HVR, experiments were performed both on “control” (undisturbed) animals and rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS; 3 h/day, postnatal days 3–12). At adulthood, ventilatory activity was measured by whole body plethysmography under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (inspired fraction of O2 = 0.12; 20 min). The ventilatory and body temperature responses to hypoxia of rats raised in triads were less than those of rats housed in pairs. For the HVR, however, the attenuation induced by triad housing was more important in NMS rats. Triad housing decreased “basal” plasma corticosterone, but increased estradiol and testosterone levels. Much like the HVR, housing-related decrease in corticosterone level was greater in NMS than control rats. We conclude that modest changes in housing conditions (pairs vs. triads) during the juvenile period can influence basic homeostatic functions, such as temperature, endocrine, and respiratory regulation. Housing conditions can influence (even eliminate) the manifestations of respiratory plasticity subsequent to deleterious neonatal treatments. Differences in neuroendocrine function likely contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fournier
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Joseph
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard Kinkead
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre de Recherche Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Julien CA, Joseph V, Bairam A. Alteration of carotid body chemoreflexes after neonatal intermittent hypoxia and caffeine treatment in rat pups. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 177:301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gulemetova R, Kinkead R. Neonatal stress increases respiratory instability in rat pups. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 176:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dumont FS, Kinkead R. Neonatal stress and attenuation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult male rats: the role of carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1279-89. [PMID: 20811006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is a form of stress that disrupts respiratory control development. Awake adult male rats previously subjected to NMS show a ventilatory response to hypercapnia (HCVR; Fi(CO(2)) = 0.05) 47% lower than controls; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. To address this issue, we first tested the hypothesis that carotid bodies contribute to NMS-related attenuation of the HCVR by using carotid sinus nerve section or Fi(O(2)) manipulation to maintain Pa(O(2)) constant (iso-oxic) during hypercapnic hyperpnea. We then determined whether NMS-related augmentation of baroreflex sensitivity contributes to the reduced HCVR in NMS rats. Nitroprusside and phenylephrine injections were used to manipulate arterial blood pressure in both groups of rats. Pups subjected to NMS were separated from their mother 3 h/day from postnatal days 3 to 12. Control rats were undisturbed. At adulthood, rats were anesthetized [urethane (1g/kg) + isoflurane (0.5%)], and diaphragmatic electromyogram (dEMG) was measured under baseline and hypercapnic conditions (Pa(CO(2)): 10 Torr above baseline). The relative minute activity response to hypercapnia of anesthetized NMS rats was 34% lower than controls. Maintaining Pa(O(2)) constant during hypercapnia reversed this phenotype; the HCVR of NMS rats was 45% greater than controls. Although the decrease in breathing frequency during baroreflex activation was greater in NMS rats, the change observed within the range of pressure change observed during hypercapnia was minimal. We conclude that NMS-related changes in carotid body sensitivity to chemical stimuli and/or its central integration is a key mechanism in the attenuation of HCVR by NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric S Dumont
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ, hôpital St-François d'Assise, 10, rue de l'Espinay, local D0-707, Québec, QC.
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